电喷汽油机起动及暖机过程HC排放的测试分析

根据实测的催化器入口、出口温度及HC排放浓度，结合示功图对电喷汽油机冷起动时HC排放量在台架上进行了模拟分析，将起动过程以节气门突开为界，划分为3个阶段，其中HC主要排放量发生在开始超导 劝到节气门开这一段时间内。适当提高空燃比及匹配合适的点火提前角。促使缸内发生不完全燃烧，则未燃HC在排气管内可继续燃烧，使得最终排出的HC量降低。在节气门开后，也可通过控制点火提前角，使缸内发生不完全燃烧，将燃烧延续到排气管内，即可降低HC排放量，也有助于加速催化器起燃。     

TJ376Q二气门汽油机准均质稀混合气燃烧实验研究

本文对夏利TJ376Q汽油机进气系统进行了改造，大大提高了涡流和滚流比，强化空气运动的结果有利于组织燃料在缸内的浓度分布，从而为在二气门汽油机上实现稀燃烧打下基础；原发动机油器式供油系统被改为电控气道内燃油喷射系统。在此基础上，采用了两次燃油喷射技术。通过对这两次喷油时刻、喷油量的分别调节，在缸内形成精细分层的混合气即所谓准均质混合气，从而优化了油耗和排放指标，成功地在产品二气门汽油机上实现了稀薄燃烧。     

进气道预混天然气对生物柴油发动机燃烧与排放性能的影响

在1台QCH 1105单缸柴油机上,试验研究了进气道预混天然气对生物柴油发动机燃烧与排放性能的影响。结果表明:随着天然气预混比例的升高,生物柴油发动机最大燃烧压力减小,燃烧相位推迟,缸内平均温度略有下降,NOx排放明显降低;预混天然气时,大负荷工况下燃油消耗率有所下降,HC和CO排放有所增加,炭烟排放随着天然气预混率的升高大幅降低。可见,进气道预混天然气对改善生物柴油发动机的经济性和排放性具有良好的潜力。     

Major sources of hydrocarbon emissions in a premixed charge compression ignition engine

Although premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion engines are praised for potentially high efficiency and clean exhaust, experimental engines built to date emit more hydrocarbons (HCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) than the conventional machines. These compounds are not only strictly controlled components of the exhaust gas of road vehicles but are also an energy loss indicator. The prime objective of this study was to investigate the major sources of the HCs formed in the combustion chamber of an experimental PCCI engine in order to suggest some effective technologies for HC reduction. In this study, to explore the dominant sources of HC emissions in both operation modes, a single cylinder engine was prepared such that it could operate using either conventional diesel combustion or PCCI combustion. Specifically, the contributions of the top-ring crevice volume in the combustion chamber and the bulk quenching of the lean mixture were investigated. To understand the influence of the shape and magnitude of the crevice on HC emissions, the engine was operated with 12 specially prepared pistons with different top-ring crevices installed one after another. The engine emitted proportionally more HCs as the depth of the crevice increased as long as the width remained narrower than the prevailing quench distance. The top-ring-crevice-originated exhaust HCs comprised approximately 31% of the total HC emissions in the baseline condition. In a series of tests to estimate the effects of bulk quench on exhaust HC emissions, intake air was heated from 300K to 400K in steps of 25K. With the intake air heated, HC and CO emissions decreased with a gradually diminishing rate to zero at 375K. In conclusion, the most dominant sources of HC emissions in PCCI engines were the crevice volumes in the combustion chamber and the bulk quenching of the lean mixtures. The key methods for reducing HC emissions in PCCI engines are minimizing crevice volume in the combustion chamber and maximizing intake air temperature allowed based on the permissible NOx level.     

