| 氢燃料电池动力船舶关键技术综述 |
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| 引用本文： | 徐晓健,杨瑞,纪永波,张新宇,姜磊,李坤.氢燃料电池动力船舶关键技术综述[J].交通运输工程学报,2022,22(4):47-67. |
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| 作者姓名： | 徐晓健 杨瑞 纪永波 张新宇 姜磊 李坤 |
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| 作者单位： | 1.交通运输部水运科学研究院 船舶运输技术研究中心，北京 1000882.大连海事大学 航海学院，辽宁 大连 116026 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金项目61903108交通运输部水运科学研究院基本科研业务费项目72113浙江省基础公益研究计划项目LY21F030011 |
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| 摘 要： | 梳理了当今世界上现有氢燃料动力船舶类型，总结了氢燃料动力船舶的特点，分析了氢燃料电池动力船舶关键技术的研究现状，包括:标准规范、动力源、氢制取、氢储存与氢安全；结合船舶的航行环境、结构与运行工况等，提出了氢燃料电池动力船舶各关键技术所面临的挑战，以及应对挑战的措施建议。研究结果表明:目前，全球氢燃料动力船舶数量有限，多为内河湖泊小型客船，以氢燃料电池为主要动力来源，主要采用35 MPa高压气瓶存储氢燃料；氢燃料电池动力船舶的相关标准规范仍处于制定阶段，可参照氢燃料电池汽车建造、测试和使用方面的标准规范要求；氢燃料电池主要以质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)应用最为广泛，催化剂、双极板、膜电极以及密封材料等均对PEMFC性能具有重要影响；为提高燃料电池对船舶的适用性，建议发展大功率燃料电池模块，并开展燃料电池在湿热、盐雾、倾斜、摇摆状态下的环境适应性研究；中国的制氢产业目前仍以煤炭制氢为主，应大力发展可再生能源制氢。短期内，高压气态储氢是最可行的船上储氢方式，应研究轻质、耐压、高储氢密度的新型储罐，提高储氢密度和安全性；为保证氢燃料电池动力船舶安全性，应综合运用定性和定量风险分析方法，明确风险场景，对氢泄漏、扩散、燃烧与爆炸的发展规律与后果进行仿真分析与风险评估，并提出风险缓解措施。
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| 关 键 词： | 船舶新能源 氢燃料电池动力船舶 关键技术 质子交换膜燃料电池 制氢 储氢 氢安全 |
| 收稿时间： | 2022-02-19 |
Review on key technologies of hydrogen fuel cell powered vessels |
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| XU Xiao-jian,YANG Rui,JI Yong-bo,ZHANG Xin-yu,JIANG Lei,LI Kun.Review on key technologies of hydrogen fuel cell powered vessels[J].Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2022,22(4):47-67. |
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| Authors: | XU Xiao-jian YANG Rui JI Yong-bo ZHANG Xin-yu JIANG Lei LI Kun |
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| Affiliation: | 1.Shipping Technology Research Center, China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing 100088, China2.Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China |
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| Abstract: | Existing hydrogen fuel powered vessel types in the world were listed, and their characteristics were summarized. The research progress in the key technologies of hydrogen fuel cell powered vessels was analyzed in terms of standard specifications, power source, hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, and hydrogen safety. According to the navigation environment, structure, and operating condition of vessel, the challenges in the key technologies of hydrogen fuel cell powered vessels and the measures to deal with these challenges were proposed. Analysis results show that at present, the number of hydrogen fuel powered vessels in the world is limited. Most of them are small passenger vessels in inland rivers and lakes and are fueled mainly by hydrogen cells. The hydrogen is mostly stored in gas cylinders with high pressure of 35 MPa. The relevant standard specifications for hydrogen fuel cell powered vessels are still being formulated, and the standards and specifications for the building, testing, and application of vehicles fueled by hydrogen cells can be taken as references. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are the most widely used hydrogen fuel cells. Catalyst, bipolar plate, membrane electrode, and sealing material all have important impacts on the performance of PEMFC. In order to increase the applicability of hydrogen fuel cells for vessels, it is suggested to develop high-power fuel cell modules, and the environmental suitability of fuel cells should be studied under the conditions of humidity, heat, salt spray, tilt, and swing. Currently, hydrogen production industries in China still focus on hydrogen production by coals, and it is necessary to produce hydrogen with renewable energy. In short term, compressed hydrogen is the most feasible way for hydrogen storage on board. Light and pressure-resistant storage tanks with high storage density should be developed to improve hydrogen storage density and safety. Furthermore, in order to ensure the safety of vehicles fueled by hydrogen cells, qualitative and quantitative risk analysis methods should be comprehensively utilized to identify risky scenarios, analyze the laws of development and consequence of leakage, diffusion, combustion and explosion of hydrogen by simulation, evaluate the risks, and propose risk mitigation measures. |
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