Réflexions sur le transfert méthodologique de l’analyse qualitative d’accidents de la circulation routière issue de l’étude détaillée des accidents (EDA) fran?aise aux procédures d’accidents colombiennes

Nearly 90% of the traffic accidents that occur worldwide happen in developing countries. Yet road safety remains a little-studied subject in these countries, and notably accidentology studies, which provide a wealth of information. One of the major problems in studying road accidents in developing countries lies in the lack of reliable accident data. Indeed, while the comprehensive accident analysis methodologies used in developed countries provide an understanding of the origin of accidents and accident processes, as well as making it possible to define suitable, effective actions, they require reliable and relatively detailed accident data. These methodologies are notably based on detailed accident studies (DASs) and their adaptation to the analysis of accident reports. Colombia has an infrastructure for gathering and storing traffic accident data that can be used to perform comprehensive accident analyses. This article defines the feasibility of a technology transfer (clinical accident analysis) to the Colombian equivalent of accident reports. These observations are part of a doctoral thesis prepared jointly by the IFSTTAR Accident Mechanisms Research Unit and the University of the Andes in Bogotá.     

Comment les péages urbains peuvent-ils satisfaire une politique d’agglomération ?

This paper evaluates the extent to which urban road pricing schemes are able to satisfy the objectives of urban policy with regard to three frequently incompatible constraints: funding, the environment and social equity. We have devised a technical tolling system which reconciles these objectives and applied it to the case of the Lyon conurbation. We reach a number of conclusions concerning the effectiveness of different toll scenarios in terms of vehicle × kilometres travelled, travel durations, atmospheric emissions and funding. In general, achieving a simultaneous improvement in the above criteria requires at least the introduction of zonal tolls which reduce private car use by those residing in the conurbation and provide funding for alternative forms of transport.     

VirMaLab — atelier virtuel de maintenance: un outil d’aide à la décision pour l’optimisation des politiques de maintenance

This article deals with a generic approach called VirMaLab (virtual maintenance laboratory) for reliabilitybased maintenance modeling for complex systems (with multi-components and multi-states). Based on the probabilistic graphical models formalism (also known as Bayesian networks), this stochastic approach takes into account both the degradation process of the considered system (an original semi-Markovian model is proposed) and maintenance strategies (from diagnosis factors to all kinds of maintenance actions). For complete decision support tools, cost parameters should also be considered (maintenance actions, unavailability of the system, running, etc.). In this article, two applications of this approach to rail maintenance are introduced. The first one focuses on the optimization of the compromise refurbishment/repairing of central part of the RER A line. The second one focuses on the comparison and evaluation of various maintenance strategies in the modernization of the command control systems of Paris metro lines.     

Le transport ferroviaire régional de voyageurs : un processus collectif d’apprentissage

Regional passenger rail services are prevalent in France, as opposed to the more marginal role they play elsewhere in the world. It is indeed at the regional level that reforms have been successfully implemented, probably because the process was gradual and cautious. Initially in 1997, seven regions began experimenting with a decentralized system of regional passenger transportation services. By 2002, all metropolitan regions, with the exception of Corsica and Ile-de-France, were involved. Today we have reached a point where this process can be retrospectively and prospectively assessed. This article is first a retrospective assessment of the role of actors and the emerging dynamic between regional passenger rail transport supply and demand. Then, a prospective evaluation is offered since regionalization is best understood as an ongoing learning process that can be discontinuous or continuous.     

起亚改款cee’d

奔驰在法兰克福车展上正式发布2010款E级旅行车，随后这款车将于年底在欧洲上市。这款车的格栅，前大灯，尾灯以及内部仪表板的设计都与轿车版相同。     

Les facteurs d’accidents de la route par somnolence chez les conducteurs âgés: Prévention par l’activité physique

Sleepiness while driving is a frequent factor in car crashes and the primary cause of fatal accidents on French motorways, particularly among the elderly. The ageing process is accompanied by chronobiological disturbances which affect diurnal vigilance in particular and may have an impact on driving. The quality of nocturnal sleep diminishes among the elderly and sleep takes the form of a number of short, increasingly frequent naps during the day. All the changes in nocturnal sleep are accompanied by changes in circadian rhythms, the most striking of which is a reduction in amplitude. To counteract the effects of ageing, we have investigated the extent to which regular moderate physical activity can have a beneficial effect on circadian rhythms and the quality of sleep. Our study shows that such activity results in a subjective and objective improvement in the quality of sleep and restores circadian rhythms. There is also an improvement in driving performance on a simulator.     

Une caractérisation de l'émission acoustique des véhicules au cours des déplacements

Traffic noise is usually measured at fixed points whereas in reality vehicles move and generate noise throughout their trip. This paper therefore puts forward a new method of identifying noise emissions which takes account of the trip as a whole. We have made use of the concept of standard kinematic sequences (which are the elements which form all car trips) and have introduced a new acoustic index to characterize the noise emissions of a vehicle during a sequence. We have achieved this by adapting conventional highway acoustic indices to the way sequences are defined and used. We have calculated examples of these indices from acoustic recordings of isolated vehicles on a test track and from standard sequences.     

Gibraltar: le projet de lien fixe entre intégration euroméditerranéenne et développement régional

This paper presents a socioeconomic examination of the project for a fixed link in the Strait of Gibralter. This project for a major link between Europe and the Maghreb which would take the form of a rail tunnel can be examined at two different spatial scales, that of the major trade networks which link Europe and the Maghreb and that of the areas which are located near the future points of access to the tunnel. If we pass over the problems which may be posed by the financing of this project (which studies have shown to be profitable), the geopolitical context of changing relations within Europe and the Mediterranean should be favourable to its construction. Its strategic (and at the same time symbolic) character is defined by its role as a link between the trans-European networks and the southwestern shore of the Mediterranean basin. This physical connection may nevertheless generate undesired or even counterproductive effects in the directly exposed economies on the southern side. Additional strategies could be considered for which the existence of a tunnel would constitute an opportunity. These are referred to as accompanying measures in French regional planning policy.     

