基于DPDM 技术的室内双层地基承载试验及变形场分析*

通过室内双层地基模型试验,研究上部硬土层在不同强度和厚度条件下的双层地基承载性能,并拍摄数码图像分析了双层地基的变形场。分析荷载p-基础沉降s 曲线,双层地基极限承载力随上部硬土层强度和厚度的增大而增加,双层地基极限承载力下对应的基础垂直位移随上部硬土层强度和厚度的增加而降低;当模型试验中的上部硬土层的水灰比为10%、厚度为30 mm,以及上部硬土层的水灰比为20%、厚度为60 mm 时,后者的极限承载力是前者的3.01 倍,后者的极限承载力下对应的基础沉降是前者的基础沉降的0.11 倍。利用数字照相变形量测DPDM (The digital photogrammetry fordeformation measurement) 技术对双层地基变形的数码图像进行变形场分析,通过网格图的变形分析,土体的初始变形出现在下部软土层中,随着荷载的增大,网格的变形区域逐渐向上部的硬土层及软土层下部发展,同时在水平方向扩展;双层地基破坏模式为上部硬土层的锥台型整体剪切和下部软土层冲剪的综合型破坏形式。对上部硬土层的强度、厚度的优选设计可大幅度提高软土地基处理的效能。     

坡底特殊土层对不排水粘土边坡稳定性的影响

如果非均匀土质边坡的底部出现强度较高的硬土层或岩石层,往往会因其限制了边坡的潜在滑动面而影响边坡稳定。根据边坡稳定性极限分析的上限定理,分析评估不排水条件下粘土边坡的稳定性,当边坡较缓时稳定性指标随着限制深度的减小而增加,当限制深度较大时对边坡稳定性的影响较小。不排水条件下土质边坡的稳定性分析要考虑特殊土层深度的影响,一定深度的特殊土层会限制边坡最危险滑动面的发展,使边坡更稳定。     

软土下卧倾斜硬层基坑变形规律及抗隆起稳定性*

受地质构造及地层沉积影响，实际地层分布并非完全水平。以软土下卧倾斜硬层基坑为研究对象，通过建立基坑土体非对称有限元模型，开展倾斜硬层斜面倾角、斜面与支挡结构距离对基坑变形及抗隆起稳定性的影响规律研究。结果表明：1）斜面倾角、斜面与支挡结构距离对基坑变形规律及安全系数存在显著影响。2）倾斜硬层造成基坑两侧软土不对称分布。土层厚度越小支挡结构受到的约束作用越大，该侧坑底隆起量、支挡结构变形、坑外地面沉降都小于土层厚度大的一侧。     

软黏土上覆硬土层极限承载力室内模型试验研究*

对双层地基室内模型试验分析,研究了软黏土上覆硬土层厚度变化和水灰比变化对上覆硬土层软土地基的极限承载力的影响。水灰比的增加对增大其极限承载力效果显著,而厚度的增加对提高双层地基极限承载力效果不显著。对双层地基的极限承载力进行了分析,提出了极限承载力的修正公式,并把计算值与试验值做了对比分析。     

大贯入力海床式静力触探的硬土层物理力学指标对比

针对海上勘察硬土层静力触探数据难以获取的工程现状,基于国内首次大规模应用的大贯入力海床式孔压静力触探仪,采用国内外静力触探解译公式,对比分析三亚近海地区硬土层静力触探试验成果与室内土工试验、标准贯入试验的物理力学指标。分析表明:海床式静力触探试验解译得到的砂土内摩擦角、黏性土不排水抗剪强度等指标略大于室内试验与标准贯入试验,对硬土地区大贯入力孔压静力触探的分析研究,为类似工程提供了宝贵的经验与参考。     

大水位差坚硬土层区的高桩码头设计

城陵矶外贸码头是目前长江中游最大水位差的高桩梁板式码头，水文与地质条件复杂，土层紧硬，在设计中，从整体，单体，空间，平面，动力，静力多种模型结合分析，提出了目前国内较大水位差地区斜桩斜度５：１的高桩梁板式码头结构方案和在坚硬土层条件下的锤击沉桩可行性等工程措施，突破了常规设计的局限。     

