排队论在港口规划中的应用

把港口生产视随机服务系统，应用排队理论计算港口的最优泊位数，在港口怀定吞吐量的前提下，考虑不同的泊位数对港口建设和营运生产中发生的各种费用的影响，以港口泊位建设和营运费，船舶待泊费货物滞港积压费的总费用最低为目标，建立数学模型确定港口的泊位数。     

秦皇岛港航道通过能力仿真研究

采用工程仿真软件SIMIO分别对秦皇岛港10万吨级航道及规划的20万吨级航道的通过能力进行模拟。首先用2014年秦皇岛港泊位和航道设施及到港船舶数据对模型进行验证,得到的年到港船舶数及航道货运量与实际统计结果基本相符;结合仿真结果,对两航道的货运量、船舶平均待泊时间AWT以及港口服务水平随船舶平均到港时间间隔的变化趋势进行分析;讨论了航道及泊位利用率随港口服务水平的变化;针对10万吨级航道,对比了仿真与航道利用率法的年通过能力结果,并指出确定航道通过能力时考虑港口服务水平及港内作业各环节相互关联性的必要性。     

基于Witness集装箱码头物流系统仿真分析

以集装箱码头物流系统为研究对象,以研究船舶靠泊调度原则和码头最大通过能力、泊位利用率、船舶待泊时间之间的关系以及计算不同策略所时应的到港集装箱船舶待泊成本、泊位闲置成本等为目标,应用专业仿真软件Witness对集装箱码头物流系统进行仿真建模,寻找集装箱码头物流系统的作业"瓶颈",并进行优化.研究结果表明,应用Witness软件完全可以实现集装箱码头物流系统的整体建模和仿真,其可视化效果可以反映系统的动态性,并且有很广阔的实用价值.     

港口前沿作业系统计算机模拟

采用C 建立了港口前沿作业系统的计算机仿真模型,确定了仿真模型边界、假设条件;对于不同到港船型到港时间序列的处理作了阐述,并对程序和模型的正确性进行了检验。对港口前沿作业系统的一些直接因素对于仿真结果的影响作了敏感性分析,考察随装卸能力和泊位数变化的待泊时长这个关键量化指标的变化。最后对仿真结果进行了分析并提出一些有益的结论。     

候潮进港条件下锚位数确定方法探讨

当航道候潮因素对船舶进港存在明显限制时,到港船舶对锚地容量的需求会有不同,候潮进港条件下锚位数应当同时满足待泊锚位需要和候潮锚位需要。以连云港港30万吨级锚地为例,探讨了候潮进港条件下锚位数确定方法,从计算简便和结果偏安全考虑,可认为到港船舶规律和到港(在港)保证率相同,则候潮进港条件下锚位数可取待泊锚位数与候潮锚位数之和。该方法可供同类工程借鉴。     

单向航道约束下的港口自动指泊系统

针对连续型泊位分配的多港池港口船舶调度问题,重点考虑单向航道下船舶进出港的影响,同时兼顾潮汐因素对大型船舶进出港的影响、船舶靠离泊条件、港内装卸成本等因素,以港口有效泊位利用率最大化和成本最小化为综合目标,构建二维装箱模型。根据船舶进出港的约束条件,利用启发式规则产生初始解,通过单独或整体移动策略以及同步移动策略实现种群更新,并设计混合算法求解出规定时间内船舶进出港计划。经过唐山港的实际测试和使用,自动指泊系统有效地提升了港口的运行效率并节约了港口运营成本。     

基于船舶到港时间预测区间的集装箱码头泊位分配鲁棒优化研究

集装箱船舶到港时间具有不确定性。为增加泊位分配计划的鲁棒性,本文根据船舶到港时间预测区间,为每艘船舶添加不同的缓冲时间,建立基于船舶到港时间预测区间的泊位分配鲁棒优化模型。实例表明,本文提出的模型在减少船舶离港延迟时间上表现较好,可为集装箱码头泊位分配提供依据。     

宜宾港泊位和装卸设备调度

分析我国内河港口港区资源现状。根据宜宾港资源情况,针对待泊船舶,采用匈牙利算法建立模型,从泊位和装卸设备调度两方面求出指派问题的理论最优解,通过联系实际分析其可行性并得出调整方案。该方案可以节约待泊和装卸时间,提高港区作业效率,实现港区资源优化配置。     

