高海拔及严寒地区隧道防冻设计探讨

文章介绍了隧道冻胀力产生的机理,根据国内外有关资料,认为冻胀力并非由冻结的岩层本身,而是由紧贴衬砌的围岩含水风化层冻胀产生的,其值与含水层的厚度、是否有地下水补充以及衬砌的刚度有关.作者提出的冻胀力计算公式以及建议的保温结构可供设计工作者参考.     

基于破碎冻融圈的寒区隧道冻胀模型及影响因素分析

冻胀力是寒区隧道病害的主要影响因素之一,研究冻胀力量值和分布对寒区隧道保温设计具有重要意义。文章分析总结了目前几种冻胀模型和冻胀机理,在风化层冻胀模型的基础上建立了破碎圈冻胀模型,根据位移连续条件推导了冻胀力计算公式,采用控制变量法分析了冻胀力与影响因素关系,并用偏相关分析方法分析了各因素对冻胀力影响大小。研究结果表明:冻胀力量值与冻结深度、冻融圈冻胀率、衬砌及原始围岩的抗力系数有关;冻融圈冻胀率与破碎程度、含水率及水源补给条件密切相关;各因素对冻胀力影响关系为:冻结深度冻融圈冻胀率衬砌弹性当量抗力系数。根据工程实例计算,当冻结深度为2~3 m时冻胀力量值为7.43~11.05 MPa之间,计算值偏大于实测值。最后依据冻胀力影响因素讨论了防治冻胀力的工程措施,可为寒区隧道保温设计与施工提供借鉴。     

岩石蠕变对隧道二次衬砌结构影响的研究

岩石蠕变是岩石的重要力学特征之一.在隧道开挖完之后的很长时间内,围岩会因为蠕变而进行应力调整,蠕变产生的荷载由隧道的初期支护和二次衬砌联合承担.在隧道设计中往往将二次衬砌作为安全储备,而没有分析围岩蠕变荷载对二次衬砌的影响,因此分析隧道二次衬砌受力以及健康程度随时间的变化是十分有必要的.文章结合泥巴山隧道工程,利用大型有限差分软件FLAC3d的Burgers蠕变模型,分析了不同时间蠕变对围岩应力重分布以及对二次衬砌的力学性能的影响,得出了一些有价值的结论.     

季节性冻土隧道冻害机理分析及防冻探索

在季节性冻土地区,新建隧道受温度、水、空隙等外界条件的影响,会在衬砌与围岩之间形成冻融圈。随着季节的变化,冻融圈在衬砌与围岩的约束下产生冻胀力,造成衬砌受损开裂,进而引发冻害。虽然我国学者针对冻胀机理与冻害影响因素进行了多年研究,完善了3种冻胀学说,并从微观和宏观层面提出多种防冻措施,但冻害问题仍然层出不穷。文章通过总结国内外季节性冻土地区隧道冻害现象、冻害机理及防冻措施,从温度、水、空隙等冻害必要条件出发,提出寒区隧道防冻减灾建议,以期对日后季节性冻土地区隧道的建设提供帮助。     

隧道衬砌新型式--锚喷支护整体式衬砌

文章主要论述了锚喷支护整体式衬砌产生的客观条件以及与复合式衬砌、现行整体式衬砌的区别.就这种概念的衬砌而言,在南昆线、内昆线等新建铁路工程中已得到了大量运用,说明了锚喷支护整体式衬砌是可行的,并且是符合我国国情的.新的锚喷支护整体式衬砌对衬砌断面进行了合理的优化,达到了既安全又经济的目的.     

秦岭隧道钢纤维喷混凝土衬砌质量控制

在秦岭隧道采用钢纤维喷混凝土衬砌的施工中,由于严格按秦岭隧道标准和有关设计文件要求进行原材料和配比的选择以及施工质量的检验,取得了良好的效果.文章主要介绍了秦岭隧道钢纤维喷混凝土衬砌施工质量的检验方法和要求以及取得的经验和体会.     

圆梁山隧道衬砌裂缝及渗漏水治理技术

文章着重介绍了圆梁山隧道衬砌裂缝及渗漏水产生的原因,以及治理干裂缝和渗水裂缝分别采用的材料、方法、工艺和措施,可为今后类似工程的衬砌裂缝及渗漏水处理提供参考和借鉴.     

轴对称解对隧道衬砌水压力计算的适用性研究

文章根据渗流理论推导了隧道衬砌水压力的轴对称解,并利用数值分析方法研究了轴对称解对不同形状隧道断面与浅埋隧道的适用性.研究结果表明:轴对称解适用于非圆形隧道断面衬砌水压力的估算；隧道断面形状对衬砌水压力折减系数的影响较小,可以忽略不计,其影响大小主要由衬砌与围岩的渗透系数比值决定.对于浅埋低水头隧道,用轴对称解计算的毛洞流量Qm与数值解比较,其误差较大,最大误差为36.5％；但用来计算衬砌水压力p1以及衬砌后水流量Q1时,误差相对较小,最大误差为6.3％,特别是利用轴对称解得出的衬砌水压力值与利用数值解得出的衬砌水压力特征值最大误差仅为3.4％.     

