有限元与边界元耦合法在船舶结构直接设计分析系统中的应用

讨论了船舶结构分析中的结构模型化问题，提出一种适用于船体舭部、肘板等特殊部位的有限元与边界元耦合模型，解决单纯用有限元法难于处理的问题。此方法已用于船舶结构直接设计分析系统（ＤＤＡＳＳＶ１．０）中，初步设计中可一次获得较满意的纵横强度，多数情况下不需要进行再分析。因此，本方法可大大减轻前后处理的工作量，并能保证良好的精度。     

应用空间有限元模型进行船舶总振动特性的研究

本文以17500吨货船“海建”号为实例研究应用空间有限元模型计算船舶总振动的方法。对于实际船舶结构中的板,提出用平面应力元简化,以减少计算自由度数,由此产生的问题采用节点主从关系的方法解决。在编制的计算程序中,根据质量矩阵高度稀疏的特点,采用了稀疏存储技术,从而使船舶整体空间模型的振动分析能在国产中小型机器上实现。实例计算结果和测量结果的比较表明,这种计算模型合理、可靠。本文还对船舶总振动计算的梁模型、平面有限元模型、空间有限元模型作了比较和讨论。     

Development of a finite element modeling system for ship structures

In ship structural design, many structural analyses by the finite element method are carried out on models at several different scale levels; for example, a whole ship, cargo hold parts, and detailed structures. However, one serious problem with this design and analysis process is that the generation of the finite element models for a complex configuration is very difficult and laborious. To overcome this problem, an object oriented, finite element modeling system, MODIFY, has been developed by the authors. In this paper, the concept of the finite element modeling system and the techniques for the construction of the system are explained. First, the object oriented data structure of the system, based on the Part-Object concept, is proposed. In this concept, not only the geometry of the domain but also the analytical conditions, such as boundary conditions and material properties, and the finite element model, are represented by the object oriented data structure. By using this data structure, effective finite element model generation can be expected. Second, a mesh generation algorithm based on the frontal method is described. The original frontal method by S.H. Lo was improved for application to three-dimensional curved surfaces. A new inner node placement technique to make quadrilateral elements around stress concentrated areas is also proposed. These techniques are suitable for ship structures, and more accurate results from the finite element analysis can be expected. Moreover, the parallel mesh generation is implemented in MODIFY by using the client-server concept to accelerate mesh generation. Third, a prototype system for the automatic finite element model generation for different analysis levels is proposed. The system is based on the concept of the PD part, which is the part in the design and production stage, and automatic computing of the intersection between PD parts. The validity of this system is demonstrated by some examples.     

无加筋平板极限强度的简化解析法与规范公式的比较

无加筋板是船舶结构的主要构件之一，船舶结构强度校核的一项重要内容就是校核各平板单元是否具备足够的强度储备。最近几年，作者们采用弹性大挠度理论和刚塑性分析相结合的简化解析方法，曾给出了板和加筋板格在联合载荷作用下的极限强度计算公式，并与部分实验值相比，吻合较好，但没有与目前船级社所采用的规范计算公式作过比较。现作这一比较工作，也包括与有限元分析的比较；同时对以前所开发的简化解析法又作了进一步的改进，文章报道这一改进结果。最后，采用上述三种方法，对影响平板极限强度的几个主要参数进行了研究，结果表明，简化解析法与规范计算公式吻合较好。     

船舶结构有限元分析中分布载荷的离散化

本文给出了船外水压力在船壳板及船体结构有限元网格节点上离散的一种方法。只要适当地选择本文所给出的计算公式，该方法可应用于任何受分布载荷作用的结构有限元分析或其它数值分析法中。     

极地探险邮船顶推结构强度计算方法

在极地探险邮船下水后,需要采用拖船顶推的方式将邮船移动至码头边上。由于邮船结构较为薄弱,须校核顶推结构强度。为分析邮船舷侧结构在顶推力作用下的结构强度,基于有限元仿真方法,计算舷侧尾部顶推力作用下的结构应力。简化梁系计算,分别计算1跨、3跨、5跨下目标梁的应力。对比分析可得：梁系计算考虑的梁跨数越多,计算得出的X向正应力值越低,且当梁跨数达5跨时,梁系计算结果与有限元计算值仅有1.6%的差距。因此,在顶推计算中可建立5跨的梁系模型替代有限元计算,快速得出结果并保证一定的计算精度。     

船舶搁浅于刚性斜坡数值仿真的模型化技术

显式非线性有限元分析已逐渐成为研究船舶搁浅问题的重要方法,但其模型化技术是实现数值仿真的关键。本文将搁浅船处理为可变形结构,用弹塑性材料模拟并进行整船建模,斜坡处理为刚体,用刚性材料模拟,船舶与斜坡之间定义为主从接触,船艏定义为自接触。通过仿真计算,获得并讨论了搁浅过程中的船体运动情况、搁浅接触力曲线、能量转化及船舶损伤变形情况。算例表明本文的模型化技术可以用于船舶搁浅的仿真计算。     

