K_2CO_3/AC常温下脱除密闭空间CO_2反应机理

密闭空间CO2脱除是环境控制和生命保障系统的重要任务,研究适用于密闭空间高活性可再生CO2清除剂至关重要。本文利用热重分析系统对钾基负载型吸收剂K2CO3/AC(AC为活性炭)进行实验。在20℃,1%CO2和2%H2O基准工况下,对比吸收剂和载体AC的反应特性,探索K2CO3/AC常温下脱除密闭空间CO2反应机理,并探究温度、CO2浓度和H2O浓度等反应条件对脱碳特性影响。结果表明:载体AC对H2O和CO2脱除机制为物理吸附作用;K2CO3/AC主要依靠活性组分K2CO3与二者的化学反应,在H2O气氛中通过水合反应迅速转化为K2CO3·1.5H2O,在CO2/H2O气氛中通过碳酸化反应生成KHCO3,表现出优越的反应活性。K2CO3/AC的碳酸化反应性能随着温度升高而减弱,随着CO2浓度和H2O浓度增加而增强。该研究结果确定了K2CO3/AC常温下脱除低浓度CO2反应机理,为常温下密闭空间CO2脱除技术提供了理论基础。     

超重力法清除潜艇舱室CO_2实验

采用旋转填料床作为吸收装置,醇胺溶液作为吸收液,进行超重力法清除潜艇舱室CO2的实验,分析吸收液种类、填料、吸收液浓度、吸收液温度、吸收液流量等因素对CO2清除率的影响。结果表明,采用泡沫金属填料和MEA溶液可以获得最高的清除率;在相同的操作条件下,清除率随着吸收液浓度的增加逐渐增加,但当吸收液浓度增至一定值时,CO2的清除率趋于稳定;清除率随吸收液温度或流量的提高均呈先增加后减小趋势。     

弱碱树脂在工业水处理中应用条件研究

本文研究了阴离子双柱串联水处理系统中，CO2浓度、SO4^2-分率、进水流速等因素对弱碱树脂工作交换容量的影响，以及弱碱交换柱位置对除碳器和强碱交换柱工作性能的影响。实验证明：CO2浓度、SO4^2-分率提高，有利于弱碱树脂工作交换容量的发挥；流速增大，则不利于树脂交换容量提高；在弱碱交换柱之后设置除碳器，不增加强碱交换柱的负担，还会由于水中CO2浓度提高，促进弱碱树脂工作交换容量发挥；但对除碳器提出相对较高的要求.     

电还原CO2铟电极的制备研究

通过在硫酸盐型镀铟液中电沉积铟来制备用于电还原CO2的阴极材料.利用正交实验的方法研究了铟电极的制备工艺.实验结果表明,制备铟电极较佳的工艺条件为:硫酸铟50 g/L,硫酸钠10 g/L,电流密度0.5A/dm2,温度25℃,pH值控制在2.0～2.7.该工艺制备的铟电极电还原CO2生成甲酸的电流效率达到39.2%,电解稳定性良好.     

低碳型集装箱码头岸桥优化配置研究

本文以最小化船舶待泊损失费和泊位闲置损失费之和作为目标函数,以岸桥装卸单位吞吐量CO2排放量作为约束条件,提出低碳型集装箱码头岸桥配置优化模型。同时,通过对比考虑岸桥装卸单位吞吐量CO2排放量约束条件前后的岸桥配置优化结果,分析碳排放约束条件对模型优化结果的影响。结果表明考虑碳排放约束条件后的岸桥配置优化模型能够对原配置方案造成影响,可以通过岸桥的重新配置降低岸桥装卸单位吞吐量的CO2排放值。     

有机胺溶液吸收CO2及其再生性能研究

为提高胺法吸收CO2的效率,减少过程中的胺损失,利用直接接触法和中空纤维膜接触器,考察了几种典型的单一有机胺溶液对不同浓度CO2的吸收特性及再生性能.试验结果表明,α碳-甲基取代胺能提高溶液的吸收容量,但总吸收速率下降;在低CO2浓度下,α碳-二甲基取代胺吸收速率较低且易析出;采用氨基乙酸钾(PG)和N-甲基甘氨酸钾(PMG)溶液,在膜吸收系统上可获得很高的CO2脱除效率,显示出良好的发展潜力.     