火灾下衬砌开裂形式与范围研究

隧道火灾对人员生命产生威胁的同时也会对隧道结构安全产生影响。首先,根据火灾时的实际情况建立了地铁区间隧道火灾烟气三维温度场。其次,考虑隧道壁面与高温烟气的热对流、热传导、衬砌材料传热性能的非线性以及衬砌混凝土爆裂建立了火灾时衬砌温度场求解的基本方程与求解方法,对比试验结果验证了所提方法的准确性。再次,结合求解得到的三维温度场,考虑衬砌材料热力学性能为温度的非线性函数,使用有限单元法对火灾时衬砌内部应力进行了求解。最后,按照弹性失效准测以及三轴受力情况,对衬砌破坏的形态及范围进行了分析。研究发现:衬砌破坏主要由内侧混凝土压碎引起;受火7 200 s后,沿行车方向16 m,厚度方向12 cm,拱顶向下112°范围内衬砌受压超过其抗压强度;管片主筋处,1 800 s内其受力均小于其强度;管片破坏形态主要为片状劈裂;螺栓在火灾后期会出现抗剪强度不足,主要范围分布在对拱顶向两侧37°范围内。     

高海拔寒区隧道防寒抗冻技术进展与展望

随着我国西部大开发战略持续深入,“一带一路”倡议稳步推进,以及交通强国重大战略的部署和实施,在高海拔寒区建设和运营的隧道逐年增多。近些年来,虽然寒区隧道修建技术,特别是在防寒抗冻技术方面取得了长足进步,但冻害发生比例仍然较高,受严寒复杂气象条件影响,隧道洞内挂冰、侧沟溢冰、路面结冰、衬砌开裂及排水系统冻结失效等冻害现象时有发生,严重影响衬砌结构的安全性和耐久性,造成巨大经济损失,寒区隧道建设和运营面临挑战。围绕高海拔寒区隧道防寒抗冻关键技术问题,对保温层厚度和保温设防长度参数确定、保温形式及适用性、防排水技术、围岩冻胀力计算、衬砌结构抗冻技术等的应用现状进行归纳,指出今后寒区隧道建设和运营过程中仍需重点关注和解决的问题,展望高海拔寒区隧道防寒抗冻技术的发展方向,以期为高海拔寒区隧道成功修建和安全运营提供参考。     

Bicycles in large cities in China

Bicycles are a main means of transport in China. This paper discusses several aspects of the current situation and future policy, including the production of bicycles, their possession and utilization in typical large cities, the reasons for their importance in communication, the advantages and problems of bicycle traffic, and two different opinions on solving the existing problems. The paper also deals with road design for bicycles and their regulation in China's cities.     

Travel choices in alcohol-related situations in Virginia

Transportation - Using survey data from 3004 respondents aged 21 and older in Northern Virginia, Richmond, and the Tidewater area, this paper identifies factors associated with respondents’...     

Parking policies in large cities in Germany

This article deals with highly motorized large West German cities of about 200,000 inhabitants and more, which usually provide reasonable public transport systems. Illegal parking with shares of about 40 to 50% of the total parking is widespread in the parking problem areas of those cities, especially in the inner-city residential and mixed-use areas. Parking spaces are demanded by residents, employees, customers and visitors, and by delivery and service traffic. The different characteristics of parking demands by different user groups are discussed. The total parking supply consists of public and private spaces. The share of private spaces is about 40 to 50% of the total parking spaces in German cities. The amount of car traffic generated by a parking space depends on parking duration and parking turnover, as well as on search traffic. So the change of a space from long-duration use of an employee to short-duration of customers — as often discussed in parking concepts — generates at least five-fold car traffic. The measurements and effects of parking control of public spaces as well as the parking regulations in zoning ordinances, restrictions on the construction of new private parking spaces and park-and-ride are discussed. Finally, a parking concept methodology — using the example of Frankfurt am Main — is discussed.     

Role of transport in rural development in Africa

Rural Africa is starved of transport services. The transport routes run towards the export enclaves and the coast.

The political, social and developmental rural transport benefits are discussed. Rural transport will help (i) integrate the country and ease its governance; (ii) widen markets; (iii) induce increased agricultural output, through new technologies, reduced transport costs, etc. The transport cost savings should be passed on to rural firms and producers. The paper warns against their accruing only to middlemen — agricultural parastatals inclusive, thereby stifling the benefits to production. This could happen under some forms of pan‐territorial pricing. Negative aspects of road development, e.g. the substitution of local goods by imports, increased migration and noise, are noted.