船舶水下辐射噪声特性研究

本文采用有限元/边界元(FEM/BEM)方法对船舶水下辐射噪声特性进行研究.首先应用五种类型的有限单元建立了接近于真实船舶结构的有限元模型(包括机舱动力设备),并应用有限元法完成了流-固耦合状态下,船舶结构振动位移响应数值计算.然后将有限元模型的外表面处理成边界元模型,并由船舶外表面位移响应计算得到用于水下辐射噪声计算的速度边界条件.最后利用边界元技术对船舶水下辐射噪声特性进行研究.本文预估了仅考虑推进柴油机激励、柴油发电机组激励、齿轮箱激励以及所有激励情况下的船舶水下辐射噪声,并将其数值计算与实际测量结果比较,比较结果符合良好.     

船体薄壁梁弯扭耦合振动的流固耦合分析

采用耦合有限元,边界元法计算水中船体的弯扭耦合振动.文中用一维薄壁梁有限元模拟船体梁,在横剖面处用二维边界元方法计算结构表面卢压,推导出表征流体对振动特性影响的附加质量阵,编制了用流同耦合方法求解船体振动模态的程序.通过与采用ANSYS软件进行耦合场分析以及刘易斯方法得到的振动模念相比较,验证了文中方法的可行性和应用性.     

基于PCL语言的梁截面自动生成

在船体结构有限元建模的过程中,定义梁单元是既重要又繁琐的步骤。一艘船上的骨材种类通常很多,在建模时需要定义很多的梁单元截面属性。文章利用通用有限元软件Patran中的PCL(Patran Command Language)语言,对Patran进行二次开发,使建模过程中的梁单元截面自动生成,节约了建模时间。     

Free and forced vibration analyses of ship structures using the finite element method

With increases in ship size and speed, shipboard vibration becomes a significant concern in the design and construction of vessels. Excessive ship vibration is to be avoided for passenger comfort and crew habitability. In addition to the undesired effects on humans, excessive ship vibration may result in the fatigue failure of local structural members or malfunctioning of machinery and equipment. The propeller induces fluctuating pressure on the surface of the hull, which induces vibration in the hull structure. These pressure pulses acting on the ship hull surface above the propeller are the predominant factor for vibrations of ship structures are taken as excitation forces for forced vibration analysis. Ship structures are complex and may be analyzed after idealization of the structure. Several simplifying assumptions are made in the finite element idealization of the hull structure. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model representing the entire ship hull, including the deckhouse and machinery propulsion system, has been developed using solid modeling software for local and global vibration analyses. Vibration analyses have been conducted under two conditions: free–free (dry) and in-water (wet). The wet analysis has been implemented using acoustic elements. The total damping associated with overall ship hull structure vibration has been considered as a combination of the several damping components. As a result of the global ship free vibration analysis, global natural frequencies and mode shapes have been determined. Moreover, the responses of local ship structures have been determined as a result of the propeller-induced forced vibration analysis.     

Collapase analysis of ship hulls

This paper presents an efficient finite element procedure for the collapse analysis of ship hulls under complicated loads. A set of finite elements, such as beam-column elements, stiffened plate elements, and shear panel elements are developed, directly accounting for the geometrical and material non-linearities and initial imperfections.

Elastic-plastic stiffness matrices for elements have been derived by combining elastic large displacement analysis theories with a plastic hinge model. The buckling and post-buckling behaviour of plates is included using an effective width concept. The procedure is effective, since few mode-points are necessary and numerical integration for evaluating stiffness matrices is avoided. Fracture mechanics criteria are introduced in order to account for tension tearing rupture and brittle failure of the material.

Practical applications to ultimate longitudinal strength analysis of ship hulls and tanker collision analysis are presented. The procedure can also be used for collapse analysis of offshore and onshore structures.     

New method for ship finite element method preprocessing based on a 3D parametric technique

A new method for ship finite element method (FEM) preprocessing is presented as well as its program development. The method is applicable for all kinds of ships at different levels, such as a whole ship, cargo hold parts or detailed structures. The 3D parametric technique is used when creating ship structures, which improves the modeling efficiency greatly and makes the model easy to modify. A 3D geometric constraint solver is developed to solve the constraint system of the parametric model. A meshing procedure is presented to automatically convert the parametric structure model into a finite element model, by which high quality mesh is generated in the stress concentrated area. It also becomes possible to create finite element models for different levels from the same structure model. Using this method, the engineers avoid much of the complex and laborious work of FEM preprocessing, which consumes a very significant amount of time in finite element analysis, and can pay more attention to post-processing. This method has proved to be practical and highly efficient by several engineering trials. This work is sponsored by “Liaoning BaiQianWan Talents Program”.     