400m长集装箱船进出青岛港受限港池套泊通航条件分析

为进一步拓展青岛前湾港区400 m集装箱船靠离泊窗口时间,提升码头泊位利用率,针对目前前湾港区400 m集装箱船套泊的需求以及在受限港池靠离泊过程中的高风险系数,结合受限港池进行集装箱船套泊作业的成果和船舶操纵模拟试验,模拟400 m集装箱船在不同风、流、吃水工况条件下在港池近端、中端和远端泊位进行3种典型套泊作业试验,并根据试验结果得出安全套泊作业条件和船舶交通组织。结果表明,在给定的安全套泊作业条件和制定的船舶交通组织,青岛前湾港区可常态化进行2条400 m集装箱船套泊作业。     

船舶到港分布律的研究及合理泊位数的计算

用数理统计的方法分析、推求、论证船舶到港的分布律服从二项分布,指出其数学物理意义明确、符合"客观规律",泊松分布只是二项分布的一种方便的近似;并通过实例予以验证两种分布的相似性,同时分析、论述了泊松分布的特征;最后给出了利用泊松分布替代二项分布的使用条件,举例比较两种计算方法的简捷与繁琐;建立合理泊位数的判定式,介绍利用排队论计算合理泊位数的具体方法和步骤,并通过实例予以运用。     

一种快捷计算锚地锚位数量的通用公式

现有的锚位计算公式仅适用于待泊锚地的锚位数计算,且当平均泊位利用系数P大于0.8时计算结果将出现较大偏差。对于候潮、避风等锚地,目前尚无较好方法用于计算。结合实际工作需要,研究了较为通用的锚地规模计算方法并编程实现快捷计算。     

A break-even model for evaluating the cost of container ships waiting times and berth unproductive times in automated quayside operations

The planning, design and development of a container terminal with optimum size and capacity and with a minimum capital cost is fundamentally dependent upon the loading and discharging operations at the quayside. The quayside function of container terminals is dependent basically on the number of berths available to service the incoming container ships. The objective of the container terminals dealing and admitting the ongoing ship calls is to provide immediate berth and loading and discharging services to the container ships with a minimum costly waiting time and a maximum efficiency. Previously terminal planners used to build extra berths to provide service. During the last two decades the terminal operators have adopted automation technologies in loading and discharging operation of the container ships as an alternative to designing extra berths. Ship owners naturally expect least waiting times for their container ships. On the other hand, it is also natural for port operators in a container terminal with costly facilities to see a high berth occupancy and productivity at the quayside. This study uses queuing theory to find a break-even point as a way of evaluating the cost of container ship waiting times and the cost of berth unproductive service times for container terminals aiming to automate their quayside operation. The analysis illustrates that automation devices installed on conventional Quayside Cranes (QSCs) significantly reduce the turnaround time of the container ships calling at the ports. It argues, however, that there should be a balance between the cost of berth unproductive service times and the cost of vessel waiting times. The study introduces a break-even point to be considered as a benchmark for calculating such a balance. The analysis in this study can be used as a decision tool for the operators of container terminals in the medium to small ports to appraise the feasibility of an investment in automation or expansion of the quayside facilities.     

Simulation optimization of the berth allocation in a container terminal with flexible vessel priority management

ABSTRACT

Solving the berth allocation problem (BAP) in ports is not trivial where the berth resources are limited and various sizes of vessels arrive with dramatically dissimilar loads. Especially in real scenarios, arriving vessels are accepted for a berth with the first come first served (FCFS) priority rule. This study proposes a decision support system coupled with a simulation optimization module based on the swarm-based Artificial Bee Colony optimization algorithm for solving the BAP. The proposed methodology was implemented for the Izmir port in Turkey. To investigate the influences of the vessel priorities on the BAP, four different experimental scenarios based on the single (SQM) and multiple queue models (MQM) were coupled with FCFS and proposed hybrid queue priority (HQP) rule. The results indicated that SQM scenarios were superior to MQM scenarios in a manner of minimizing the average vessel waiting times and the implementation of a dynamic berth allocation strategy for the MQM significantly decreases the vessel waiting times. Results of the SQM also imply that utilization of the HQP approach further minimizes the average vessel waiting times and increases the berth utilization and port throughput without yielding excessive waiting times for the larger vessels compared with the FCFS priority rule.     