Vieillissement et gravité des atteintes lésionnelles des victimes d’accident de la circulation routière

This study uses the road traffic accident casualty register for the Rhône Département to investigate how the risk of severe or fatal injury varies according to age and to describe the injuries that explain the severity. Two groups of road users are investigated, car occupants and pedestrians. A NISS score of nine or over is taken to indicate a severe injury. Data analysis reveals that, for both groups, the risk of severe or fatal injury increases with age. The nature and location of the injuries depend on the age and sex of the victims. With regard to severe injuries, elderly female pedestrians are susceptible to fractures of the femur (and the femoral neck) and all parts of the upper limbs. Elderly male pedestrians are mainly exposed to fractures of the femoral neck. The greater vulnerability of severely injured elderly drivers results in thoracic injuries, which are partly explained by seat–belt wearing. The main cause of death, for pedestrians of all ages and young drivers is severe head injuries. Car occupants over the age of fifty more frequently suffer from severe thoracic injuries. These findings should not, however, be allowed to conceal the differences observed in the general population for the two severity criteria we have analyzed (severe injury or death). Mortality (in relation to the general population) is highest for young car occupants, while lethality (the fatality rate amongst those injured) is highest among the elderly. For pedestrians, both mortality and lethality increase with age. These findings are also applicable to the risk of severe injury. They justify the continuation of passive safety research in order to develop protection systems that are appropriate for the characteristics of car occupants. Furthermore, they should help to increase everybody’s awareness of the vulnerability of pedestrians and stimulate the introduction of preventive measures, particularly for seniors.     

Quelle place pour la sécurité routière dans les plans de déplacements urbains? Entre intégration et diffusion,le cas du plan de déplacements urbains de Lille métropole

This paper describes the position given to road safety in Urban Travel Plans by analyzing Urban Travel Plan document from eleven cities and undertakes a more in-depth investigation of road safety in the Urban Community of Lille. These plans provide an opportunity to disseminate knowledge about road safety to the other areas of urban management. They also describe the beginning of an integration of road safety in urban planning, even if intersectoral approaches at city level have yet to be developed and even if, in the case of Lille, the division of institutional competence with regard to the management of public space still requires clarification.     

家族式“虎鼻”风格 起亚Cee’d

相比于现款的Cee’d，新款Cee’d将拥有更强的个性，更加肌肉感的外观。Cee’d的目标消费群体将是比i30更为年轻的一部分人，年轻化的设计也将作为起亚品牌新一轮造型中的主宰从而，与现代汽车有所区别．     

L'information sur les durées de parcours: Modélisation de l’activité cognitive impliquée

In recent years some urban express roads have been equipped with journey time information systems, which are greatly appreciated by drivers. It has been observed that the messages help drivers take appropriate decisions and then better manage the time they spend travelling and deal better with congestion. In order to understand why the content of the messages leads to the behaviour in question we have developed a hypothetical architecture for the mental process demanded by the messages. This paper presents the cognitive model we have developed, which is based on knowledge networks.     

Prospective de la mobilité en Île-de-France Les apports et les limites d' une démarche économétrique

The author has used econometric equations to forecast travel by car and public transport in the Paris Region in the year 2020. The parameters of the equations were estimated on the basis of the observed trends since 1980. The technique is innovative in that it takes account of changes in structural factors (distribution of population by age, ring zone of residence and car ownership) using what are termed structural demand variables. Existing forecasts of these structural factors have been used. By applying hypotheses about changes in the remaining explanatory variables (income, transport price and supply) we have estimated traffic levels in a business as usual scenario whose sensitivity to the explanatory factors has also been tested. From this we have derived some additional indicators: network congestion, trip frequencies for each mode, travel time and aggregate quality indicators. Finally, some limits of this approach are discussed.     

Analyse de la prise en compte de la sécurité routière dans les plans de déplacements urbains

At the time when Urban Travel Plans (utps) are being introduced it is important to see how they take safety into account, certu's analysis of a dozen recent docuements shows the position occupied by road safety in utps, reveals the stated aims of the utps, identifies local actions aimed at improving road safety and highlights current or foresedable problems in the implementation of utps. The analysis shows that the way safety is taken into account varies considerably from one city to another. The desire to introduce measures to improve safety is usually present, but there is uncertainty as to how to tackle the issue. The examples of methods and actions that are given in this paper may provide some ideas which merit further examination for utps in the future. It is already obvious that utps will be responsible for profound changes in urban travel and its safety, and the results obtained over the next five years will doubtless have important consequences for the cities of tomorrow.     

Besoins en information et problèmes d'utilisation des transports ferroviaires par les personnes déficientes visuelles

This paper describes some of the findings of the biovam project, which deals with the difficulties encountered by the visually impaired when travelling on public transport, for example buses, the underground or trains. The biovam project brings together a team of researchers who are specialized in the accessibility of transport to disabled persons, mobility instructors for the visually impaired and two public transport operators, the ratp (the Paris Region Public Transport Authority) and the sncf (French National Railways). The biovam project performed a survey which identified the difficulties encountered by visually impaired travellers, and then conducted an inventory of the technical devices which could alleviate these problems. This paper pays particular attention to train travel, which differs from other modes in particular as regards frequency of use, journey duration and the nature of the infrastructure and the rolling stock. The presented findings have led to a number of recommendations and the organization of an experimental program which has renewed financial support from predit.