酒精摄入对驾驶人驾驶能力的影响分析

饮酒后驾驶人的驾驶能力会由于酒精作用而发生变化,从而对交通安全造成影响.将驾驶人的驾驶能力分为感知能力、判断能力和操作能力,并对不同酒精摄入量条件下驾驶人深度知觉和速度知觉等感知能力指标、选择反应时间和注意分配能力等判断能力指标、光反应正确操作次数和动作判断误操作次数等操作能力指标进行测定,建立各种驾驶能力指标与驾驶人体内酒精含量之间的回归模型,并分析酒精作用对驾驶人驾驶能力的影响持续时间,揭示酒精作用下驾驶人驾驶能力的变化规律.      

利用BAC极限值来确保饮酒驾驶法规的实施

作为处罚的ＢＡＣ极限值的使用，较长时间以来，一直被认为对酒精影响下驾驶行为的最有效的对策，许多发达国家实施了饮酒驾驶法律，它们都依赖于驾驶员血液里酒精浓度（ＢＡＣ）作为酒醉的定义。目前两个根本不同的饮酒驾驶法规都在实行之中：（１）在血液、呼气、尿液等一某一谍样内非法酒精２的具体极限；（２）仅能推断出犯法的推定法规，如果分析的结果高于规定的法定极限值。有关驾驶事故的其它信息也可能作为证据出现。影响试     

饮酒对安全驾驶的危害

酒精是一种对人体各部器官都有损害的原生质毒物。驾驶员饮酒后会影响中枢神经系统，导致感觉模糊、判断失误、反应不当，对安全行车是非常有害的。因此世界各国在法规中对饮酒驾驶都有明确规定，并进行严厉处罚和取缔。     

驾驶疲劳

针对驾驶员行车中出现的驾驶疲劳现象，分析了其产生原因及对驾驶行为的影响，提出了预防驾驶疲劳的措施。     

广西酒后驾驶干预项目调查结果分析

广西酒后驾驶干预项目是在广西南宁和柳州市开展的、针对酒后驾驶的专项干预项目,湖南长沙市为对照城市。文中介绍了干预前后在3市开展的酒后驾驶路边调查结果。32 101名司机接受了呼气酒精含量检测,32 097人接受了问卷调查。经过1 a的公众宣传和强化执法干预活动后,干预城市饮酒驾驶率明显降低,从6.8%降到了1.6%,酒后驾驶法定阈值知晓率明显上升,从14.7%上升到29.2%,被拦截检查过酒后驾驶的司机比例从21.5%上升到32.5%,而对照城市长沙的饮酒驾驶率从3.1%上升至4.4%,说明南宁、柳州两市干预活动取得了显著的效果。     

北京市驾驶行为与影响因素分析

研究北京市驾驶行为的特征及其影响因素。对曼彻斯特驾驶行为问卷进行修订,考虑多种因素对驾驶行为的影响,对135名北京市汽车驾驶者进行问卷调查。经因子分析,得到5个驾驶行为因子分别是＂错误＂、＂失误＂、＂非故意违规＂、＂故意违规＂和＂过激行为＂,符合预期的因子结构。对驾驶行为的各类影响因素进行方差分析,结果表明与驾驶行为紧密相关的影响因素主要是驾驶者的自我评价和态度,如驾驶者对自己是否易受情绪影响的评价和对交通法规的态度等。驾驶培训经历,包括驾驶培训的地点和驾驶培训的时间跨度,也对驾驶行为存在一定影响。性别、年龄等其他因素对驾驶行为的影响相对较小。与西方男家相比,中国汽车化历史较短,驾驶行为具有不同的特点。     

兴义交警严查涉酒驾驶

2月29至3月10日,黔西南州兴义城区一、二中队根据统一部署,在辖区开展涉酒驾驶专项行动,五次专项行动中,共查获涉酒驾驶人员21名。根据《黔西南州春季道路交通违法行为专项整治工作方案》要求,大队立即做出安排部署,要求城区一、二中队要充分借鉴以往开展查处酒后驾驶专项行动取得的经验,组织精干力量,在饮酒后驾驶机动车易发的20     

驾驶心理对交通安全的影响

分析驾驶心理对交通安全造成的影响,并总结其中的主要因素.通过文献调研,综述了驾驶心理的主要过程和关键特征对交通安全的不同影响,并分析了驾驶心理对交通安全的影响方式.驾驶心理已经成为引发交通事故的重要因素之一,驾驶心理通过影响驾驶员的行为,间接地对交通安全产生影响,其中知觉、注意、态度、驾驶疲劳等是影响交通安全的主要因素.了解驾驶人行为的心理机制,有助于找到改善交通安全的方法,研究发现通过改变驾驶人态度是1种有效的途径.     

