轴肩过渡曲线设计及应力集中分析

分析单曲率圆弧、双曲率圆弧、三曲率圆弧、椭圆和流线形等多种轴肩过渡曲线的设计方法,利用有限元软件Abaqus对这些曲线进行建模分析.对于单曲率圆弧,应力集中系数和应力集中角度随着过渡半径的增大而减小,但是应力集中系数减小的效果并不十分明显.流线形过渡曲线基本消除了应力集中,其应力集中系数仅为1.004.双曲率圆弧、三曲率圆弧和椭圆过渡曲线也都将应力集中系数降低到1.05以下,适于实际工程应用.     

典型船舶焊接接头应力集中系数有限元分析

利用MSC/Patran and MSC/Nastran对焊接中常见的对接接头焊趾处的应力集中系数进行有限元建模和计算,在分析有限元计算结果的基础上,提出比较完整的估算焊接接头应力集中系数公式。     

轴肩过渡曲线设计及应力集中分析

分析单曲率圆弧、双曲率圆弧、三曲率圆弧、椭圆和流线形等多种轴肩过渡曲线的设计方法,利用有限元软件Abaqus对这些曲线进行建模分析。对于单曲率圆弧,应力集中系数和应力集中角度随着过渡半径的增大而减小,但是应力集中系数减小的效果并不十分明显。流线形过渡曲线基本消除了应力集中,其应力集中系数仅为1.004。双曲率圆弧、三曲率圆弧和椭圆过渡曲线也都将应力集中系数降低到1.05以下,适于实际工程应用。     

基于ANSYS的传动轴应力集中系数优化

针对非冰区船舶进行冰区改造轴系计算时传动轴的瞬时扭矩超出轴的极限扭矩的问题,提出一种通过优化法兰与轴的过渡圆角来减小轴应力集中系数的有限元计算方法.以208000 DWT散货船传动轴为例,进行法兰和轴的过渡圆角优化分析,结果表明,法兰和轴采用多圆弧连接形式比单圆弧连接形式更能有效减小轴的应力集中系数,且多圆弧过渡形式中过渡圆角和半径对应力集中系数有明显影响,通过有限元对过渡圆角和半径进行优化计算,得到了最佳的多圆弧连接方式.     

对接接头缺口应力集中系数不确定性分析

[目的]以典型对接接头为研究对象进行参数化建模,建立焊缝几何形状存在不确定性的有限元模型,来研究焊缝几何存在不确定性的对接接头焊趾处缺口应力集中系数K_t,并统计分析其分布规律。[方法]首先,对以往采用的网格尺寸和单元类型进行改进,通过有限元网格敏感性分析,研究不同类型的单元以及网格尺寸对K_t的影响;其次,沿对接接头焊缝法向提取节点应力,通过绘制应力分布图,确定焊趾处最大应力集中所在部位;然后,通过引入控制点描述对接焊缝几何形状的变化来真实反映焊缝几何形状的不确定性,结合实际测量的焊缝形状数据的分布规律,随机抽样得到大量的焊缝几何参数数据;最后,基于缺口应力法计算K_t,并对其进行统计分析,探究对接接头在焊缝几何参数存在不确定性时K_t的分布规律。[结果]结果表明,K_t的分布满足正态分布。[结论]通过探究焊趾处的应力分布,对于分析疲劳强度和提高疲劳寿命预测精度具有重要意义。     

有限元分析在船舶轴系设计中的应用

使用Abaqus软件建立船舶轴系中间轴的模型,通过有限元方法计算轴法兰过渡处的应力集中系数,分析应力集中系数与轴系扭振计算结果之间的关系。相比于单圆弧过渡,三段式圆弧过渡将应力集中系数减小了20%,持续运转扭振许用应力提高了38%,瞬时运转扭振许用应力提高了17%。运用有限元分析方法检验校核了船舶轴系设计的合理性。     

有限元分析在船舶轴系设计中的应用

使用Abaqus软件建立船舶轴系中间轴的模型，通过有限元方法计算轴法兰过渡处的应力集中系数，分析应力集中系数与轴系扭振计算结果之间的关系。相比于单圆弧过渡，三段式圆弧过渡将应力集中系数减小了20%，持续运转扭振许用应力提高了38%，瞬时运转扭振许用应力提高了17%。运用有限元分析方法检验校核了船舶轴系设计的合理性。     

