Spray Characteristics with High-Speed Tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry Under Non-Flash and Flash Boiling Conditions

Compared with port fuel injection engines, direct injection(DI) gasoline engine is becoming the mainstream of gasoline engines because of its higher fuel economy and excellent transient response. It has been proven that fuel spray characteristics in DI engines are crucial to the performance and emission quality of the engine. Flash boiling spray has great potential to achieve high fuel economy and low emission by dramatically improving the fuel atomization and vaporization and it has different spray-air interaction behavior as compared with non-flash boiling one, while its mechanism is more complex as compared with subcooled spray. We investigate the time-resolved spatial velocity field of the spray using 2-camera high-speed 3 D3 C(3-dimension 3-component)tomographic particle image velocimetry(PIV) diagnostic technique. A 10 mm thick laser sheet is used to illuminate the fuel spray. Characteristics of both non-flash and flash boiling sprays are studied. A single-hole injector is mounted within a heat exchanger so that different fuel temperature can be accessed. In the experiment, n-pentane is used as the fuel. For the non-flash boiling spray, the velocity field of the liquid spray is mostly consistent to the injection direction. With the increase of the degree of superheat(Do S), the overall velocity scale decreases especially at the spray tip. Meanwhile, larger swirls occur at the lower part of the flash boiling spray, which means stronger spray-air interaction occurs at a higher Do S.     

Multi-Component Model of Diesel Sprays Under High Injection Pressure

The combustion efficiency of a diesel engine depends not only on spray characteristics but also on fuel-air mixing characteristics. Based on the original spray model, a new spray model is established in this paper to accurately predict the diesel spray, and then a multi-component evaporation model is added into it. The model takes the influence of component concentration gradient and species on its evaporation rate in the liquid phase into account. This paper studies the spray characteristics (spray penetration, spray angle and spray morphology) and fuel-air mixing characteristics (spray area, spray volume and air entrainment mass) using the spray model, and the results are compared with the experimental results. The comparison shows that the simulated spray penetration and spray angle are close to the experimental results with the average deviations less than 3%. Moreover, this paper studies the spray area, spray volume and air entrainment using empirical formula under different conditions. And the maximum deviations of the spray volume, spray area and air entrainment mass are less than 5% as compared with the test values. Overall, this spray model can predict the diesel spray characteristics and fuel-air mixing characteristics under high injection pressure accurately.     

不同CACC渗透率条件下的混合交通流稳定性分析

未来协同自适应巡航控制(Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control,CACC)车辆和传统车辆混合交通流的稳定性决定了CACC技术对交通拥堵、能耗排放的改善程度.鉴于此,研究不同CACC渗透率时这种混合交通流的稳定性.应用基于轨迹数据标定的IDM(Intelligent Driver Model,IDM)模型和由加州伯克利PATH实验室实车测试验证的CACC模型分别作为传统车辆跟驰模型和CACC车辆跟驰模型.依据传统车辆在扰动下的稳定性,确定高稳态速度和低稳态速度,并考虑两种车型相对数量、相对位置的随机性,设计数值仿真实验.实验结果表明,在高稳态速度下,不同CACC渗透率时混合车队均整体稳定;在低稳态速度下,当CACC渗透率较小时,车队整体不稳定,CACC渗透率需达到50%以上时,才有可能使得混合车队由不稳定转变为稳定.     

Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Fuel Viscosity on the Spray Characteristics of Diesel Nozzle

This paper presented an investigation of atomization characteristics including the velocity vector field and the mean droplet sizes for different percentages of DMM-diesel blended fuels using a phase doppler anemometry (PDA) analyzer system. Based on the fuel design concept, an oxygenated fuel named dimethoxy methane (DMM), which has lower viscosity, surface tension, and boiling point, was used to blend with diesel. The experiments were carried out under atmospheric conditions on a single-hole type diesel nozzle, liquid conditions comprise a temperature of 298 K under the needle valve opening pressure of 6 MPa. The results show that the sauter mean diameter (SMD) and spray cone angle of blended fuels decrease with the increase of DMM content; the axial mean velocity in the centerline increases with the increase of DMM. However, the spray behavior of blended fuel in which DMM exceeds 75% is virtually identical to that of neat DMM. The measurement also reveals the existence of an "S" shape in the radial mean velocity variations with radial distance.     

