Mathematical Modelling of Vibrations and Loading of Railway Tanks Taking into Account the Liquid Cargo Mobility

SUMMARY

Dynamics and loading of railway tank cars transporting liquid cargo are investigated. The approach based on the mechanical-pendulum analogy for the liquid cargo mobility simulation is proposed. Hydrodynamic parameters of the mechanical analogy are determined using the solution of the boundary-value problem for the liquid cargo vibrations in a cavity with the tank boiler shape. The fitting of the developed mathematical models is proved by comparison of calculated results and test data. Vibration characteristics and loading of tank-cars under their shunt collisions and motion along straight and curved track in trains are evaluated. It is shown that as a rule the liquid cargo mobility has an essential influence on tank dynamic properties.     

Roll Plane Analysis of Articulated Tank Vehicles During Steady Turning

The rollover immunity levels of articulated tank vehicles with partial loads are investigated. A static roll plane model of the articulated vehicle employing partially filled cylindrical tank is developed. The vertical and lateral translation of the liquid cargo due to vehicle roll angle and lateral acceleration, encountered during steady turning, are evaluated. The roll moments arising from vertical and lateral translation of the liquid cargo are determined and incorporated in the roll plane model of the vehicle. The adverse influence of the unique interactions of the liquid within the tank vehicle, on the rollover limit of the articulated vehicle is demonstrated. The influence of compartmenting of the tank on the steady turning roll response of the vehicle is analyzed, and an optimal order of unloading the compartmented tank is discussed.     

Roll Plane Analysis of Articulated Tank Vehicles During Steady Turning

SUMMARY

The rollover immunity levels of articulated tank vehicles with partial loads are investigated. A static roll plane model of the articulated vehicle employing partially filled cylindrical tank is developed. The vertical and lateral translation of the liquid cargo due to vehicle roll angle and lateral acceleration, encountered during steady turning, are evaluated. The roll moments arising from vertical and lateral translation of the liquid cargo are determined and incorporated in the roll plane model of the vehicle. The adverse influence of the unique interactions of the liquid within the tank vehicle, on the rollover limit of the articulated vehicle is demonstrated. The influence of compartmenting of the tank on the steady turning roll response of the vehicle is analyzed, and an optimal order of unloading the compartmented tank is discussed.     

Influence of Liquid Load Shift on the Dynamic Response of Articulated Tank Vehicles

The influence of the lateral load shift on the dynamic response characteristics of an articulated tank vehicle is investigated assuming inviscid fluid flow conditions. A quasi-dynamic roll plane model of a partially filled cleanbore tank of circular cross-section is developed and integrated to a three-dimensional model of the articulated vehicle, assuming constant forward speed. The destabilizing effects of liquid load shift are studied by comparing the directional dynamics of the partially filled tank vehicle to that of an equivalent rigid cargo vehicle subject to steady steer input. Dynamic response characteristics demonstrate that the stability of a partially filled tank vehicle is adversely affected by the Liquid load shift The distribution of cornering forces caused by the liquid load shift yield considerable deviation of the path followed by the liquid tank vehicle. The influence of the vehicle speed on the dynamics of the liquid tank vehicle is also investigated for variations in the fill levels and fluid density.     

Impact of Liquid Load Shift on the Braking Characteristics of Partially Filled Tank Vehicles

Braking characteristics of a tractor-tank-semitrailer vehicle is investigated by incorporating the influence of liquid load shift occurring within the partially filled tank. The tank vehicle model is developed by integrating a steady state model of a partially filled tank and a pitch plane model of the vehicle. The liquid load shift occurring in the pitch plane of the vehicle during a braking maneuver is characterized using the change in the gradient of the free surface of liquid and the corresponding shift in the center of gravity of the fluid bulk. The change in normal load on the various axles of the vehicle during the maneuver is then computed to analyze the braking behavior of the partially filled tank vehicle. The braking characteristics of the tank vehicle are then compared to those of an equivalent rigid cargo vehicle in order to study the impact of liquid load shift. Influence of various vehicle and tank design parameters on the braking behavior and wheel lock-up condition is also investigated for typical braking maneuvers.     

Influence of Liquid Load Shift on the Dynamic Response of Articulated Tank Vehicles

SUMMARY

The influence of the lateral load shift on the dynamic response characteristics of an articulated tank vehicle is investigated assuming inviscid fluid flow conditions. A quasi-dynamic roll plane model of a partially filled cleanbore tank of circular cross-section is developed and integrated to a three-dimensional model of the articulated vehicle, assuming constant forward speed. The destabilizing effects of liquid load shift are studied by comparing the directional dynamics of the partially filled tank vehicle to that of an equivalent rigid cargo vehicle subject to steady steer input. Dynamic response characteristics demonstrate that the stability of a partially filled tank vehicle is adversely affected by the Liquid load shift The distribution of cornering forces caused by the liquid load shift yield considerable deviation of the path followed by the liquid tank vehicle. The influence of the vehicle speed on the dynamics of the liquid tank vehicle is also investigated for variations in the fill levels and fluid density.     

