T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的简化计算方法

T型接头是船舶与海洋结构物的典型结构形式之一,其焊趾处常常是疲劳热点区域。T型接头焊趾表面裂纹的应力强度因子是船舶与海洋结构的、基于断裂力学安全评定和疲劳寿命预测的基础。本文对T型接头表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法,尤其是Bow ness等人提出的T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算公式进行了分析,在此基础上导出了形式简单,物理意义明确的T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的简化计算公式,并和相关的应力强度因子的计算结果进行了比较,证明了本文简化方法的可行性。     

肘板趾端表面裂纹在随机波浪载荷作用下的疲劳扩展预报

肘板趾端是船舶与海洋结构的疲劳热点。文章用三维有限元分析了趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子修正系数的变化规律,并与BS7910推荐的典型节点表面裂纹应力强度因子公式计算结果作了对比,结果表明趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子沿深度方向的放大系数和T型节点相差很小,而表面端点应力强度因子修正系数则当裂纹长度在肘板厚度范围内时和T型节点相差很小,超出后则相差较大。以某客滚船上肘板趾端应力范围长期分布服从Weibull分布,产生系列均值为零的应力幅,应力强度因子分别采用有限元结果和BS7910中T型接头公式进行计算,采用单一曲线模型计算该趾端表面裂纹的裂纹扩展。计算等效应力强度因子幅时,考虑焊接残余应力的影响。计算结果表明以T型接头的公式计算趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子和有限元结果相差很小。建议将T型节点表面裂纹应力强度因子计算公式用于趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算,并采用单一曲线模型对随机波浪载荷下作用下船舶典型节点疲劳裂纹的扩展寿命进行了预报。     

集装箱船典型疲劳评估节点应力强度因子计算

在基于疲劳裂纹扩展理论的疲劳评估方法中需要确定疲劳热点,并准确求解热点处裂纹应力强度因子。论文将CCS在规范中规定的疲劳评估节点分为四类:1典型对接接头和T型接头焊趾处,2趾端底板,3趾端肘板,4垂直三构件相交角点。分别使用三维有限元技术求解第一类、第二类、第三类节点的应力强度因子修正系数并和BS7910公式对比。结果表明:第一类节点与BS7910公式吻合良好;第二类节点裂纹扩展在趾端范围内时应力强度因子修正系数较BS7910公式大,超过趾端范围内时,应力强度因子修正系数发生突变快速下降并逐渐趋近于1;第三类节点应力强度因子修正系数在整个范围内较BS7910公式大。第二类构件、第三类构件应力强度因子修正系数和BS7910公式误差都很大。为此,分别对第二、三类节点提出了各自的修正公式,它们和有限元计算结果吻合良好。     

变幅载荷作用下焊接接头疲劳寿命预测方法

船舶与海洋结构物在其服役过程中受到波浪等载荷的交变作用而引起结构的疲劳损伤.检测结果表明船舶及海洋结构的疲劳热点部位大多数是在构件相互连接的焊缝焊趾处.因此,研究典型接头表面裂纹应力强度因子统一计算方法以及变幅载荷作用下表面裂纹扩展规律对船舶与海洋结构物的寿命预测是十分重要的.本文讨论了裂纹闭合及开口比的计算,在Newman有效应力强度因子计算方法的基础上,提出了考虑因素更全面的有效应力强度因子幅计算式以及变幅载荷作用下船舶与海洋结构物典型焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测模型.     

一种复杂载荷作用下船舶结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法

风暴模型是Tomita等提出的用来评估船舶结构疲劳强度的一种随机波浪载荷简化模型,它能表达波浪载荷是与时间相关的随机过程。文中介绍了风暴模型及波浪诱导应力短期分布的基本特征。将风暴模型和裂纹扩展率单一曲线模型及焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法结合起来,探讨了复杂载荷作用下船舶结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法。并用权函数法计算了给定残余应力分布的表面裂纹应力强度因子。预报了对接焊接接头焊趾处表面裂纹在风暴波浪载荷作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,结果表明风暴的大小、顺序,初始裂纹尺寸及残余应力对裂纹扩展行为影响明显。合理的风暴模型参数及初始裂纹尺寸的确定对船舶结构的疲劳寿命预报是非常重要的。     

板板焊接构件应力强度因子的工程化方法研究

针对承受拉弯载荷作用焊趾处含有表面裂纹的T型焊接接头,提出了一种根据裂纹最大张口位移量确定裂纹最大深度处应力强度因子的新方法。基于有限元数值计算,考虑了模型尺寸效应、焊接尺寸、裂纹深度比、裂纹形状比等因素对应力强度因子的影响,建立了拉伸、弯曲载荷对应的修正系数表达式,提出了基于裂纹表面最大张口位移确定T型焊接接头裂纹深度方向的应力强度因子的简便方法。以十字形板板焊接接头为例,显示该方法适用于任意形式的板板焊接接头。     