测深管贯穿甲板热点应力集中系数计算

测深管使用套管形式穿越甲板是一种常见的节点形式,套管式测深管贯穿甲板节点承受单向拉压力,使用有限元方法计算出甲板上焊趾和套管上焊趾的热点应力集中系数,同时根据挪威船级社推荐的计算公式,得到焊根处的热点应力集中系数.通过计算分析小口径测深管3处热点应力集中系数,得到整个测深管连接节点中疲劳破坏风险最大的焊缝位置,对评估使用单套管穿越甲板的小孔径管件的疲劳强度有一定的借鉴意义.     

焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子简化计算的比较研究

对接、T型接头与十字接头是船舶与海洋结构的典型结构形式,其大部分疲劳失效是由于焊趾引起的.各种表面裂纹的应力强度因子计算是船舶与海洋结构基于断裂力学安全评定和疲劳寿命预测的基础.Bowness等人提出了T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子计算式,作者对其复杂的计算式进行了简化.BS7910针对对接、T型接头与十字接头提出了两套焊趾应力强度因子表达式,一是针对二维表面裂纹提出的,一是针对三维表面裂纹提出的.本文对作者给出的简化表达式以及BS7910的两套表达式进行了比较.结果表明作者给出的简化表达式不仅可以用来计算T型接头的焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子,而且可以用来计算对接与十字接头焊趾表面裂纹的应力强度因子.同时发现在a/T＜0.05处三者的差别比较大,因此用有限元法进行了验证,结果证明作者给出的简化表达式比其他表达式更加合理.     

船用钢T型接头焊趾选择优化研究

针对船体焊接构件焊趾处应力集中影响船艇结构寿命的问题,利用有限元软件建立船艇重要区域中内龙骨的有限元模型,在约束和载荷相同的情况下,对比分析不同焊趾形式及尺寸T型接头的应力分布和疲劳寿命。研究表明,对于陆军船艇而言,平面形焊趾形式应力集中程度较小,焊后加工方便,适合船艇修理实际要求;焊脚尺寸为4~6 mm的平面形焊趾形式的T型接头疲劳寿命最大,在船艇T型构件焊接时焊脚尺寸应选用此范围内。     

A design method of tensile triangles and low transformation temperature weld metal for reduction of stress concentration and residual stress of welded joints

Stress concentration and residual stress have a significant influence on fatigue life of welded joints. In order to reduce the stress concentration of welded joints, a mathematical design method of tensile triangles (MTT) based on bionics was applied to weld shape design. Accordingly, the stress concentration of various weld beads in the corner boxing welded joint and the fillet welded T-joint was dissected using our in-house FEM software JWRIAN. It was found that there existed a large stress concentration in the conventional welded joints, whereas those welded joints with elongated weld bead were accompanied by a lower stress concentration, especially for elongated weld bead with MTT design. Furthermore, among the weld shapes of the corner boxing fillet welded joint, the rectangle shape of weld bead had the minimum stress concentration factor (1.05). For the fillet welded T-joint with MTT design, the stress concentration of weld toe decreased dramatically with the increase of the index of designed shape, but there was a minor difference of stress concentration at weld root between the weld beads with MTT design. In addition, application of low transformation temperature (LTT) weld metal utilizing martensitic transformation to the fillet welded T-joints can produce compressive residual stress at weld toe.     

Geometric stress distribution along the weld toe of the outer brace in two-planar tubular DKT-joints: Parametric study and deriving the SCF design equations