驾驶模拟器在自动驾驶系统中的应用研究

自动驾驶车辆在实际道路上行驶之前的测试阶段是一个至关重要的环节。一个低成本、高效率以及高精度测量的自动驾驶车辆的测试方式,对于自动驾驶车辆的开发具有重要意义。将驾驶模拟器运用到研究自动驾驶车辆测试已是近年来的一个研究热点。基于虚拟驾驶场景的自动驾驶车辆的检测,通过组合虚拟驾驶场景的背景车辆、行人、交通灯、建筑、指示标牌等元素,研究将驾驶模拟器与虚拟驾驶场景的联合应用来测试自动驾驶车辆。设计了典型的交通场景,通过自动驾驶车辆和背景车辆的实时交互,研究自动驾驶车辆的各项性能指标。研究结果表明:该驾驶模拟器可以高度拟合人类驾驶体验,驾驶员通过驾驶模拟器控制背景车辆能够很好的模拟现实中的驾驶行为,对自动驾驶车辆的仿真测试起到了促进作用。     

驾驶风格对驾驶行为的影响

为了揭示驾驶风格对驾驶行为的影响规律,进而提取表征驾驶风格的特征参数,对不同风格驾驶人在感知层和操作层的驾驶行为数据进行了量化分析。首先,基于驾驶行为问卷对18名中国非职业驾驶人进行了驾驶风格问卷调查,并采用主成分分析、K-均值聚类等方法将被试驾驶人分为谨慎型、正常型和激进型3种类型。接着,被试驾驶人在搭载了SmartEye眼动仪的驾驶模拟器上开展了高速公路行车环境下的驾驶试验,同步采集了感知层的视觉特性参数和操作层的驾驶绩效参数,并采用判断抽样的方式将驾驶样本按照驾驶风格和驾驶模式（换道意图和车道保持）进行了划分,共选取了810组有效样本。最后,采用方差分析法分析了不同风格驾驶人在不同驾驶模式下的注视行为、扫视行为、横向控制特性、纵向控制特性方面相关参数的差异显著性,并提取了不同风格间存在显著差异的参数作为表征驾驶风格的特征参数。研究结果表明：驾驶风格越激进,驾驶人对周围环境关注越少,对车辆的横向控制稳定性越差,急加速和急减速行为发生的频次越高;不同风格驾驶人在意图时窗内对后视镜的注视次数（p=0.002）、方向盘转角熵值（p=0.04）、加速踏板开度（p=0.01）、制动踏板开度（p=0.02）这4个参数的差异均较为显著,因此可作为表征驾驶风格的特征参数。     

Which factors lead to driving errors? A structural equation model analysis through a driving simulator experiment

As driving error is a main contributory factor of road accidents, its causes and consequences are of great interest in the road safety decision making process. This paper investigates several factors (including driver distraction, driver characteristics and road environment) that affect overall driving error behaviour and estimates a new unobserved variable which underlines driving errors. This estimation is performed with data obtained from a driving simulation experiment in which 95 participants covering all ages were asked to drive under different types of distraction (no distraction, conversation with passenger, cell phone use) in rural and urban road environment, as well as in both low and high traffic conditions. Driving error was then modeled as a latent variable based on several individual driving simulator parameters. Subsequently, the impact of several risk factors such as distraction, driver characteristics as well as road environment on driving error were estimated directly. The results of this complex model reveal that the impact of driver characteristics and area type are the only statistically significant factors affecting the probability of driving errors. Interestingly, neither conversing with a passenger nor talking on the cell phone have a statistically significant impact on driving error behaviour which highlights the importance of the present analysis and more specifically the development of a measure that represents overall driving error behaviour instead of individual driving errors variables.     

Development of a driving cycle for the measurement of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of automobiles in Bangkok during peak periods

The exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rates of newly registered automobiles in Thailand are currently assessed using the standard driving cycle of the Economic Commission of Europe (ECE). Because of the highly different driving conditions, the assessment results may not reflect realistic amounts of emissions and fuel consumption for vehicles in Bangkok traffic, which is well known for its congestion. The objective of this study is therefore to develop a new driving cycle for vehicles traveling on Bangkok’s main roads during peak traffic hours. This paper first presents the development of a method for selecting representative road routes with traffic conditions that are representative of traffic in Bangkok for conducting real-world driving speed data collection. These real-world data are obtained by driving a car equipped with a speed-time data logger along those selected road routes. Several driving characteristics, including various profiles of microtrips, are analyzed from the collected speed-time data, and a number of target driving parameters are then defined for use as a set of criteria to justify the best driving cycle. A procedure for generating driving cycles from the analyzed real-driving data is also developed, and the method to select the cycle that is most representative of Bangkok traffic is described. Comparisons found in the study show that the target driving parameters of the newly developed driving cycle are much closer to those obtained from the real-world measured data than those calculated from the presently used European drive cycle. This would imply that the obtained driving cycle will produce more realistic results of the emissions and fuel consumption assessment tests for vehicles traveling in Bangkok. The methods developed in this study for route selection and driving cycle construction can easily be adopted by other big cities to develop their own vehicle driving cycles. Furthermore, although the developed methods are for passenger cars, similar approaches can be applied to develop driving cycles for other types of vehicle, such as city buses and pick-up trucks.     