圆管翼缘钢-混凝土新型组合梁极限抗弯承载力与延性

为研究圆管翼缘组合梁的抗弯性能, 进行了3根圆管翼缘组合梁静力加载抗弯破坏性试验, 分析了试验梁的抗弯破坏过程与破坏特征; 考虑混凝土损伤塑性本构及栓钉滑移与断裂, 建立了圆管翼缘组合梁非线性数值模型, 基于试验结果分析了数值模型的适用性; 以钢梁下翼缘宽度、混凝土翼板厚度与圆管管径为主要结构参数, 计算了48根正交设计的圆管翼缘数值模型组合梁的力学性能; 依据试验梁与数值模型梁的抗弯受力性能, 提出了基于简化塑性理论的圆管翼缘组合梁极限抗弯承载力计算公式; 应用数值模型梁位移延性系数计算结果, 回归得到了圆管翼缘组合梁位移延性系数计算公式。计算结果表明: 数值模型组合梁与试验梁承载力比值为0.99~1.03, 挠度比值为0.87~1.09, 因此, 弯矩-挠度计算曲线与试验曲线吻合良好, 可采用数值模型组合梁准确模拟圆管翼缘组合梁的抗弯全过程受力行为; 圆管翼缘组合梁极限抗弯承载力随钢梁下翼缘宽度、混凝土翼板厚度的增大而增大, 随圆管管径的改变变化较小, 位移延性系数随混凝土翼板厚度与圆管管径平方的增大呈线性增大, 随钢梁下翼缘宽度的增大呈线性减小; 不同塑性发展程度的各类模型梁位移延性系数为3.16~7.19, 体现了较好的延性; 采用极限抗弯承载力简化计算公式与圆管翼缘数值模型组合梁计算的极限抗弯承载力比值为0.91~1.09, 平均比值为0.98, 因此, 公式计算结果准确; 为使圆管翼缘组合梁具有一定延性, 建议位移延性系数大于3.5。      

Experimental Investigation of Spray Evaporation in Turbulent Flow in Countercurrent Humidifier

IntroductionThe HAT( humid air turbine) cycle is an ad-vanced power generation system with high efficien-cy,low cost,high specific power,excellentoff- de-sign performance and low NOx emissions withoutcomplex system introduction.It has aroused con-siderable interest,and is predicted as an advancedthermal power cycle for this century[1] .The proto-type of modern HAT cycle was proposed by Morietal.,and gotmuch progress recently.HAT cycleuses a working fluid of air,water and steam mix-ture,an…     

质子交换膜燃料电池综合动态模型分析

为深入研究质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)运行特性,在既有PEMFC实验模型和机理模型相结合的基础上,利用MATLAB/SIMULINK工具建立了包括电压动态模型、氢氧气流供应动态模型和热力学动态模型的PEMFC综合动态模型;分析了不同负载和温度运行条件下PEMFC综合模型的动态特性;搭建了基于Ballard公司1.2 kW NEXA系统的测试平台,并利用测试平台对仿真模型进行了实验验证.研究结果表明:该模型能够较好地反映PEMFC的动态特性;实验与仿真误差:堆电压为2.06%、功率为0.36%,验证了所建模型的正确性.      

膨胀土土水特征曲线的研究

对不同地区膨胀土的原状样和重塑样进行了脱湿土水特征曲线试验,并采用VG模型对试验数据进行拟合。结合VG模型拟合的参数,着重分析了矿物成分和孔隙结构对膨胀土土水特征曲线的影响。结果表明:在同一初始干密度下,膨胀土含蒙脱石亲水性矿物越多,脱水速率越慢,持水性能越强;同一土质的重塑样,初始干密度越大,则其进气值越大,脱水速率越慢;在初始干密度相同的条件下,原状样的土水特征曲线与重塑样的不同,其脱水速率较缓慢,残余含水量较高,表现出较强的持水性能。     

红外热像仪微扫组件的模态分析

研究红外热像仪的集成式压电驱动两自由度微扫组件的动力学特性,使用基于理论分析和实验测试柔性铰链机构的两种方法,根据拉格朗日方程建立微扫组件的运动微分方程,推导出系统固有频率的解析式.采用有限元分析方法对微扫组件进行仿真分析,得到微扫组件有效工作的谐振频率和振型,并对微扫组件的模态频率进行了实验测试,对有限元计算的结果与实验结果的一致性进行对比分析.结果表明,其理论分析正确,数值分析可靠.     

Numerical analysis of braking discs for a Taurus class locomotive

This paper shows the thermal and stress analysis of the worn brake disc for a Taurus class locomotive. The numerical analyses are carried out under the experimental testing program, Prüfprogramm No. 5, which is adjusted for this type of locomotives by UIC CODE 541-3. The simulations results under mentioned program show the most unfavorable case of braking. The numerical analysis is done with the finite element method (FEM), using ABAQUS software.     