焊趾处椭圆表面裂纹的权函数与残余应力强度因子的权函数法

利用三维有限元计算了焊趾处半椭圆表面裂纹的应力强度因子。利用统一的权函数形式,结合得到裂纹半长比a/c=0.2;0.4;0.6;0.8,a/t=0.1~0.8的有限元数据,得到了适用于T型接头焊趾处半椭圆表面裂纹最深点和表面点的权函数。权函数的准确性,用有限元在裂纹面施加高阶载荷进行了验证,对于表面点和最深点,半长比a/c=0.2~0.8,a/t=0.1~0.8,权函数与有限元结果误差在8%以下。基于得到的权函数,计算了T型接头焊趾处半椭圆表面裂纹的残余应力强度因子Kres,并与有限元计算结果进行对比,对比误差在10%以下,表明新的权函数能很好地预测T型接头焊趾处的残余应力强度因子。     

T型焊接接头疲劳性能研究

T型焊接接头在船舶与海洋工程结构中广泛应用,研究T型焊接接头的疲劳性能对于提高船舶与海洋工程结构的强度具有重要意义.针对工程中常用的四种焊趾形式的T型焊接接头,利用有限元计算和模型试验两种方法对其疲劳性能进行了研究.结果表明,平面型焊趾是较优的T型接头焊趾形式.     

海洋钢结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报单一扩展率曲线模型

采用基于疲劳裂纹扩展的疲劳寿命预报方法对海洋钢结构的安全寿命进行评估,首先要解决变幅载荷作用下的裂纹扩展率问题,其次是复杂应力场中的应力强度因子计算问题.文章将裂纹扩展率单一曲线模型结合焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法来探讨复杂载荷作用下海洋钢结构的疲劳寿命预报问题.裂纹扩展率单一曲线模型的思想是将任意载况下的应力强度因子等效到R=0的应力强度因子,并假定超载不影响材料的裂纹扩展率,而是使等效应力强度因子幅减小.使得复杂载荷下的疲劳寿命预报也仅需要对应于R=0时的裂纹扩展率材料常数,从而解决复杂载荷下裂纹扩展率材料常数的确定问题.文中给出了适合于海洋钢结构的裂纹扩展率曲线,焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子以及残余应力引起的应力强度因子的计算方法.     

压弯应力下焊趾表面裂纹疲劳性能试验研究

潜艇耐压壳锥柱焊接过渡结构所受的应力特征为压弯组合应力，该处是潜艇耐压壳疲劳的热点区域。弄清楚压弯组合应力作用下成一定角度对接的焊接板结构试析的疲劳特性对潜艇等结构的疲劳研究是必要的。本文提出用焊接角度板轴向加载获得压弯组合应力来模拟潜艇结构耐压壳锥－柱焊接结合区的应力特征的实验方法。用980高强钢作试件，研究了焊趾处预制表面裂缝，并在压弯组合应力为特征的疲劳载荷作用下表面裂纹的疲劳行为。给出了高强钢焊趾表面裂纹在压弯组合应力下应力强度因子及其疲劳寿命计算式。该结果可供海洋平台、压力容器及管道的某些受力特征为压弯组合应力的重要结构的疲劳设计时参考。     

Stress magnification effect of initial deformation on the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints

Compared with thick plate welded joint, the welding joint of thin plate will produce initial deformation due to its low bending rigidity. The existence of initial deformation will cause the welded structure to produce secondary bending effect, which will produce greater stress magnification effect at the weld toe and seriously affect the fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints. Therefore, based on the correction formula of thick plate, considering the influence of initial deformation and geometric nonlinearity of thin plate, this paper deduces the stress magnification factor formula at the weld toe of T-shaped and cruciform specimens. The accuracy of the revised formula is further verified by comparing the notch stress calculated by the modified formula with the FE results. Finally, the modified formula is applied to the notch stress and fatigue evaluation of typical thin plate welded joints respectively. The results show that the proposed notch stress calculation formula can fully consider the stress amplification effect of thin plate structure, and can be used to quickly evaluate the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints.     