层状土地基条件下具桩靴自升式钻井船插桩深度分析研究

应用有限元数值模拟方法,研究了自升式钻井船的桩靴在复杂层状地基土中贯入一定深度时的地层响应情况,取得了桩靴贯入过程中地基土破坏形式、荷载影响深度、不同承载力计算方法的适用性等多方面认识。在上硬下软及上软下硬的层状土中,所有公式的计算结果无论在数值还是趋势方面都与有限元模拟成果相差较大,这主要是由于单一的公式未考虑到插桩荷载影响深度内下伏不同地层对总承载力的贡献。有限元模拟成果显示,在3. 0B深度范围插桩荷载影响较大;桩靴自上覆硬土层贯入软土层时,会有一定厚度的硬土被压入到软土层,且厚度随插入深度变化,导致出现地层结构的动态重分布。根据层状地层中有限元模拟成果,提出了考虑到3. 0B深度范围所有地层的强度贡献、并考虑地层结构动态重分布的桩靴下地基土极限承载力计算方法,其计算结果与有限元模拟成果最为接近。工程实例计算表明,得出的计算结果以及有限元模拟结果都与实际插桩深度较为接近。     

引孔超长碎石桩处理硬土层下卧软土技术方案

针对福州港可门作业区1#～3#泊位工程排洪沟护岸存在深厚软土地基,但场地表层被块石覆盖而难以进行下卧层软基处理的问题,提出采用引孔结合沉管碎石桩法进行软基处理的方案。该方案成功解决了穿透硬土层处理下卧软土层的技术难题,取得了良好效果。该设计方案及施工方法可为类似工程的设计及施工提供借鉴。     

大长细比超深沉井施工技术

复杂地质条件下，大长细比超深沉井在超软土层中下沉采取阻沉技术，在硬土层中下沉采取助沉技术，并在下沉过程中采取防倾斜、纠偏和防突沉较难技术措施，使得大长细比超深沉井垂直、均匀下沉到位，取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

埃及塞得东港超深T形地下连续墙施工关键技术

基于埃及塞得东港集装箱码头二期工程,研究分析超过60 m深T形地下连续墙在上软下硬且软弱土层深厚、临海水位高的复杂地层情况下的关键施工技术,包括地下连续墙成槽技术、防止槽壁坍塌技术、垂直度控制技术、钢筋笼的＂抬架垂直转体法＂吊装技术、热带沙漠高温下C50水下混凝土配制与灌注等关键技术。实践证明该施工技术适用于临海地区复杂土质的超深异形地下连续墙施工,施工工期相对较短,成本低,能够保证工程质量和施工安全。     

多作业状态下近海油气管线的力学分析及软件

在近海管线的铺设、安装、使用过程中有多种作业状态：在位、悬跨、挖沟、提吊、铺管等。各种状态下管线的受力特点不同，加上管线结构、海况和海底土壤等因素又都很复杂，所以近海管线的强度分析难度大、内容多。分别采用解析方法、数值方法（有限元法、打靶法）和二者结合来解决理论上的（如几何非线性、动边界等）、实用性方面的难点。在理论分析的基础上，编制了符合产业部门工程师使用要求的近海管线强度分析软件。介绍了该软件进行力学分析时采用的理论以及软件界面。     