内外EGR和喷油压力对柴油机低温燃烧的影响

在1台装有电液可变气门的单缸柴油机上,通过改变内外EGR策略和喷油压力,对柴油机小负荷工况下低温燃烧的燃烧特性和排放特性进行了试验研究。内部EGR通过排气门两次开启实现,发动机转速和喷油量分别固定为1 500r/min和20mg/cycle。研究结果表明,通过高EGR率控制可以实现超低NOx排放,其中采用高喷油压力可以降低内部EGR的炭烟排放,而采用低喷油压力可以降低外部中冷EGR的HC和CO排放。在内外EGR耦合控制策略中,提高内部EGR比例可以降低HC和CO排放,但改善效果逐渐减弱,同时为了抑制炭烟排放,需要结合更高喷油压力,而提高外部中冷EGR比例可以获得较高热效率。     

Experimental investigation of B20 combustion and emissions under various intake conditions for low-temperature combustion

Recently, biodiesel has emerged as an alternative fuel for achieving low-temperature combustion (LTC). Several articles in the literature have showed that oxygenated biofuels, including biodiesel, can improve combustion stability under high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) operation, which is considered to be necessary for the removal of nitric oxides (NOx). The objective of this study was to investigate the performance and emissions of 20% biodiesel blended diesel fuel (B20) at various intake pressures and oxygen concentration levels to characterize the fuel for LTC application. The experimental investigation of B20 was carried out using a single-cylinder engine (SCE) at 1400 rpm and 50% load condition. A set of critical flow orifices with synthetic EGR was employed to simulate various intake pressures and EGR levels. The behavior of the B20 was first characterized under various intake conditions. The results showed that with high oxygen intake, B20 exhibited combustion and emission levels that were very similar to conventional diesel. However, B20 reduced combustion deterioration while exhibiting lower carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions than diesel under low oxygen intake conditions.     

车用加热器降低汽油机冷起动排放的试验研究

通过液体燃油加热器对车用电喷汽油发动机冷却液进行预热,进行了机动车低温冷起动过程的排放试验研究。台架试验证明:加热器可大幅度降低发动机低温冷起动阶段的排放。经燃油加热器预热后,按欧Ⅲ标准,前两个15工况循环下的累积排放量在不经催化转化器时,HC降低了31.4%,CO下降2.8%,NOx下降59.5%。燃油加热器自身的累积排放量HC为原机的3.1%,CO为4.6%,而NOx仅为原机的1.8%。试验中还对同时利用燃油加热器排温预热起燃催化转化器进行了探索。     

Operating strategy for gasoline/diesel dual-fuel premixed compression ignition in a light-duty diesel engine

Environmental problems have become a major issue for diesel engine development. Although emission aftertreatment systems such as DPFs (diesel particulate filters), LNTs (lean NOx traps) and SCR (selective catalytic reduction) have been used in diesel vehicles, the manufacturing cost increase caused by this equipment can be hard to be control. Thus, it is better for engine emissions to be reduced by improving the combustion system. A dual-fuel combustion concept is a recommended method to improve a combustion system and effectively reduce emissions. Low reactivity fuel including gasoline and natural gas, which was supplied to the intake port by the FPI (port fuel injector), improved the premixed air-fuel mixture conditions before ignition. Additionally, a small amount of high reactivity fuel, in this case diesel, was injected into the cylinder directly as an ignition source. This dual-fuel combustion promises lower levels of NOx (nitrogen oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions due to the elimination of local rich regions in the cylinder. However, it is challenging to control the dual-fuel combustion because the combustion stability and efficiency deteriorate due to the lack of ignition source and reactivity. Thus, it is important to establish an appropriate dual-fuel operating strategy to achieve stable, high efficiency and low emission operation. As a result of this research, a detailed operating method of dual-fuel PCI (premixed compression ignition) was introduced in detail at a low speed and low load condition by using a single cylinder diesel engine. Engine operating parameters including the gasoline ratio, a diesel injection strategy consisting of multiple injectors and timing, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate and the intake pressure were controlled to satisfy the low ISNOx (indicated specific NOx) and PM emissions levels (0.21 g/kWh and 0.1 FSN, 0.040 g/kWh, respectively) as per the EURO-6 regulation without any after-treatment systems. The results emphasized that a well-constructed dual-fuel PCI operating strategy showed low NOx and PM emissions and high GIE (gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency) with excellent combustion stability.     