考虑焊接效应的T型对接接头裂缝中的应力集中因子异常现象的数值研究（英文）

Industry design standards such as BS 7910 deployed some empirical formulas for the prediction of stress intensity factor(SIF) based on simulation results from traditional finite element method(FEM).However,such FEM simulation occasionally failed to convince people due to the large discrepancies compared with engineering practice.As a consequence,inaccuracy predictions via such formulas in engineering standards inevitably occur,which will compromise the safety of structures.In our previous research work,an abnormal phenomenon of SIF in a cracked T-butt joint accounting for welding effect has been observed.Compared with BS 7910,the calculation results of SIF at the surface points of welded specimens cannot be well predicted,with a large discrepancy appearing.In order to explore such problem with an abnormal increase at the surface points of cracked welded specimens,a numerical investigation in terms of SIF among BS 7910,XFEM,and FEM is performed in this paper.Numerical models on both a simple cracked plate without welding effect and a cracked T-butt joint with welding effect are developed through ABAQUS.Parametric studies in terms of the effects of varied crack depth to thickness ratio(a/T) and the effects of crack depth to crack half-length ratio(a/c) are carried out.Empirical solutions from BS 7910 are used for comparison.It is found that the XFEM can provide predictions of SIF at both the crack deepest point and crack surface point of a simple cracked plate as accurate as FEM.For a T-butt joint with a transverse stiffener,a large discrepancy in terms of the weld magnification factors(Mk) occurs at the crack surface point compared with empirical predictions.An exceptional increase of von Mises stress gradient in regions close to the weld-toe is found through the simulation of FEM,whereas a constant stress gradient is obtained through XFEM.The comparison results indicate an inappropriate prediction of SIF by the utilization of the empirical formulas in BS 7910.A more reasonable prediction of the SIF at the surface point of a crack is obtained by the XFEM.Therefore,further updating of the empirical solutions in BS7910 for SIF accounting for welding effect is recommended.     

A study of fatigue crack propagation at a web stiffener on a longitudinal stiffener

Predicting fatigue crack growth after its detection during in-service inspection is necessary to prevent a loss of serviceability, such as the oil and/or water tightness of critical compartments. This paper focuses on the most typical fatigue cracks that start at the weld joint between a flat bar stiffener on a transverse web frame and the flange of a longitudinal stiffener on a bottom plate or inner bottom plate. An experiment is carried out to observe the fatigue crack propagation for two kinds of flat bars at the abovementioned connection. The experimental results, especially the surface crack growth on the flange (which dominates during the total fatigue life of the longitudinal stiffener), are compared with crack growth curves predicted using a few existing formulas. Based on the comparative study, a formula that shows the best agreement with the experiment results is selected. Weld toe magnification factors for the web stiffener are computed from the crack propagation rates measured in the experiment, and two equations for the magnification factors versus crack depth are developed for two types of web stiffeners. The selected existing formula and the proposed equations are applied to two connections at the inner bottom and side longitudinal bulkhead of an LNG carrier. The equivalent stress approach based on a long-term distribution is employed to avoid the complexity involved in dealing with the actual stress history. Using this prediction, the remaining service life until an oil or water leakage occurs at a tank boundary can be estimated when a fatigue crack at the connection is detected.     

The effect of weld residual stress on fracture toughness at the intersection of two welding lines of offshore tubular structure

Due to the spatial complexity and fabrication characteristics of offshore platforms, it is inevitable to encounter overlaps or proximity of weld lines in tubular joints. Several international standards such as American Petroleum Institute (API), American Welding Society (AWS), and American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) regulate the minimum distance between primary weld beads; however, any logical and detailed background of this limitation has not been presented. For a non-compliant weld joint where the regulation is not met, fracture toughness calculation is a typical index to verify the structural integrity.This research consists of two parts. First, weld residual stress distributions are calculated by a 3D thermo-mechanical nonlinear Finite Element Analysis. Two crossing welds, a T-weld crossing on a butt weld, are simulated in one model. A separate tee and a butt welding simulations are also performed for a comparative purpose. Second, SIFs and J-integral values are calculated at the surface and deepest crack tip locations for four different types of semi-elliptical surface cracks. Four cracks are embedded into the weld model and the residual stress distribution from the 3D thermo-mechanical FEA are mapped to a 3D FE crack model as initial conditions. An additional axial tensile load is also imposed. SIF values are compared with those using the weighting function method for the butt weld model subject to three load cases, i.e., tensile stress only, weld residual stress only, and both of them. From the simulation, a tubular joint containing a chord girth weld intersected with weld beads of brace is found to show lower the SIF values than that having only a girth weld on chord.     

船舶构件共线多裂纹应力强度因子研究

船舶构件中除了单个形式存在的裂纹外,还有多个裂纹同时存在的情况。多裂纹之间的相互干扰作用使得问题远比单裂纹复杂。本文采用比较简单直观的组合法对平板表面多裂纹的应力强度进行了求解并与FRANC 3D求解的结果比较,两者结果较接近,由此可见组合法可以适应工程要求。因此,在平板表面多裂纹问题求解的基础上,推出了T型构件焊趾处表面多裂纹应力强度因子求解的表达式,从而使T型构件多裂纹复杂问题转化为较简单的平板多裂纹问题,可以为工程计算方法提供参考。