An analysis of alcohol and drug intake in forensic autopsy cases of traffic fatalities

The numbers of traffic accidents and its associated mortalities are decreasing every year in Japan. However, there continue to be cases of deaths and injuries caused by malicious driving including drunk driving. The forensic autopsy of traffic accident victims is important to determine the cause of death as well as the responsibility of traffic accidents. In this study, we investigated the cases of forensic autopsies related to traffic accidents, reported between 2013 and 2017, at the Department of Legal Medicine of Tokyo Women's Medical University. In this period, 22 autopsies were performed for traffic accidents; however, only 6 of them were associated with alcohol consumption. Most traffic accidents occurred during the night, and in one case, the victim was found lying on the road. Furthermore, there were 4 cases in which drugs in the blood or urine of the victim were detected; however, the actual relationship with the cause of death and traffic accident was not identified. It was also found necessary to take measures against pedestrian drinking. Moreover, only a few drugs led to a decrease in driving ability, highlighting the necessity of further data is necessary to provide insights into the type of drug consumed and the cause of accident.     

基于TruckSim的客车行驶安全因素研究

一些行驶的车辆在一些紧急情况下可能会因为驾驶员对路面情况判断失误而导致交通事故的发生,客车相对于一些小型车辆来说重心高,稳定性相对较低,在路面上行驶安全性也相对较低,可能会出现侧滑、甩尾现象。文章研究客车行驶的稳定性,通过TruckSim软件对客车进行建模仿真,得到客车在不同道路条件路面上行驶时的试验性能曲线,分析影响客车的安全因素,有助于帮助驾驶员在安全地行驶速度下运行,提高客车安全性。     

基于Prescan的自然驾驶场景构建与研究

文章主要描述基于Prescan软件对实车的自然驾驶场景片段转换成虚拟场景,用于ADAS或自动驾驶模拟测试。通过配备毫米波雷达、相机、Mobileye摄像头等传感器采集道路驾驶数据,提取场景片段,转化成虚拟软件中相应的实车场景,用于HIL或MIL测试,可实现重复性测试,降低测试成本,模拟恶劣天气等状况,复现实车测试状态等测试优点。     

摩托车ECE排放测试循环行驶特征的研究及其适应性评价

利用摩托车实际道路行驶特征的路谱数据,研究了ECE排放测试循环的行驶特征及其适应性。结果表明,实际路谱的各种速度特征与ECE比较接近,而模式比例特征、加减速特征与ECE相比则存在着较大的差异,两者行驶工况的分布也明显不同。当使用ECE测试循环的结果计算摩托车有害气体排放大气分担率时,应充分考虑到ECE测试循环与实际道路行驶特征的差异。     

重型汽车低附着路面制动稳定性的仿真研究

文章利用trucksim重型汽车动力学仿真软件,对六轮双轴重型汽车在低附着路面左右车轮附着系数不一致情况下进行紧急制动的行驶工况进行了仿真研究。研究结果表明在低附着路面进行紧急制动时,对制动轮进行制动压力控制,有ABS控制的重型汽车比没有ABS控制的重型汽车具有更好地行驶稳定性。但在低附着路面上,有ABS控制的重型汽车比没有ABS控制的重型汽车的制动距离增加了很多,这对重型汽车的行车安全性非常不利。     

汽车列车直线行驶稳定性的模拟试验研究方法

介绍了一种用于研究汽车列车直线行驶稳定性的模型试验系统，该系统由模型试验台和牵引控制系统组成。模型试验台利用环形带模拟活动路面；牵引控制系统通过串行通讯技术操作变频器，结合由传感器采集到的模型列车的运动参数，可实现对模型列车的牵引控制。试验证明，该系统具有较强的实时控制特性，能够满足汽车列车直线行驶稳定性模型试验对试验系统的要求。     

Creating models of road sections and their use in driving dynamics simulations

The paper describes a system for measuring road section parameters in a way that the results can be used in driving dynamics simulations. The system consists of sensorics and a data acquisition subsystem supported by software for generating 3D road section geometrical models. These models are then used as driving surfaces in dynamics simulation packages to investigate and analyse different aspects of road design and its role in traffic accident analysis, reconstruction and prevention. The paper presents examples of measurements, road section modelling and simulation results, obtained by means of different software simulation tools. It discusses possibilities of further development and improvement of the system.     

根据实际案例分析道路“白改黑”设计

近年来，水泥混凝土路面由于其行车噪音较大，行车舒适度较差，养护维修困难等缺点，新建道路路面已不推荐使用，已建混凝土路面也在逐步改造为沥青路面。以上海市宝山区长江西路道路大修工程为例，通过工程施工完成后效果、施工方式难易程度、工期建设周期长短、对环境影响等方面，对多种“白改黑”设计方案进行比较，针对本工程实际情况，提出最为可行的推荐方案，为今后道路“白改黑”设计提供一定的参考依据。