汽油清净剂对发动机排放影响的试验研究

在M111发动机台架上,采用GB/T 19230.6—2003中所规定的试验方法,研究不同油品对发动机进气阀和燃烧室等部位沉积物的影响,同时用五气分析仪随车检测发动机NOx,CO和HC的排放浓度。结果显示:燃用加清净剂的汽油在减少进气阀积碳的同时增加了燃烧室的积碳;燃用加清净剂的汽油增加了发动机NOx的排放量,对CO排放影响不明显,若燃烧室积碳严重,会加剧HC的排放;因为试验运行时间较短,不同加剂汽油对发动机常规排放物的影响不明显,需进一步进行8×104km~16×104km的行车试验。     

Improving pollutant emissions in diesel engines for heavy-duty transportation using retarded intake valve closing strategies

A combined theoretical and experimental study has been carried out to determine the real potential of reducing pollutant emissions in a HD diesel engine by means of retarding the intake valve closing. The effects produced by this alteration of the basic operation cycle have been examined by a preliminary modelling study, and from the obtained results, a modified camshaft was manufactured with a delayed intake valve closing of 60 crank angle degrees. Single-cylinder engine tests were carried out with this modified camshaft, and the emissions and fuel consumption were recorded. The results showed that the retarded intake valve closing can enhance the premixed combustion phase, and thus simultaneously reduce soot and NOx emissions. Moreover, the combustion process attained is extremely tolerant to exhaust gas recirculation, and by adoption of this measure, Euro-5 emissions limits can be achieved at the tested conditions without after-treatment.     

Investigation of engine restart stability after idle stop for a mild type HEV powertrain

Stringent regulations on exhaust emissions and fuel economy for vehicles have become major issues in the automotive industry. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are one of the crucial alternative plans to current conventional vehicles, but they have drawbacks, which include increases in total hydrocarbon (THC) emission from the engine and deterioration of the combustion stability with frequent stopping and restarting of the engine. Intake port fuel film is evaporated up during the deceleration state due to the fuel-cut. The λ (relative A/F ratio) at engine restart is lean because part of injected fuel is used to form the fuel film in the intake port. This study revealed the behavior of a fuel film in engine stop with fuel-cut and in engine restart with a simulation model. To investigate the fuel film characteristics, a simulation model was applied and validated with a single-cylinder engine. The simulation result shows that λ of at least 1.2 is required for a stable engine restart. The minimum injection quantity of the first cycle for stable combustion is suggested to be at least 240% of the steady-state idle condition.     

轻型车燃用生物柴油瞬态工况排放特性的研究

通过对轻型车燃用生物柴油和0#柴油尾气排放的测量和分析，研究瞬态工况有害排放物模态特性。试验结果表明，与0#柴油相比，轻型车燃用生物柴油可显著改善冷启动过程的HC和CO排放，其HC、CO和PM比排放分别降低76．9％、45．7％和52．8％，但NOx比排放增加5．8％。燃料在燃烧转变为CO2和H2O释放出化学能的同时也将空气中的N2氧化成NOx，因而可用NOx／CO2来描述NOx排放随运行工况的变化规律。     

电喷汽油机过渡工况排放的测量与分析

测量了某车用电喷汽油机在冷起动、冷加/减速、空载热突减速及热加速等工况下排气中CO,HC,NOx,CO2和O2的体积分数,并分析了原因。结果表明,发动机冷起动时排出大量的HC和CO,而此时催化转化器尚未起燃,需从混合气制备和燃烧过程优化等方面对该阶段着重控制;冷加/减速工况下,CO,HC和NOx排放均出现了峰值,实际运行时应尽量减少此类操作;空载热突减速工况下,HC排放出现了较大的峰值,表明减速断油策略仍需进一步研究;而热加速工况的控制重点则是NOx排放。     

微型汽车发动机尾气污染排放分析

建立了用于模拟车辆实际运行状况的汽油发动机尾气排放实验测试系统,模拟荣光6450B微型车的不同行驶工况,对其主要有害排放物HC、CO、NOx进行采样,并对各排放物与行驶工况相对应的排放趋势及原因进行了分析。分析结果表明,不同行驶工况和行驶状态对HC、CO和NOx的排放影响较大,各行驶工况中,怠速、加速及减速比例越高,各有害气体的排放越高;当行驶工况匀速比例较高时,排放相对较低。     