基于模拟减少集装箱船待港时间的实用方法(英文)

The main challenge for container ports is the planning required for berthing container ships while docked in port.Growth of containerization is creating problems for ports and container terminals as they reach their capacity limits of various resources which increasingly leads to traffic and port congestion.Good planning and management of container terminal operations reduces waiting time for liner ships.Reducing the waiting time improves the terminal’s productivity and decreases the port difficulties.Two important keys to reducing waiting time with berth allocation are determining suitable access channel depths and increasing the number of berths which in this paper are studied and analyzed as practical solutions.Simulation based analysis is the only way to understand how various resources interact with each other and how they are affected in the berthing time of ships.We used the Enterprise Dynamics software to produce simulation models due to the complexity and nature of the problems.We further present case study for berth allocation simulation of the biggest container terminal in Iran and the optimum access channel depth and the number of berths are obtained from simulation results.The results show a significant reduction in the waiting time for container ships and can be useful for major functions in operations and development of container ship terminals.     

低碳型集装箱码头岸桥优化配置研究

本文以最小化船舶待泊损失费和泊位闲置损失费之和作为目标函数,以岸桥装卸单位吞吐量CO2排放量作为约束条件,提出低碳型集装箱码头岸桥配置优化模型。同时,通过对比考虑岸桥装卸单位吞吐量CO2排放量约束条件前后的岸桥配置优化结果,分析碳排放约束条件对模型优化结果的影响。结果表明考虑碳排放约束条件后的岸桥配置优化模型能够对原配置方案造成影响,可以通过岸桥的重新配置降低岸桥装卸单位吞吐量的CO2排放值。     

Ship-berth link performance evaluation: simulation and analytical approaches

In this paper we consider the performance evaluation of ship-berth link in port. The efficiency of operations and processes on the ship-berth link has been analysed through the basic operating parameters such as berth utilization, average number of ships in waiting line, average time that a ship spends in waiting line, average service time of a ship, average total time that a ship spends in port, average quay crane (QC) productivity and average number of QCs per ship. All the main performances of the ship-berth link are given. This is one of the problems faced by planners and terminal operators in ports. In this paper, we propose two models based on simulation and queuing theory, respectively, in order to determine the performance evaluation of ship-berth link in port. Numerical results and computational experiments are reported to evaluate the efficiency of the models for Pusan East Container Terminal (PECT).     

Ship-berth link performance evaluation: simulation and analytical approaches

In this paper we consider the performance evaluation of ship-berth link in port. The efficiency of operations and processes on the ship-berth link has been analysed through the basic operating parameters such as berth utilization, average number of ships in waiting line, average time that a ship spends in waiting line, average service time of a ship, average total time that a ship spends in port, average quay crane (QC) productivity and average number of QCs per ship. All the main performances of the ship-berth link are given. This is one of the problems faced by planners and terminal operators in ports. In this paper, we propose two models based on simulation and queuing theory, respectively, in order to determine the performance evaluation of ship-berth link in port. Numerical results and computational experiments are reported to evaluate the efficiency of the models for Pusan East Container Terminal (PECT).     

徒骇河富国作业区至东风作业区河段通航水流条件分析

建立了适合徒骇河多弯特点的曲线二维潮流数学模型,模型中考虑了取水和分汇流问题.首先采后对徒骇河富国作业区至东风作业区河段通航设计方案进行模拟,重点对设计方案中的码头泊位、航线调整、取水口、候潮区等代表河段的工程前后水流条件进行分析.研究成果表明航道设计方案通航水流条件良好,可满足设计船型通航要求.     

时间窗限制下港口泊位优化分配问题模型

提出新的离散型泊位分配模型,对船舶在港口内的服务时间和港口内泊位的可用时间都考虑了时间窗约束,并在目标函数中考虑了船舶的不同服务时间价值,基于模拟退火算法设计了相应的模拟退火算法进行问题的计算和分析。算例表明,求解大规模问题时,在求解质量和计算时间上要优于CPLEX软件,所提出的优化方法将有助于帮助繁忙港口提高泊位等资源运营管理的效率。     

外海岛礁地形大型泊位平面设计要点

对于外海岛礁地形水域下的大型泊位工程,其水域平面设计要点包括平面形态、泊位前沿线位置、泊位长度、 码头高程等。提出应重点研究复杂水动力条件,以顺应流态、归顺流场、提高水域掩护条件为主要目的,同时应综合考虑 泊稳、靠离泊、工艺、船型组合、造价等因素,运用多因素动态分析法来确定最优码头平面方案。