The place and role of project appraisal in rural road planning is acknowledged. The broad‐based development packages approach associated with Integrated Rural Development Projects has, despite its attractions, some pitfalls. It favours well established villages and ignores distribution benefits within villages.

Project appraisal can be used to justify socially uneconomic transport developments. However, rural road investment projects with immediate negative returns are unlikely to be funded. Given clear priorities, short of elaborate cost/benefit analysis, obvious road investments choices can be made by the local community. Greater public accountability of transport planners and peoples’ participation in determining rural transport needs and priorities is emphasized. Increased rural road maintenance especially through self‐help schemes and increased use of traditional modes of transport, e.g. walking, animal and water transport, is recommended.     

Changes in transport risk perception in urban populations in Norway from 2004 to 2013

Urban populations transport risk perception is interesting because it is associated with travel mode choices and use. This study investigates changes in transport-related risk constructs in the urban population in Norway in 2004 and 2013, and describes whether people perceive private or public to be associated with the highest risk. The results are based on self-completion questionnaire surveys conducted in two independent representative samples living in the same urban areas in 2004 (n?=?592) and 2013 (n?=?1035). Overall, the respondents perceived the risk as lower in 2013 than in 2004. For both time periods, people consistently assessed the risk constructs related to private motorized transportation as higher than corresponding risk in public transportation. The findings suggest that while transportation risk perception in urban populations may change over time, the pattern that private motorized transportation is associated with a higher perceived risk than public transportation remains stable.     

Logistics opportunities in Asia and development in Taiwan

The economy in Asia is growing rapidly. As a consequence, transportation and communication technologies and the changing needs of customers and shippers have resulted in Asian and Taiwan's logistics being in transition. This paper discusses why logistics changes, and explores the opportunities for Asian logistics development. The issues of logistics perspectives of private sectors in Taiwan are then raised. Finally, logistics development in Taiwan is described.     

Passenger rail in North America in the light of developments in Western Europe and Japan

Because of different geo‐demographic and economic conditions, the impact of the new passenger modes (road and air) on rail travel was much larger in North America than in Europe. In 1960s and 1970s, as the railway share of intercity traffic in North America shrunk to a negligible one or two percent, the passenger trains were abandoned by private railway companies and taken over by state organizations, which have continued to operate traditional trains and generate mounting losses. On the technology side, no attempts have been made to improve competitiveness of trains vis‐a‐vis automobiles and airplanes.

In Europe and Japan, the railways responded to the challenge by (i) upgrading the performance (speed) and comfort of traditional trains operating on existing tracks and (ii) developing trains which could, on short and intermediate range distances, compete successfully, in terms of speed and economy, with the road and air modes. The Japanese (Shinkansen trains) and French (TGV trains) experience clearly shows that trains operating on dedicated lines at average speeds of 150 to 200 km/hr provide a superior transportation service and economy on high‐traffic intercity routes of up to about 500 km length. In this paper the factors responsible for the present status of passenger rail in North America are analysed, the current policies in the U.S. and Canada are evaluated in the light of experience to date and developments abroad, and suggestions for a long‐term passenger rail policy are made. This includes examination of (i) the viability of continued subsidization of traditional train services, (ii) the viability of operation of faster trains on existing tracks, (iii) the scope for introduction of modern, fast trains on dedicated lines in high‐density, intercity corridors, (iv) the application of fast trains as access to major airports and integration of airports with fast intercity lines, and (v) the impact of energy (oil) consumption in transportation.

     

Mapping minibuses in Maputo and Nairobi: engaging paratransit in transportation planning in African cities

ABSTRACT

Often called paratransit because of their flexible stops, schedules and routes, minibuses make up the bulk of public transport in African cities. Despite their ubiquity and importance, these systems are poorly understood by transportation planners who tend to focus on large-scale urban infrastructure projects such as highways, commuter rail or bus rapid transit systems. The assumption within much of this planning is that these minibus systems are barriers to change and will become at most secondary “feeder” buses within large-scale projects, but structured plans detailing this vision are lacking. This paper argues that frequent failure to collect data and value important paratransit systems as a critical part of transportation in their own right is deeply problematic from the point of view of equity, access and inclusive and effective planning. We ask whether the growing number of bottom up mapping projects of minibus systems can disrupt this status quo. By comparing two mapping projects, Digital Matatus in Nairobi and the Mapa Dos Chapas in Maputo, we find that inclusive, collaborative mapping can help render these minibuses more visible in planning and provoke more grounded and inclusive “planning conversations” on multi-modal integration, passenger information and minibus upgrading, all key but relatively marginalised aspects of creating accessible, low emission, high quality and safe public transport in African cities.     

土工合成材料在国外路基加筋中的应用研究

文章总结回顾国外土工合成材料加筋路基力学机理、试验研究及设计方法研究现状,通过对现有路基加筋设计方法进行比较,指出现有土工合成材料加筋设计方法的不足,并就今后需进一步研究的领域提出建议。