Regarding the research efforts expended so far on the calculation of stress concentration factors (SCFs) in tubular joints, two major shortcomings can be noted: (a) significant effort has been devoted to the study of SCFs in various uni-planar connections. Nevertheless, for multi-planar joints which cover the majority of practical applications, very few investigations have been reported due to the complexity and high cost involved; (b) majority of these research works focused on the study of SCFs at certain positions such as the saddle, crown toe, and crown heel, and they have ignored the hot-spot stress (HSS) at other positions along the weld toe. In the present paper, effects of dimensionless geometrical parameters on the SCF distribution along the weld toe of main (outer) braces in the axially loaded right-angle two-planar tubular DKT-joints are investigated. In order to study the multi-planar effect, SCF distribution in two-planar joints is compared with the distribution in a uni-planar joint having the same geometrical properties. A complete set of SCF database is constructed based on the two-planar DKT-joint Finite element models which are verified against experimental results and the predictions of Lloyd’s Register (LR) equations. The FE models cover a wide range of geometrical parameters. Six new SCF parametric formulae are developed through nonlinear regression analyses for the accurate and reliable fatigue design of two-planar DKT-joints under axial loads. An assessment study of these equations is conducted against the experimental data, the original FEM database and the acceptance criteria recommended by the UK Department of Energy.     

Stress magnification effect of initial deformation on the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints

Compared with thick plate welded joint, the welding joint of thin plate will produce initial deformation due to its low bending rigidity. The existence of initial deformation will cause the welded structure to produce secondary bending effect, which will produce greater stress magnification effect at the weld toe and seriously affect the fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints. Therefore, based on the correction formula of thick plate, considering the influence of initial deformation and geometric nonlinearity of thin plate, this paper deduces the stress magnification factor formula at the weld toe of T-shaped and cruciform specimens. The accuracy of the revised formula is further verified by comparing the notch stress calculated by the modified formula with the FE results. Finally, the modified formula is applied to the notch stress and fatigue evaluation of typical thin plate welded joints respectively. The results show that the proposed notch stress calculation formula can fully consider the stress amplification effect of thin plate structure, and can be used to quickly evaluate the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints.     

Measurements and statistical analysis of fillet weld geometrical parameters for probabilistic modelling of the fatigue capacity

Welded joints are commonly used for various structures such as civil engineering infrastructures or marine and submarine structures. It is well known that the geometry of the joints has an important influence on the stress concentration factor and thus on fatigue lifetime. Non-Destructive controls during welding work allow to keep parameters inside bounds and to satisfy quality requirements. However, the effect of the geometry characteristics within these bounds on the structural lifetime needs for a statistical analysis and a probabilistic modelling on the one hand and for a specific computational method on the other hand. When considering the first point, only few works have been carried out on the statistical analysis of the geometrical parameters of a welded joint. The measurement of the different parameters of this geometry is a long and scrupulous work. Recently, some laser process allows obtaining a significant quantity of trajectories along a welded joint for these geometrical parameters. This paper aims at analysing these trajectories for reliability purpose. This laser process allowed us to measure the width of the weld, the angle at the junction between weld and welded component and the radius at the weld toe. The study was completely performed for the two first but it was shown that the assessment of the radius remains challenging.     

肘板趾端表面裂纹在随机波浪载荷作用下的疲劳扩展预报

肘板趾端是船舶与海洋结构的疲劳热点。文章用三维有限元分析了趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子修正系数的变化规律,并与BS7910推荐的典型节点表面裂纹应力强度因子公式计算结果作了对比,结果表明趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子沿深度方向的放大系数和T型节点相差很小,而表面端点应力强度因子修正系数则当裂纹长度在肘板厚度范围内时和T型节点相差很小,超出后则相差较大。以某客滚船上肘板趾端应力范围长期分布服从Weibull分布,产生系列均值为零的应力幅,应力强度因子分别采用有限元结果和BS7910中T型接头公式进行计算,采用单一曲线模型计算该趾端表面裂纹的裂纹扩展。计算等效应力强度因子幅时,考虑焊接残余应力的影响。计算结果表明以T型接头的公式计算趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子和有限元结果相差很小。建议将T型节点表面裂纹应力强度因子计算公式用于趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算,并采用单一曲线模型对随机波浪载荷下作用下船舶典型节点疲劳裂纹的扩展寿命进行了预报。     