电芬顿处理船舶含油废水的动力学影响因素研究

采用双极电芬顿法处理船舶含油废水,建立反应的动力学速率方程,并对电流密度、pH值、初始含油量几个动力学因素的影响效果进行了分析。结果表明:该反应符合二级反应动力学,反应方程可表示为:[出水含油量]={-kt+[初始含油量]0-1}-1。实验拟合出电流密度、pH值、初始含油量3个不同影响因子与降解速率常数k值的关系式,并根据相关非线性拟合分析,得出上述3个影响因素中,pH值对电芬顿降解含油废水的影响最大,其次是初始油浓度,电流密度次之。     

直接征税是抑制船舶CO2排放的最佳途径

目前所有CO2排放征税的提案都不是直接征收CO2税．而是根据燃料中碳含量征收燃料税。尽管监管者称监测船舶CO2排放在经济上是不可行的，但事实上．CO2排放监测是一种可靠、无任何干扰，比较公正的方式，可用于对每艘船舶征税。     

氮化碳空心微球的结构调控及其光催化氧化还原性能

以乙腈为溶剂,通过改变前驱物三聚氰氯和二聚氰胺的比例来调控氮化碳(CN)空心球.采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外(FTIR)和紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)对材料的晶相、形貌以及光吸收性质进行了详细分析.结果表明,通过改变前驱物的比例可以对CN空心球进行调控.以氙灯为光源,通过降解MO和还原Cr(VI)对调控的CN空心球活性进行测试;通过改变Cr(VI)溶液的pH值来改善还原Cr(VI)的效率并研究了其机理.同时对甲基橙(MO)的光催化降解和Cr(VI)的光催化还原之间的相互作用进行了考察,适当降低Cr(VI)溶液pH值能够提高其光催化还原率.通过自由基捕获实验得知在CN光催化还原Cr(VI)过程中起主要作用的是e~-和·O_2~-.在Cr(VI)/MO/CN空心球体系中,Cr(VI)和MO对双方的光催化过程都有促进作用.一定浓度的MO加入后,对降解MO和还原Cr(VI)都具有促进作用.     

中空纤维膜吸收低浓度CO2气体研究

中空纤维膜吸收法是一种新型CO2清除技术,此法可以避免填料塔吸收时产生的液泛、沟流、雾沫夹带等现象。本文以一乙醇胺(MEA)为吸收液,利用中空纤维膜组件对低浓度CO2(≤0.5%)进行吸收,考查了吸收液流量和气体流量对CO2吸收效率(η)和总体积传质系数(KGa)的影响,并建立了传质模型,模型值和实验值基本吻合。结果表明,吸收液流量对η和KGa影响不大,吸收过程主要受气膜控制。     

Port authorities view state coastal management programs

Abstract

An estuarine sanctuary is a store of public values due to the ecological, cultural, recreational, aesthetic, historic, and economic services provided by the preserve. These values may be expected to increase over time because of (1) growth in the population demanding estuarine services, (2) growth in the willingness to pay for such services, and (3) growth in the actual quality and quantity of services which are provided by a protected natural system. Thus an estuarine sanctuary will be more valuable to future generations than to current generations. When weighing the cost and benefits of a preservation or development decision, a preservation decision which seems currently undesirable may in fact be socially beneficial when growth in the value of estuarine services is included.     

