| 桥梁水毁研究综述 |
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| 引用本文： | 熊文,蔡春声,张嵘钊.桥梁水毁研究综述[J].中国公路学报,2021,34(11):10-28. |
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| 作者姓名： | 熊文 蔡春声 张嵘钊 |
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| 作者单位： | 东南大学 桥梁工程系, 江苏 南京 211189 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金项目（52022021，51978160）；江苏省重点研发计划项目（BE2021089） |
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| 摘 要： | 近年来，桥梁水毁日益频发，已成为桥梁倒塌失效的首要因素。从冲刷、洪水2类最主要的水文因素出发，充分结合历史数据，分析并对比其对桥梁水毁的影响程度与规律；并按2类水文因素所对应的不同桥梁倒塌失效模式，对桥梁水毁现有的研究工作和方法进行总结归纳；最后，聚焦实桥应用，对现有桥梁水毁监测和诊治手段进行全面梳理。综述可得以下结论：①冲刷是导致桥梁水毁的最主要因素，所致失效桥型以桁架桥、梁桥、拱桥为主，桥梁服役时间、结构安全状态、年平均径流量均与桥梁所受冲刷程度存在较强相关性；②冲刷坑空间形态数值仿真与试验结果仍有一定差距，其泥沙模型缺少考虑床沙级配的影响，经验公式法尚需突破计算维度的局限性，完善考虑时间因素和黏性土的冲刷深度预测；③现阶段洪水波流竖向升力计算公式较少考虑脉动压力，浪荷载水槽试验尚未完全探明波浪特性与作用力间的联系，桥梁可靠度研究多见以冲刷为主的多灾害下联合效应计算，仍缺少波流、浪力作用与地震动水作用等其他灾害联合作用的深入探讨；④桥梁抗水目前仍局限于流场与结构域的独立研究，未见不同水文因素下基于结构域-流场多场耦合的桥梁失效模式分析；⑤雷达、声波以及潜水员水下检测是现阶段桥梁冲刷主流监测方式，桥梁冲刷动力识别适用于复杂环境下大规模、区域性桥梁检测，但仍有待进一步的应用研究，而既有桥梁水毁诊治手段在具体实施时需因地制宜，避免反而加剧水文病害。
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| 关 键 词： | 桥梁工程 桥梁水毁 综述 冲刷 洪水 |
| 收稿时间： | 2020-09-28 |
Review of Hydraulic Bridge Failures |
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| XIONG Wen,CAI C S,ZHANG Rong-zhao.Review of Hydraulic Bridge Failures[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2021,34(11):10-28. |
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| Authors: | XIONG Wen CAI C S ZHANG Rong-zhao |
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| Affiliation: | Department of Bridge Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, Jiangsu, China |
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| Abstract: | In recent years, hydraulic failures have occurred more frequently and have become the primary causes of bridge collapse and failure. Combined with historical data, this paper first introduces the scour and flood, which are the three main hydrological factors, and presents an analysis and comparison of their mechanism and impact on hydraulic bridge failure. Second, the existing research achievements and methods of hydraulic bridge failure were summarized based on different collapse modes caused by the two types of hydrological factors investigated previously. Finally, existing monitoring methods and countermeasures are comprehensively reviewed from the viewpoint of applications. From the review, the following conclusions are drawn. ① Scour is the primary cause of hydraulic bridge failure, principally resulting in the failure of beam, truss, and arch bridges. The scour degree of the bridge is significantly correlated to service time, structural state, and annual mean runoff. ② Three-dimensional numerical simulation of scour space morphology still shows differences with experimental data, with the sand model minimally reflecting the graduation. The empirical formula is expected to solve the limitation of the calculation dimension and improve the scour depth prediction with the time factor and cohesion soil. ③ The formula for analyzing the flood lift force currently neglects pulsating pressure. Moreover, the relationship between wave behavior and force is not clearly verified based on the water channel experiment of the wave load. The combined effect analysis with scour is the majority of reliability research on bridges under multiple disasters, but there is a lack of extensive investigations on the combined effects of wave current, wave force, and earthquake hydrodynamic force. ④ The bridge water resistance is still limited to the independent study of the flow field or structural domain, as there is no bridge failure mode analysis based on the multifield interaction of the flow field structural domain under different hydrological factors. ⑤ Radar, sonar, and underwater detection by divers are the current main methods of bridge scour monitoring. Bridge scour dynamic identification is suitable for regional large-scale inspections under complex environments, but further research is required. Existing countermeasures of hydraulic damage should be adjusted to local conditions during the applications to prevent intensifying the damage. |
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| Keywords: | bridge engineering hydraulic failures of bridge review scour flood |
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