DME预混合引导进气实现PCCI-DI燃烧的试验研究

在单缸二甲醚发动机上开展了从进气管导入部分DME实现PCCI-DI燃烧的试验研究。结果表明,采用PCCI-DI工作模式时发动机可在较宽广的转速和负荷下运行,热效率增加,NOx排放下降,但HC和CO排放有所上升;随着进气管中导入的二甲醚量的增加,NOx,HC和CO排放都随之增加;此外,发动机采用PCCI-DI工作方式时,供油提前角可在原DME直喷压燃发动机的基础上进一步推迟。     

柴油/汽油双燃料发动机排放性能的研究

本文使用实验方法研究了柴油／汽油双燃料发动机的排放及燃油经济性。试验结果表明，准均质燃烧方式（QHCCI）在保留柴油机良好的燃油经济性的前提下，可以大幅度降低NOx和碳烟排放；在自然吸气状态下，试验样机的这两指标都达到了欧洲Ⅱ号标准，但HC、CO排放有所提高。     

不同辛烷值参比燃料HCCI燃烧特性的试验研究

对不同辛烷值基本参比燃料及其混合物在高速4缸柴油机上进行单缸HCCI燃烧试验,研究了燃料辛烷值、发动机冷却水温度、进气温度以及冷EGR率对HCCI发动机燃烧特性和排放特性的影响。结果表明;在同一当量比下,随燃料辛烷值增大,着火时刻推迟,燃烧放热速率降低,HC和CO排放增大。HCCI燃烧随负荷的增大、EGR牢的减小、进气温度和冷卸水温度的升高,着火时刻提前,燃烧放热速率加快。     

外部热EGR对基于优化动力技术的汽油HCCI燃烧的影响

考察了外部热EGR对基于优化动力技术的汽油HCCI发动机燃烧的影响。试验结果表明:外部热EGR可以推迟HCCI燃烧的着火时刻,减缓放热速率,但对于高辛烷值燃料的HCCI燃烧,它对更高EGR率的兼容能力不强,需要提高进气温度来提高燃烧的稳定性;随着EGR率的增加,燃烧持续期延长,缸内温度和压力峰值均减小,指示热效率也随着减小;NOx排放随着EGR率的增加在经过一个"拐点"后始终维持在一个较低的水平,而CO和HC的排放随着EGR率的增加显著增加,燃烧恶化。     

Effect of fuel injection strategies on the combustion process in a PFI boosted SI engine

A low-cost solution based on fuel injection strategies was investigated to optimize the combustion process in a boosted port fuel injection spark ignition (PFI SI) engine. The goal was to reduce the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions while maintaining performance. The effect of fuel injection was analyzed for the closed and open valve conditions, and the multiple injection strategies (MIS) based on double and triple fuel injection in the open-valve condition. The tests were performed on an optical accessible single-cylinder PFI SI engine equipped with an external boost device. The engine was operated at full load and with a stoichiometric ratio equivalent to that of commercial gasolines. Optical techniques based on 2D-digital imaging were used to follow the flame propagation from the flame kernel to late combustion phase. In particular, the diffusion-controlled flames near the valves and cylinder walls, due to fuel deposition, were studied. In these conditions, the presence of soot was measured by two-color pyrometry, and correlated with engine parameters and exhaust emissions measured by conventional methods. The open valve fuel injection strategies demonstrated better combustion process efficiency than the closed ones. They provided very low soot levels in the combustion chamber and engine exhaust, and a reduction in specific fuel consumption. The multiple injection strategies proved to be the best solution in terms of performance, soot concentration, and fuel consumption.     

CNG—柴油双燃料电控发动机试验研究

将高压共轨柴油机改装成CNG—柴油双燃料电控发动机,利用自行开发的快速原型控制系统来控制天然气的燃烧,保证天然气掺烧后发动机的动力性和燃用纯柴油时保持一致。分析了天然气掺烧替代率在不同负荷时对有效热效率和有害排放物(CO,HC,NOx)及烟度的影响。结果表明:天然气掺烧替代率可以达到80%左右;掺烧后的有效热效率在中低负荷时要低于燃用柴油,高负荷时和燃用柴油一致;掺烧后的烟度明显降低,HC排放明显升高。