船舶焊接CO2气体保护单面焊气孔成因探讨

ＣＯ２气体保护半自动单面焊用于船舶焊接，提高了焊接质量，减轻了焊工的劳动强度，半缩短了造船周期。但是单面焊打底层焊缝中出现的沿焊缝柱状晶结晶方向的柱状气孔，严重地影响着船舶焊接质量。     

Planktonic community structure and carbon cycling in the Arabian Sea as a result of monsoonal forcing: the application of a generic model

The Arabian Sea exhibits a complex pattern of biogeochemical and ecological dynamics, which vary both seasonally and spatially. These dynamics have been studied using a one-dimensional vertical hydrodynamic model coupled to a complex ecosystem model, simulating the annual cycle at three contrasting stations. These stations are characterised by seasonally upwelling, mixed-layer-deepening and a-seasonal oligotrophic conditions, respectively, and coincide with extensively measured stations on the two JGOFS ARABESQUE cruises in 1994. The model reproduces many spatial and temporal trends in production, biomass, physical and chemical properties, both qualitatively and quantitatively and so gives insight into the main mechanisms responsible for the biogeochemical and ecological complexity. Monsoonal systems are typified by classical food web dynamics, whilst intermonsoonal and oligotrophic systems are dominated by the microbial loop. The ecosystem model (ERSEM), developed for temperate regions, is found to be applicable to the Arabian Sea system with little reparameterisation. Differences in in-situ physical forcing are sufficient to recreate contrasting eutrophic and oligotrophic systems, although the lack of lateral terms are probably the greatest source of error in the model. Physics, nutrients, light and grazing are all shown to play a role in controlling production and community structure. Small-celled phytoplanktons are predicted to be dominant and sub-surface chlorophyll maxima are robust centers of production during intermonsoon periods. Analysis of carbon fluxes indicate that physically driven outgassing of CO₂ predominates in monsoonal upwelling systems but ecological activity may significantly moderate CO₂ outgassing in the Arabian Sea interior.     

复杂产品制造业成本控制模型初探

由于复杂产品结构复杂、生产周期长、重复性差,其成本控制相对其他制造业来讲,难度大、时效性强,只存在产品生产周期内的成本反馈控制,难以进行不同产品生产周期之间的成本反馈控制。因此,如何实现产品生命周期内的成本控制是复杂产品制造企业重要的生存技能。本文从复杂产品制造业的特点出发,以目标成本管理思想为基础,结合价值工程、Kaizen成本制度和虚拟利润中心等成本控制的方法,建立了一套全过程的、动态的成本控制模型,为设计和生产阶段的成本控制提供了一种新的方法。     

基因演算法於船体加强板架之最佳化设计应用

船体结构之最佳化设计是一个复杂非线性的混和离散问题，并且要搜寻到全域的最佳值并不容易。在复杂的设计环境下基因演算法（Genetic Algorithm；GA）却可以搜寻到近似的全域最佳值。本文主要是应用基因演算法对T加强板架（Tee stiffened panel）、平板加强板架（flat-bat stiffened Panel）等常用且最具代表性之船体结构件进行最佳化设计，使结构在满足终极破坡限制（ultimate failure constraints）与耐用破坏限制（serviceability failure constraints）等所有限制条件下，求得最佳目标函数值中各设计变之最佳组合。在过程中并考量不同族群大小、变换机率、突变机率因素对最佳化结果的影响。文中是以制造成本为目标函数，其中同时考量材料成本及劳工成本，且所得之结果与连续性线性规则（Sequential Linear Programming；SLP）最佳化结果作了比较。计算的结果显示基因演算法可以有效地与快速地获得最小重量和最低成本的目标。     