“明州22”号船风帆骨架强度有限元分析

对集装箱船用风帆结构力状况进行了分析，用不同梁单元构造了风帆典型结构的有限元模型。通过对各应力分量进行分析，拽出了风帆结构的总体强度以及是易破坏的危险区域。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of a tanker side panel laterally punched by a knife edge indenter

The paper presents finite element simulations of a small-scale stiffened plate specimen quasi-statically punched at the mid-span by a rigid indenter, in order to examine its energy absorbing mechanisms and fracture. The specimen, scaled from a tanker side panel, is limited by one span between the web frames and the stringers. The paper provides practical information to estimate the extent of structural damage within ship side panels during collision accidents. Moreover, the results of this investigation should have relevance to evaluate grounding scenarios in which the bottom sustains local penetration. This is possible since the structural arrangement of the double hull and the double bottom of tanker vessels is very similar. The experimentally obtained force–displacement response and shape of the deformation show good agreement with the simulations performed by the explicit LS-DYNA finite element solver. The numerical analysis includes aspects of particular relevance to the behaviour of ship structures subjected to accidental loads which could give rise to difficulties in interpreting finite element calculations. In particular, the paper comments on the material nonlinearities, the importance of specifying the precise boundary conditions and the joining details of the structure. The considerable practical importance of these aspects has been the focus of attention in previous publications of the authors which evaluate the experimental-numerical impact response of simple ship structural components, such as beams and plates. Therefore, this paper uses the definitions proposed in those references to evaluate its applicability in the scaled tanker side panel, as an example of a more complex ship structure.     

采矿船舱段有限元强度分析方法研究

采矿船于船舯处有大开口月池贯穿船底用于矿物开采,并且月池前后均匀分布4个矿物储存舱,采矿船兼有矿砂船和钻井船的共性。矿砂船横剖面形式采用方形截面设计,便于舱内矿物海上输入输出转运作业。舱段有限元相对于全船有限元更加方便快捷,航行状态下采矿船内、外载荷与矿砂船类似。因此对于航行状态,该文按照CCS船舶规范,从结构型式、模型范围、工况选取及参数设置等方面考量,并应用CCS-HCSR-TOOLS软件进行舱段有限元强度分析;根据计算分析结果得出采矿船前期设计需要特别关注的区域,为采矿船结构设计和强度分析提供思路和方向。     

含起重设备的船舶上层建筑吊装强度有限元分析

为准确计算船舶上层建筑吊装强度,采用MSC.Patran和MSC Nastran软件对175 000 t散货船上层建筑吊装建立整体结构有限元模型。采用含起重设备的有限元分析法计算上层建筑在吊装过程中的结构响应,并与直接约束法和惯性释放法进行对比分析,比较3种有限元分析法计算得到的应力、变形和吊点支反力情况,分析含起重设备的有限元分析法的准确性。结果表明,含起重设备的有限元分析法可对结构的应力、变形和吊点支反力进行较为准确的计算,优于直接约束法和惯性释放法。含起重设备的有限元分析法对船舶上层建筑吊装强度和吊装方案的评估具有一定的工程价值。     

基于FLUX软件的舰船磁场计算

本文以专用的电磁场有限元分析软件FLUX为仿真计算的平台,对舰船磁场的有限元仿真计算问题进行了研究和探索。通过对舰船实体几何模型的建模、模型的有限元剖分等进行的深入研究,实现了舰船磁场的有限元计算。仿真计算结果经磁性船模实测磁场值验证,其误差小于20％,可应用于工程实践。     

某工程船坐底工况底座基梁载荷计算及船体结构强度校核

考虑工程项目需要混凝土预制件必须在工程船处于坐底状态时滚装上船的要求,将底座基梁所承受的载荷作为底座基梁的设计要素之一。同时,认为船舶处于坐底状态时船体梁的强度问题是工程成败的关键因素。通过有限元方法求解各底座基梁所承受的压力,并将其作为底座基梁的设计前提,同时完成船体梁的强度校核。     

船舶尾轴架动刚度的测量及应用

采用实验方法对某舰尾轴架进行动刚度测量,得到了前尾轴架的横向动刚度曲线,后尾轴架的横向和纵向动刚度曲线;分析尾轴架的动刚度曲线,可得到尾轴架结构的固有频率.用有限元方法对尾轴架固有频率进行计算,比较表明两结果吻合较好.建立了船舶轴系的有限元模型,轴架支撑处动刚度用广义弹簧-阻尼器系统进行模拟.进行了在横向冲击载荷作用下考虑支承结构动刚度的轴系横向冲击响应计算.