Rollover prevention for heavy trucks using frequency shaped sliding mode control

Control and handling of heavy commercial vehicles carrying liquid cargo are influenced by liquid movement within the partially filled tank. During steering and braking maneuvering tasks, the truck may exhibit unstable behavior at lateral acceleration levels of 0.3 g to 0.4 g [m/s²]. The fluid slosh forces and dynamic load transfers in the lateral and longitudinal directions and parametric uncertainties caused by moving liquid cargo affect the overall dynamics of the vehicle. To solve a physical problem about the minimal excitation of the slosh dynamics associated with the longitudinal and lateral excitation of the vehicle, dynamic sliding surface design combined with recursive backstepping algorithm is introduced. Compensator dynamics are introduced in the sliding mode through a class of switching surfaces which has the interpretation of linear operators such that the resulting closed-loop system retains the insensitivity to uncertainties in the sliding mode while minimizing the excitation of flexible modes and unmodeled dynamics. The frequency shaped backstepping sliding mode algorithm, proposed by Acarman and Özgüner [Frequency shaping compensation for backstepping sliding mode control. Paper presented at the 15th IFAC World Congress, Barcelona, Spain, 2002], is designed to stabilize and to attenuate the sloshing effects of moving cargo by properly choosing the crossover frequencies of the dynamic compensators in accordance with the fundamental frequencies of the slosh dynamics.     

Effects of Tank Shape on the Roll Dynamic Response of a Partly Filled Tank Vehicle

The directional response and roll stability characteristics of a partly filled tractor-semitrailer vehicle, equipped with various cross-section tanks, are investigated as functions of fill volume and steer inputs. The tank-vehicle combination is analytically modeled upon integrating a quasi-static roll plane model of a partly filled tank of generic cross-section with a three-dimensional directional dynamic model of a five-axle tractor-semitrailer vehicle, assuming constant forward speed. The vehicle model is analyzed for different cross-sections of partly filled tanks, including circular, modified-oval and two optimal cross-sections. The directional response characteristics of the vehicle are evaluated to study the influence of partial-fill condition, steering maneuver, and vehicle speed on the roll dynamic performance of the tank cross-section and the vehicle. A comparison of the response characteristics, in terms of variations in cargo c.g. shift and roll mass moment of inertia, roll angle, lateral acceleration and yaw rate of the trailer sprung mass, revealed that the optimal tank geometry yields considerably less variations in the cargo c.g. coordinates and can thus significantly enhance the directional response and roll stability characteristics of partly-filled tank vehicles.     

Effects of Tank Shape on the Roll Dynamic Response of a Partly Filled Tank Vehicle

The directional response and roll stability characteristics of a partly filled tractor-semitrailer vehicle, equipped with various cross-section tanks, are investigated as functions of fill volume and steer inputs. The tank-vehicle combination is analytically modeled upon integrating a quasi-static roll plane model of a partly filled tank of generic cross-section with a three-dimensional directional dynamic model of a five-axle tractor-semitrailer vehicle, assuming constant forward speed. The vehicle model is analyzed for different cross-sections of partly filled tanks, including circular, modified-oval and two optimal cross-sections. The directional response characteristics of the vehicle are evaluated to study the influence of partial-fill condition, steering maneuver, and vehicle speed on the roll dynamic performance of the tank cross-section and the vehicle. A comparison of the response characteristics, in terms of variations in cargo c.g. shift and roll mass moment of inertia, roll angle, lateral acceleration and yaw rate of the trailer sprung mass, revealed that the optimal tank geometry yields considerably less variations in the cargo c.g. coordinates and can thus significantly enhance the directional response and roll stability characteristics of partly-filled tank vehicles.     

运输管理信息系统中车辆配载研究

提出货运优化调度中车辆配载所需的专家知识和策略,考虑一站零整车配载、货物配装优先级、同等优先级货物装车次序和危险品配装问题。建立了重量、体积和货物不规则性约束下的配装专家系统模型,给出详细的配载专家系统规则。采用VB和SQL编程实现运输管理信息系统,采用深圳市的某大型货运中心的实际数据进行试验,试验结果显示该方法合理可行。     

On the Destabilizing Effect of Liquids in Various Vehicles* (part 1)

The unrestrained free surface of a liquid has an alarming propensity to undergo large excursions for even very small motions of the container. This fact may endanger the stability, as well as the riding and maneuvering quality of the vehicle considerably. It is particularly true for fuel- or cargo tanks of automotive vehicles, railroad tank cars, for fuel tanks of large ships and tankers, for which violent sea conditions at times result in fairly large amplitudes of pitching, heaving and rolling, as well as for airplanes and spacevehicles flying through atmospheric disturbances. The response of liquids contained in cargo- or fuel tanks is therefore of quite some concern, especially in those cases where the sloshing liquid masses occupy a large amount of the total mass of the vehicle.