On the relation between organic and inorganic carbon in the Weddell Sea

Carbon cycling in the Weddell Sea was investigated during the ANT X/7 cruise with `FS Polarstern' December 1992–January 1993. Samples were taken on a cross section from Kapp Norvegia to Joinville Island, and on a section from the Larsen Ice Shelf to the northeast. The following quantities were measured: total carbon dioxide (TCO₂), fluorescence from humic substances and total organic carbon. The distribution of TCO₂ was strongly positively correlated to the time elapsed since the various water masses were last ventilated. In general, humic substance fluorescence was positively correlated with TCO₂, with the exception of the productive part of the western Weddell Sea, where the correlation was negative in the surface mixed layer. The increased fluorescence at the surface is suggested to be a result of biological production. The distribution of total organic carbon showed less structure, since this quantity includes a particulate component, which is subject to dispersion processes different from those of the dissolved components TCO₂ and humic substances. The mean total organic carbon concentration below the surface mixed layer was 50 μmol l⁻¹. At some stations, a steep TOC maximum around 2000 m depth was observed. This was interpreted to result from mass sinking of phytoplankton blooms. Total organic carbon had a maximum in surface water, and at some stations also a second subsurface maximum. In the Warm Deep Water (WDW), TCO₂ and fluorescence had their maximum values, while total organic carbon tended to be low. In low productivity surface water in the eastern part of the Kapp Norvegia–Joinville Island section, the lowest flourescence was found. Surface water is eventually formed from Warm Deep Water, which had the highest fluorescence values, and therefore it is concluded that humic substances were removed in situ from surface water. In the central area of the Weddell Sea, TCO₂ and fluorescence showed the highest Warm Deep Water maxima, while total organic carbon was low. The Warm Deep Water in this area is part of the so-called Central Intermediate Water which circulates for a long time within the Weddell Gyre. Reduced total organic carbon, which coincides with the most pronounced Central Intermediate Water characteristics, and high TCO₂ can thus both be accounted for by continued degradation of organic matter in this water mass. The associated fluorescence maximum implies that humic substances are also produced during mineralisation. Recently formed bottom water, by contrast, could be seen as patches of low TCO₂, low fluorescence and high total organic carbon along the western slope of the Weddell Sea.     

氧化铁皮对CO2半自动单面焊气孔倾向的影响

本文就坡口上的氧化铁皮对ＣＯ_２半自动陶质衬垫单面焊气孔倾向的影响进行了试验研究,利用Ｘ射线检测、ＯＭ、ＳＥＭ、ＥＤＸ和ＸＲＤ等方法对焊道进行了宏观及徽观分析。结果表明,氧化铁皮主要由Ｆｅ_３Ｏ_４、Ｆｅ_２Ｏ_３和ＦｅＯ组成,并参与反应生成ＣＯ气体;打底层焊缝中形成大量夹杂物易于气泡的形核;陶质衬垫的保温作用使打底层焊道上部先于底部结晶,气泡不易逸出而形成气孔。本文还探讨了防止气孔产生的措施。     

培养条件对绿色木霉发酵生产纤维素酶的影响

考察了不同培养条件对绿色木霉发酵生产纤维素酶的影响。结果表明,当以5.0 g/L硫酸盐纸浆作为碳源,纤维素酶活值为27.956 IU/mL,其值是以纤维素作为碳源时的2.19倍。当培养基中以2.0 g/L蛋白胨为唯一氮源时,纤维素酶值活可达58.461 IU/mL。当培养基中添加2.0 g/L葡萄糖,可以最大限度地提高纤维素酶的产量。另外,菌丝体的最佳接种量为10%。     

Limitation of egg production in Calanus finmarchicus in the field: A stoichiometric analysis

The egg production of marine copepods correlates with a range of variables, including the availability of organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) 20:5(n−3) (EPA) and 22:6(n−3) (DHA). However, an understanding of which substrates limit egg production in the natural environment has yet to be reached. The quantities of C, N, EPA and DHA ingested, derived from parental biomass, and invested in eggs by female Calanus finmarchicus during a 5-day incubation experiment were examined using stoichiometric theory to determine which substrate was limiting. The majority of each substrate was derived from parental biomass, and therefore the existing stoichiometric theory is developed to include this route of supply. The females were essentially devoid of lipid reserves, as evidenced by the lack of the storage fatty acids 20:1(n−9) and 22:1(n−11), and carbon limitation was predicted under most of the scenarios examined. Nitrogen limitation was only apparent when carbon and nitrogen utilisation efficiencies were assumed to be high (0.5) and low (0.4) respectively. PUFAs were assumed to be utilised with high efficiency (0.9), and were never predicted to limit production. This work highlights the need for a more detailed understanding of the maintenance requirements that marine copepods have for C, N, EPA, and DHA and hence the efficiencies with these substrates can be utilised for growth.     

不可展曲面近似展开的保形映射法

提出了以保形作为基本展开原则,对不可展曲面进行近似展开的保形映射法.以船体帆型板为例,给出了整张板的展开方法及顺序,并通过对船厂实船板保形映射展开后所得到的各项数据进行分析,来阐明该方法的正确性.