Simulating mechanical behavior of porous materials by homogenization method

In this study, a homogenization method is employed to determine the values of effective elastic modulus for BaZrO₃ which is a promising candidate material for electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Comparison between the homogenization and the analysis data reveals that the difference becomes significant with increasing of porosity when upper 20%. The empire mechanic behavior in a typical planar fuel cell is evaluated using finite element method (FEM). Large stress gradient occurs in vicinity of the interface of the electrolyte and the cathode due to theirs mismatch of thermal expansion coefficient (TEC). Moreover, local processing results reveal that microscopic stress concentration around pore near the interface of the electrolyte and the cathode in the cell perhaps produces cracks which may lead to the fail of the electrolyte and the lower energy convention efficiency.     

轴压作用下CFRP加固圆钢管短柱的静力承载力分析

为了研究轴压作用下碳纤维增强复合材料（carbon fibre-reinforced polymer，CFRP）加固圆形空心截面（circular hollow section，CHS）钢管短柱的极限承载力，对轴压作用下CFRP加固CHS钢管短柱进行了理论和数值分析. 理论分析中，利用等效截面法推导了两种不同粘贴方式（全环向粘贴以及环向和纵向交替粘贴）的CFRP加固圆钢管短柱在轴压作用下静力承载力的理论计算公式；数值分析中，将特征值屈曲与Riks法相结合建立了轴压作用下CFRP加固圆钢管短柱的非线性有限元分析模型. 对该模型中的环向和纵向CFRP进行应力分析后发现，环向CFRP处于拉伸状态，约束钢管的径向变形；纵向CFRP会承担轴压荷载中的部分压力，限制钢管的变形. 最后，将所建立的有限元分析模型结果和所推导的理论公式结果与已有文献的试验结果进行对比，发现三者之间的最大误差不超过2%，验证了建立的有限元模型和所推导的理论公式分析结果的准确性.      

Experimental study on the liquid slug of cryogenic slug flow in inclined tubes

An experimental study was carried out to understand the phenomena of the boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in inclined tubes with closed bottom by using a high speed motion analyzer.The experimental tubes are 0.018 and 0.014 m inner diameter(ID) and 1.0 m in length.The range of the inclination angle is 45°-90° from the horizontal.The experimental observation on the liquid slug was carried out along the tubes.Statistical method was employed to analyze the experimental data.The experiment analyzed the influences of the inclination angle and the tube diameter on the liquid slug length and velocity.The results show the liquid slug propagation velocity increases with the decrease of inclination angle θ.For all cases,the maximum values of the mean liquid slug lengths were obtained at θ = 60°.The mean liquid slug lengths were greater for large tube at higher tube position.These conclusions provide a basis for further study liquid slug of cryogenic two-phase undeveloped slug flow.     

Poly(Dimethylbenzimidazolium) Iodide Assisted Dispersion of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Their Palladium Nanoparticle Hybrid

Experimental measurements of stresses and strains for lower extremity injuries (LEI) are invasive, and therefore, predictions require physiologically accurate 3D finite element (FE) models of the foot and ankle. In previous models, skin is typically neglected. However, experimental studies have shown that skin is much stiffer than soft tissue. In this study, the material sensitivity of skin on foot arch deformation is investigated. A finite element model of the foot is developed, incorporating bones, soft tissue, ligament, articulating surfaces, plantar aponeurosis, skin and plantar plate. Balanced standing is simulated without skin or with three different skin mechanical properties. By including different skin models, the foot static vertical stiffness, navicular displacement and plantar aponeurosis strain change significantly, when compared with the model without skin. The study shows that skin, showing a much stiffer behaviour than soft tissue, should not be neglected in the foot modelling. Further, the plantar plate considered in this model can give merit to modelling injuries such as plantar plate tearing.     

300MW锅炉汽包的三维瞬态应力有限元分析

采用某电厂300MW锅炉机组多次试验和事故工况下的实测数据作为锅炉汽包三维有限元模型的边界条件,计算并分析比较了该锅炉汽包模型在8种工况下的瞬态热应力、机械应力、总应力和位移,结果表明:壁面温差对汽包总应力的影响不大,汽包内部蒸汽压力是影响汽包总应力的主要因素;当汽包压力较大时,汽包总应力与蒸汽压力成近似定比值关系.     