For this reason the theory of liquid motion with a free surface is presented for containers of various geometries. Forces and moments of the liquid exerted upon the vehicle are presented and a simple mechanical model for the representation of the liquid motion is derived. Methods for the reduction of the destabilizing effect of the liquid motion, such as baffles, cross walls and surface coverings are presented and shall exhibit their effectiveness. In addition the interaction of the liquid motion with the elastic structure of the container, as well as the interaction with a controlling system of the vehicle shall be demonstrated. Stability boundaries, design criteria and dynamic responses to disturbances shall be presented for a particular case.     

On the Destabilizing Effect of Liquids in Various Vehicles∗ (part 1)

SUMMARY

The unrestrained free surface of a liquid has an alarming propensity to undergo large excursions for even very small motions of the container. This fact may endanger the stability, as well as the riding and maneuvering quality of the vehicle considerably. It is particularly true for fuel- or cargo tanks of automotive vehicles, railroad tank cars, for fuel tanks of large ships and tankers, for which violent sea conditions at times result in fairly large amplitudes of pitching, heaving and rolling, as well as for airplanes and spacevehicles flying through atmospheric disturbances. The response of liquids contained in cargo- or fuel tanks is therefore of quite some concern, especially in those cases where the sloshing liquid masses occupy a large amount of the total mass of the vehicle.

For this reason the theory of liquid motion with a free surface is presented for containers of various geometries. Forces and moments of the liquid exerted upon the vehicle are presented and a simple mechanical model for the representation of the liquid motion is derived. Methods for the reduction of the destabilizing effect of the liquid motion, such as baffles, cross walls and surface coverings are presented and shall exhibit their effectiveness. In addition the interaction of the liquid motion with the elastic structure of the container, as well as the interaction with a controlling system of the vehicle shall be demonstrated. Stability boundaries, design criteria and dynamic responses to disturbances shall be presented for a particular case.     

考虑运到期限的铁路管内货物快运列车组织优化研究

针对当前铁路管内货物快运列车运输组织工作难以保证货物的运到期限水平,以货物装卸尽量多和尽早在最终编组站编入到跨局远程直达列车开行为双目标,考虑与快运列车运输组织影响相关的约束,构建了考虑运到期限的管内环线货物快运列车运输组织优化模型,并采用C#调用IBM ILOG Cplex软件对双目标优化模型进行帕累托解集的精确求解.以京津冀货物快运列车运输组织为例,通过与实际列车运行图运行时分对比,在保障货物装车需求下,当帕累托解分别为0.50和0.51时,结果有效缩短了京津冀快运列车的停站作业时间.实例中X481和X492次快运列车分别较计划时间提前了127.21 min和200 min,有效验证了构建的模型和求解算法,并就实例结果给出了相关组织工作的改进建议.      

液罐汽车稳态转弯行驶侧倾特性研究

本文研究液罐汽车在不满载并以稳定车速转弯行驶的条件下,因液体货物质心位置的变化而引起汽车侧倾角的变化规律。建立了有关力学模型与数学模型。研究结果表明在装载条件相同的条件下与运送固体货物汽车比较,液罐汽车的侧倾稳定性变坏;加设纵向隔板对侧倾稳定性有改善作用。     

基于有限元分析的油库储油罐软土地基不均匀下沉数值模拟

油库储油罐所处的软土地基在外界因素干扰下易出现不均匀沉降问题,导致油库储油罐罐体变形、位移等问题,为此提出基于有限元分析的油库储油罐软土地基不均匀下沉数值模拟。根据油库储油罐软土孔隙水、土粒、天然土体等的孔隙率,分析油库储油罐软土地基固结沉降的影响因素,获取油库储油罐软土地基沉降的平均固结度；根据有限元分析方法以及虎克定律,分析油库储油罐软土地基的非线性特征,确定油库储油罐软土地基在不同状况下应力的确定；采用ANSYS软件构建油库储油罐软土地基模型,分析油库储油罐软土地基不均匀下沉情况。仿真模拟表明,当施加荷载时,油库储油罐底板中心以及整体沉降逐步提升；初始加载时,地基土外力作用造成超孔隙水压力高于地基附加应力,储油罐一次加载的外力作用大于分级加载,分级加载可降低软土地基不均匀下沉情况。     

横向隔板对液罐车纵向稳定性的影响

理解横向隔板对液罐车性能的影响,不仅对液罐车的液罐设计是必要的,而且对液罐车的使用也是有益的.本文推导了具有椭圆截面罐体带横向隔板的液罐车的液体质心坐标和极限坡路倾角的计算公式,并探讨了使用条件变化时,横向隔板对液罐车极限坡路倾角的影响.     