Part I: Externalities and economic policies in road transport

Road transport imposes negative externalities on society. These externalities include environmental and road damage, accidents, congestion, and oil dependence. The cost of these externalities to society is in general not reflected in the current market prices in the road transport sector.An efficient mobility model for the future must take into account the true costs of transport and its regulatory framework will need to create incentives for people to make sustainable transport choices. This paper discusses the use of economic instruments to correct road transport externalities, but gives relatively more weight to the problem of carbon emissions from road transport, as this is particularly challenging, given its global and long-term nature.Economics offers two types of instruments for addressing the problem of transport externalities: command-and-control and incentive-based policies.Command-and-control policies are government regulations which force consumers and producers to change their behaviour. They are the most widely used policy instruments. Examples include vehicle emission and fuel standards in the US as well as driving or parking restrictions in Singapore. The implementation cost of these instruments to the government is small. Although from an economic perspective these policies often fail to achieve an efficient market outcome, the presence of political constraints often make them the preferred option, in terms of feasibility and effectiveness.Economic theory shows how policies, which affect consumption and production incentives, can be used to achieve the optimal outcome in the presence of externalities. Incentive-based policies function within a new or an altered market. We first examine incentive-based policies, which cap the aggregate amount of the externality, such as carbon emissions, by allocating permits or rights to the emitters. The emitters are then free to trade their permits amongst them. The permit allocation mechanism is important-although market efficiency would be satisfied by an auction, political influences usually favour a proportional allocation based on historic emissions. We discuss EU ETS as an example of a cap-and-trade system, however, no such policy for CO₂ emissions in road transport has been implemented anywhere in the world to date.Fiscal instruments are, like command-and-control, widely used in road transport, because they are relatively cheap and simple to implement. They include the use of taxes and charges in order to bridge the gap between private and the social costs and, in principle, can lead to an efficient market solution. Registration, ownership, fuel, emissions, usage taxes, and parking and congestion charges have been implemented in many countries around the world. On the other side of the spectrum, subsidies can be given to those scrapping old cars and buying fuel-efficient vehicles. Some cities, such as London, have implemented congestion charges and many states in the United States have introduced high occupancy lanes. Other interesting possibilities include pay-as-you-drive insurance and other usage charges. However, the size and scope of taxes and subsidies are determined by governments, and because of their imperfect knowledge of the market the outcome is still likely to be inefficient.Governments have many effective economic instruments to create a sustainable road transport model. These instruments can be used separately or together, but their implementation will be necessary in the nearest future.     

双鱼岛陆域高程确定的要素分析

双鱼岛作为离岸式城市综合开发类人工岛,岛上陆域高程是一个独立的系统,陆域高程的确定关系到规划、安全、护岸、景观、土方量和造价、防洪排涝、亲水性等。对人工岛填海造地期和使用期高程确定的主要因素进行论述,并整体介绍双鱼岛高程的变化趋势,对不同部位的高程确定进行分析,同时对工程安全性与景观的平衡、高程与上部规划的关系、高程与土方量及最优造价进行研究。研究成果可供类似工程的高程确定提供思路及参考。     

注浆减摩技术在顶管施工中的应用

结合工程建设实例,论述顶管施工中注浆减摩的原理,介绍注浆减摩的工艺和措施、注浆材料的选择、孔的布置、泵的选用、注浆压力的大小等,指出注浆减摩技术在长距离顶管施工中的重要性.     

In Political Seas: Engaging with Political Ecology in the Ocean and Coastal Environment

The world’s oceans and coasts are awash in a sea of politics. The marine environment is increasingly busy, changing, and a site of degradation, marginalization, injustice, contestation and conflict over declining resources and occupied spaces at local to global scales. Themes of political ecology, such as power and politics, narratives and knowledge, scale and history, environmental justice and equity, are thus salient issues to understand in ocean and coastal governance and management. This subject review examines research on these themes of political ecology in the ocean and coastal environment and reflects on how the insights gained might be applied to governance and management. Political ecology provides important insights into: the influence of power in ocean management and governance processes; the manner in which narratives, knowledge, and scale are used to legitimize and shape policies and management efforts; the effects of historical trajectories on present circumstances, options, and practices; and the nature of inequities and environmental injustices that can occur in the marine environment. Moreover, ocean and coastal researchers, practitioners, and decision makers ought to engage with the political processes and injustices occurring in the ocean. Moving from critical insights to constructive engagements will ensure that political ecology helps to plant seeds of hope in the Anthropocene ocean.     