Size effect on residual stress in low transformation temperature welded joints

It has been reported that low transformation temperature (LTT) weld metals are beneficial to generation of compressive residual stress around weld zone. In this study, the relationship among residual stress, size effect of LTT welded joints with different plate width and thickness as well as martensite start (Ms) temperatures was investigated by experimental and finite-element analysis. It was found that heat dissipation and thermal expansion coefficient of LTT weld metal had a significant impact on residual stress. Welded joint with a small plate width led to greater compressive residual stresses in the LTT weld, which was due to the lower heat dissipation and smaller thermal expansion coefficient of the LTT weld metal in due course of cooling process. Additionally, the finite-element analysis revealed that increasing plate width mainly affected the longitudinal residual stress, while increasing the plate thickness influenced all the residual stress components in the LTT weld. Furthermore, the LTT weld with a lower Ms temperature of 191 °C resulted in greater compressive residual stresses, and was less sensitive to the LTT joint size, as against the Ms temperature of 398 °C.     

Stress concentration factors in FRP-reinforced tubular DKT joints under axial loads

The stress concentration factors (SCFs) in uniplanar fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) DKT joints are calculated under five axial loading conditions to determine the maximum SCFs. To this end, 108 finite element models of reinforced DKT joints with different FRPs and geometrical parameters are analysed. Available experimental data and formulas are used to validate the finite element models. The validated finite element models are utilized to investigate the effects of the FRP parameters along with different geometrical parameters on the stress concentration factors in uniplanar DKT joints. The simulations show a reduction of the maximum SCF by around 40% compared to unreinforced DKT joints. The reduction effect increases significantly with increasing the FRP thickness and the number of layers. Despite the notable efficacy of the FRP sheets on the drop of the SCFs in the X-connections, there is not any study or equation on the X-joints with FRP. Therefore, a precise equation is proposed for quantifying the SCFs in X-connections with FRP and is checked against the UK DoE acceptance standard.     

打磨处理改善焊缝疲劳性能的试验研究

由于高强度钢的使用，船舶结构许用应力水平的提高，船舶结构的疲劳强度越来越受到关注。船舶结构的疲劳寿命取决于其焊接结构的疲劳寿命。因此，了解焊缝几何参数对焊件疲劳强度的影响以及采用经济实用的方法改善船舶结构的疲劳性能是十分重要的。本文首先对焊缝几何参数对焊件疲劳寿命的影响进行了分析，在此基础上用ABS钢和945钢两种钢板做试件，分别进行了简单拉伸实验及打磨和未打磨条件下对接接头的疲劳试验。试验结果表明焊件的疲劳寿命可以通过打磨焊缝得到改善；尤其对于高强度钢焊件。试验还说明手工打磨焊缝和机械磨削焊缝对焊件疲劳强度的改善效果差别很大，疲劳寿命的分散性也很大。因此，应当对改善焊件疲劳寿命的工艺进行更详细的研究。     

FPSO节点焊趾处的裂纹修理形状研究

对焊缝处出现的裂纹进行修理以阻止其进一步扩展,能够有效地延长FPSO焊接结构的疲劳寿命.考虑到应力集中而造成的疲劳寿命的降低,要谨慎选取修理时所采用的形状和尺寸,避免在修理后产生的表面缺陷处出现过高的应力集中.文中旨在进行三维T型焊接节点焊趾处的裂纹修理分析,为了选取合理的修理切口,首先对不同几何形状和尺寸的二维焊接修理切口,如抛物线型和椭圆型等,进行了应力集中系数的计算,并与相类似尺寸的U型切口的计算结果进行了比较.结果表明,当切口的表面半宽长于其深度时,椭圆型的裂纹修理切口具有更低的应力集中系数.随后,选择应力集中较小的椭圆型和U型切口焊接修理形状,并采用更加精确的三维有限元分析方法进行分析,给出了通过打磨等修理方式消除裂纹后得到的三维表面缺陷的应力集中系数,为工程上焊趾处裂纹的修理提供决策依据.     

T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的简化计算方法

T型接头是船舶与海洋结构物的典型结构形式之一,其焊趾处常常是疲劳热点区域。T型接头焊趾表面裂纹的应力强度因子是船舶与海洋结构的、基于断裂力学安全评定和疲劳寿命预测的基础。本文对T型接头表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法,尤其是Bow ness等人提出的T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算公式进行了分析,在此基础上导出了形式简单,物理意义明确的T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的简化计算公式,并和相关的应力强度因子的计算结果进行了比较,证明了本文简化方法的可行性。