合流溢流污水高效沉淀池计算机模拟研究

该文利用计算流体动力学模型,对合流溢流污水高效沉淀池进行了模拟。模拟结果表明,由于表面负荷较大,进水水流以较快速度从进水挡板下部通过,冲击池底部污泥层,同时穿过池底部撞向池下游池壁,再在斜板下方产生回流,从而影响沉淀池的沉淀效果。因此在设计高表面负荷沉淀池时进水的布水均匀尤其重要。在给定出水SS设计标准下(60 mg/L),进水SS为500 mg/L,经CFD模型优化后的沉淀池,能将表面负荷维持在20 m3/m2.h左右范围正常运行。     

以集液盒为主的实用新型专利的技术要点及应用分析

以集液盒为主的实用新型专利的主要是针对汽车底盘技术领域出现的燃油箱问题而开发的专利技术及实施方案。该专利以集液盒原理和使用改进以及带有集液盒的燃油箱的技术分析和方案设置,从而有效解决碳罐失效的问题。本文以集液盒为主的实用新型专利为研究重点,分析该专利的技术要点及在汽车底盘领域的具体应用。     

Three-dimensional analysis of transient slosh within a partly-filled tank equipped with baffles

The directional dynamic analyses of partly-filled tank vehicles have been limited to quasi-static fluid motion due to computational complexities associated with dynamic fluid slosh analyses. The dynamic fluid slosh causes significantly higher magnitudes of slosh forces and moments in the transient state that cannot be characterized through quasi-static approach, which provides reasonably good estimates of the mean responses. In this study, a three-dimensional nonlinear model of a partly-filled cylindrical tank with and without baffles is developed to investigate the significance of resulting destabilizing forces and moments caused by the transient fluid slosh, and the effects of baffles. The baffles and the end caps are modeled with curved shapes. The analyses are performed under varying magnitudes of steady lateral, longitudinal and combinations of lateral and longitudinal accelerations of the tank, and two different fill volumes using the FLUENT software. The results of the study are presented in terms of mean and peak slosh forces and moments, and variations in the mass moments of inertia of the fluid cargo within a clean bore and a baffled tank, for two different fill volumes and different magnitudes of acceleration excitations. The ratios of transient responses to the mean responses, termed as amplification factors, are further described to emphasize the significance of dynamic fluid slosh on the forces and moments induced on the vehicle. The results in general suggest that the mean responses attained from dynamic fluid slosh analyses correlate well with those attained from the quasi-static analyses for a clean bore tank. The amplification ratios of the resulting forces and moments could approach as high as 2. The results clearly show that the presence of baffles helps to suppress the peak as well as mean slosh forces and moments significantly.     

Three-dimensional analysis of transient slosh within a partly-filled tank equipped with baffles

The directional dynamic analyses of partly-filled tank vehicles have been limited to quasi-static fluid motion due to computational complexities associated with dynamic fluid slosh analyses. The dynamic fluid slosh causes significantly higher magnitudes of slosh forces and moments in the transient state that cannot be characterized through quasi-static approach, which provides reasonably good estimates of the mean responses. In this study, a three-dimensional nonlinear model of a partly-filled cylindrical tank with and without baffles is developed to investigate the significance of resulting destabilizing forces and moments caused by the transient fluid slosh, and the effects of baffles. The baffles and the end caps are modeled with curved shapes. The analyses are performed under varying magnitudes of steady lateral, longitudinal and combinations of lateral and longitudinal accelerations of the tank, and two different fill volumes using the FLUENT software. The results of the study are presented in terms of mean and peak slosh forces and moments, and variations in the mass moments of inertia of the fluid cargo within a clean bore and a baffled tank, for two different fill volumes and different magnitudes of acceleration excitations. The ratios of transient responses to the mean responses, termed as amplification factors, are further described to emphasize the significance of dynamic fluid slosh on the forces and moments induced on the vehicle. The results in general suggest that the mean responses attained from dynamic fluid slosh analyses correlate well with those attained from the quasi-static analyses for a clean bore tank. The amplification ratios of the resulting forces and moments could approach as high as 2. The results clearly show that the presence of baffles helps to suppress the peak as well as mean slosh forces and moments significantly.