钢箱梁桥面沥青混合料燃烧温度荷载与效应分析

为研究在火灾作用下钢箱梁与桥面铺装结构热效应，建立了小尺度钢桥面燃烧试验台，获取了油料火灾作用下沥青铺装层的上表面、中部和下表面温度数据；针对上表面温度数据，拟合得到了一条基于燃烧试验数据的升温曲线，与ISO 834标准升温曲线进行对比，并对小尺度试验的温度场进行了数值模拟验证；建立了11.25 m×3.60 m的钢箱梁桥有限元模型，获取了桥梁在跨中、支座附近和全跨火灾工况下的应力和变形特征。研究结果表明:在试验拟合升温曲线的作用下，二维数值模拟试件的中部温度260.70 ℃和底部温度89.38 ℃与试验数据248.90 ℃和82.59 ℃相近，且升温趋势较一致，说明温度场数值模拟结果可靠；火灾荷载作用区域钢箱梁顶板温度下降最高可达60.91%，表明沥青混合料铺装层能在一定程度上阻挡温度传递；跨中、支座火灾工况下钢箱梁最大Mises应力均出现在火荷载向低温扩散传播的冷热交替区域；跨中火灾工况在火荷载区域出现上挠变形，而支座火灾工况分别在火荷载区域和跨中区域出现上挠和下挠变形；全跨火灾Mises应力分布较均匀，跨中下挠变形严重；3种火灾模式下，基于试验拟合升温曲线的应力和变形数据均滞后且低于ISO 834标准升温曲线。      

时间依赖型绿色车辆路径问题研究

城市配送系统中考虑交通拥堵和环境污染车辆路径问题的时间依赖性体现在：不同道路 拥堵程度下车辆运行速度不同,则不同出发时间对应的运输总时间也不同,导致运输成本和造成 的环境污染也有较大差异。因此,本文提出一个时间依赖型绿色车辆路径模型,通过优化运输路 径和出发时间降低运输成本、减少环境污染。模型的目标函数最小化包括油耗成本在内的运输 总成本,其中,车辆油耗的度量基于综合模式排放模型,其创新之处在于,定义了允许车辆在节点 处等待的情形,使车辆选择合适的时间出发以规避拥堵,即通过优化车辆路径以及路径上各节点 处的出发时间寻求成本最优的运输方案。本文提出嵌套遗传算法求解模型,外层遗传算法优化 路径,内层遗传算法优化路径上各节点处的车辆出发时间。并通过响应面分析法(RSM)调试算法 关键参数,得到适用于模型的最佳参数搭配,算法性能测试结果表明了本文算法的高效性。本文 基于污染-路径问题实验数据库进行数值实验,结果证明,允许车辆在客户处等待并选择合适时 间出发,可以在一定程度上降低燃油消耗和总成本。此外,目标函数中引入油耗要素,可以有效 降低决策方案的燃油消耗,减少环境污染。     

Effect of Skin on Finite Element Modeling of Foot and Ankle During Balanced Standing

Experimental measurements of stresses and strains for lower extremity injuries(LEI) are invasive, and therefore, predictions require physiologically accurate 3D finite element(FE) models of the foot and ankle. In previous models, skin is typically neglected. However, experimental studies have shown that skin is much stiffer than soft tissue. In this study, the material sensitivity of skin on foot arch deformation is investigated. A finite element model of the foot is developed, incorporating bones, soft tissue, ligament, articulating surfaces, plantar aponeurosis, skin and plantar plate. Balanced standing is simulated without skin or with three different skin mechanical properties. By including different skin models, the foot static vertical stiffness, navicular displacement and plantar aponeurosis strain change significantly, when compared with the model without skin. The study shows that skin, showing a much stiffer behaviour than soft tissue, should not be neglected in the foot modelling. Further,the plantar plate considered in this model can give merit to modelling injuries such as plantar plate tearing.     

Weld Models Incorporating the HAZ Phase Transformation Effects, Comparison between Experimental and Numerical Results

lIntroductionEleCtricit6deFrance,Framatomeandbureaudecontr6ledeschaudi6resnucl6aires,hadledaresearchprogramonweldingfinitO-elemotsimulatonforthedsterminatonofnuclearcomPonensresidualstressesandinparticuarforsomesteelwithmetallurgicaltransformations.OneofthemainstagesofthswOrkistovalidatethemechancalmodelsimPlatedinfinite-elemotcodeswithinwhichthemetallurgicaltransformationseffectsareincorporated.ThisisthepurposeofthePresentpaper.ThetWocodesusedhereareSysweld(Framatome)andCOdeAster(EDF).…     

Relationship between quality and attributes of elliptical spot welds of high strength steel

More high strength steel(HSS) sheets are being applied in the automobile industry to improve safety and fuel efficiency.When HSS is spot welded, the strength of the welded-joint is usually determined by the attributes of the weld nugget.However, it is diffcult to obtain the circular nugget and to establish the relationship between the weld attributes and welding quality because of a large number of variables and experimental uncertainty.In the paper, the numerical analysis model of tensile-shear strength test for HSS spot welds was established.And the critical ellipticity of the elliptical spot weld was determined through finite element analysis.Quantitative relationship between elliptical weld attributes and weld strength was investigated statistically using the Latin hypercube and regression analysis method.The sheet thickness, nugget ellipticity, hardness radio and yield strength have the most influential attributes in affecting welding quality.The research results can be used as a guideline for HSS resistance spot welding design.