多因素数学模型在温州瓯江口浅滩围涂工程研究中的应用

建立了波浪、潮流、盐度、悬沙、底床冲淤等多种因素数学模型,在模型验证的基础上,对瓯江口温州浅滩围涂工程海区的波浪场、潮流场、盐度场、悬沙场、底床冲淤场进行了数值模拟研究,对温州浅滩围涂工程对瓯江泄洪、瓯江南北口分流比、乐清湾养殖业、瓯江口港口航道及状元岙深水区、南口口外滩地的影响进行了分析论证。分析研究结果表明,温州浅滩围涂工程是可行的。     

自升式抛石整平平台船的设计与应用

针对长江口深水航道治理工程恶劣的作业环境,将海上施工平台的概念引用到水下抛石整平施工工艺中,研究的主要内容包括设备的施工作业方式、平台的结构、平台自浮的拖航稳定性、平台支腿靴板对基础的压力、平台升降装置、抛石整平机构及作业时的稳定性等,阐述了平台船的特点和先进性,以及在今后大型水工工程中的应用前景。     

论现代综合物流新概念及其“虚拟化”发展趋势

现代综合物流是信息流、管理流、资金流和货物流四位一体的有机联系和协调运动的综合体系。确定现代综合物流的概念定义,研究揭示这一体系的运动规律及运作虚拟化的发展趋势将会对物流理论、物流实践乃至整个经济管理产生重大变革和深远影响,同时,引导航运承运人和物流经营人采用“虚拟”方式,通过市场合理配置社会资源,真正使信息流、管理流、资金流和货物流成为协调运动的综合体系。     

探路、开路、筑路——为创立世界修船业共生时代再出发

中国修船业在国家改革开放的浪潮中,经历了三十多年的快速发展,如今已稳居世界修船大国的国际地位,而中国修船企业正在引领世界绿色修船科技的进步,也引起了国际修船业的高度关注.然而,在人类社会生态环境面临严峻挑战的当下,作为世界贸易和港口经济重要组成部分的修船产业,如何形成发展新格局,从生态层面推进绿色、低碳、数字"一体化"...     

Carbon flows in Baltic Sea food webs — a re-evaluation using a mass balance approach

The brackish Baltic Sea has been seen as particularly suitable for studies of food webs. Compared to fully marine ecosystems, it has low species diversity, which means fewer trophic linkages to analyse. The Baltic Sea is also one of the best-studied areas of the world, suggesting that most data requirements for food web models should be fulfilled. Nevertheless, the influence of physical and biological factors on trophic interactions and biogeochemical patterns varies spatially in the Baltic Sea, adding considerable complexity to food web studies. Food web structure and processes can be described and compared quantitatively between areas by estimating the flow of matter or energy through the organisms. Most such models have been based on carbon, though studies of complementary flows of other elements limiting production, such as nitrogen and phosphorus would be desirable. However, since ratios between carbon and other elements are used in calculating these flows, it is crucial, as a first step, to quantify the flows of carbon as accurately as possible.In this study, we used the EcopathII software (ver 3.1) to analyse models of carbon flow through the food webs in the three main areas of the Baltic Sea; the Baltic proper, Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay. A previously published study on carbon flow in the Baltic Sea [Elmgren, R. 1984. Trophic dynamics in the enclosed, brackish Baltic Sea. Rapp. P.-V. Reun. — Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. (183) 152–169.] was complemented with the data on respiration and flow to detritus [Wulff, F., Ulanowicz, R. 1989. A comparative anatomy of the Baltic Sea and Chesapeeake Bay ecosystems. In: F. Wulff, J.G. Field, K.H. Mann (Eds.), Flow Analysis of Marine Ecosystems: Theory and Practice. New York: Springer-Verlag.] in order to present complete mass balance models of carbon. The purpose of re-evaluating previous models with new analytic tools was to check how well their carbon flows balance, and to provide a basis for improved mass balance models using more recent data, including nutrients other than carbon.The resulting mass balance networks for the Baltic proper, Bothnian Sea and the Bothnian Bay were shown to deviate from steady state. There was an organic carbon surplus of 45, 25 and 18 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ in the pelagic zones of the Baltic proper, Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay, respectively. The Ecopath network analysis confirmed that the overall carbon flow was highest in the Baltic proper, somewhat lower in the Bothnian Sea and much lower in the Bothnian Bay. The only clear differences in food web structure between the basins was that the average trophic level was lower for demersal fish in the Bothnian Sea and higher for macrofauna in the Bothnian Bay, compared to the other basins. The analysis showed weakness in our current understanding in Baltic Sea food webs and highlighted areas where improvements could be made with more recent data.