船舶折角型节点的疲劳裂纹扩展计算（英文）

文章以船舶折角型节点为研究对象,运用有限元软件WALCS和PATRAN分别预报某船的水动力响应和结构热点应力响应。为避免计算表面裂纹应力强度因子时需要在PATRAN有限元模型中疲劳热点区域采用体单元建模,文中提出了一种计算波浪载荷下船海结构物三维表面裂纹应力强度因子而无需在PATRAN中建立体模型的方法,并通过与广泛认可的经验公式对比验证其精度。将此方法应用于该船船舯底边舱折角处表面裂纹应力强度因子计算,计算并总结出波浪载荷下该类节点处表面裂纹应力强度因子的无量纲计算经验公式。应用一种基于谱分析构建结构疲劳载荷谱的方法,结合单一曲线模型对该节点进行裂纹扩展计算。计算结果表明:该船船舯底边舱折角疲劳寿命不满足设计要求,建议对节点进行改进。     

LNG船纵骨端部表面裂纹疲劳扩展寿命计算

基于断裂力学的裂纹扩展方法预报液舱纵骨端部的疲劳寿命。采用有限元软件对液舱纵骨端部节点处表面裂纹应力强度因子进行系列计算,并在BS7910经验公式的基础上拟合出趾端的应力强度因子修正系数经验公式。将采用该公式得到的结果与有限元计算结果相对比,结果表明二者能较好地吻合,该公式可应用到类似端部结构裂纹扩展应力强度因子的计算中。按挪威船级社(Det Norske Veritas,DNV)规范的要求组合热点主应力幅值,并按降序对各载荷块构造液舱疲劳热点载荷谱,结合修正公式系数经验计算液舱纵骨端部趾端的裂纹扩展寿命,预报的疲劳寿命满足要求。     

船舶结构疲劳评估设计波法

以散货船船舯内底与底边舱斜板折角处节点为例,对船舶结构疲劳评估的设计波法进行研究.论述了设计波法的基本原理,给出了确定设计波的流程。通过分析该节点的受力情况,确定5个控制载荷参数及设计波参数。以谱分析法得到的参考应力范围为目标值,对5个控制载荷参数对应的设计波作用下的节点应力范围结果进行回归分析,从而得到了用于疲劳评估的设计波组合,并利用该方法对1艘散货船的船舯内底与底边舱斜板折角处的节点进行了计算。结果显示,设计波法与谱分析法的结果吻合较好,计算量大幅减少。     

肘板趾端表面裂纹在随机波浪载荷作用下的疲劳扩展预报

肘板趾端是船舶与海洋结构的疲劳热点。文章用三维有限元分析了趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子修正系数的变化规律,并与BS7910推荐的典型节点表面裂纹应力强度因子公式计算结果作了对比,结果表明趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子沿深度方向的放大系数和T型节点相差很小,而表面端点应力强度因子修正系数则当裂纹长度在肘板厚度范围内时和T型节点相差很小,超出后则相差较大。以某客滚船上肘板趾端应力范围长期分布服从Weibull分布,产生系列均值为零的应力幅,应力强度因子分别采用有限元结果和BS7910中T型接头公式进行计算,采用单一曲线模型计算该趾端表面裂纹的裂纹扩展。计算等效应力强度因子幅时,考虑焊接残余应力的影响。计算结果表明以T型接头的公式计算趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子和有限元结果相差很小。建议将T型节点表面裂纹应力强度因子计算公式用于趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算,并采用单一曲线模型对随机波浪载荷下作用下船舶典型节点疲劳裂纹的扩展寿命进行了预报。     

邮轮角隅裂纹应力强度因子计算及疲劳寿命预报

以某大型邮轮泳池角隅为例,采用谱分析法结合断裂力学方法校核角隅结构疲劳寿命.首先通过水动力分析软件计算波浪载荷并施加到全船有限元模型上获得全船结构响应;然后在ANSYS中建立带裂纹的角隅模型结合超单元生成子模型,并施加从全船有限元模型上提取的位移边界条件,进而在计算大量波浪工况下不同长度裂纹的应力强度因子及模拟裂纹扩展路径的基础上回归得到角隅处裂纹应力强度因子计算公式;最后根据ABS推荐的谱分析法构建疲劳载荷谱,结合回归出的应力强度因子公式、单一曲线模型及失效评估图,预报泳池角隅的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命.     

一种复杂载荷作用下船舶结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法

风暴模型是Tomita等提出的用来评估船舶结构疲劳强度的一种随机波浪载荷简化模型,它能表达波浪载荷是与时间相关的随机过程。文中介绍了风暴模型及波浪诱导应力短期分布的基本特征。将风暴模型和裂纹扩展率单一曲线模型及焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法结合起来,探讨了复杂载荷作用下船舶结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法。并用权函数法计算了给定残余应力分布的表面裂纹应力强度因子。预报了对接焊接接头焊趾处表面裂纹在风暴波浪载荷作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,结果表明风暴的大小、顺序,初始裂纹尺寸及残余应力对裂纹扩展行为影响明显。合理的风暴模型参数及初始裂纹尺寸的确定对船舶结构的疲劳寿命预报是非常重要的。     

8 530 TEU集装箱船全船弯扭强度和舱口角疲劳强度分析

8 530 TEU集装箱船的船长和船舱大开口宽度都显著超过国内船厂以往建造的集装箱船,因此对该船的波浪诱导载荷、全船弯扭强度,以及舱口角的疲劳强度都作了认真研究。研究中建立全船有限元模型,用来分析波浪诱导载荷,计算船体结构应力水平等。在此基础上,选取3个典型的舱口角,建立精细有限元模型,利用热点应力法,计算舱口角热点应力范围和热点疲劳寿命。最后总结出该集装箱船的全船弯扭强度和舱口角疲劳强度的特点。     

变幅载荷作用下焊接接头疲劳寿命预测方法

船舶与海洋结构物在其服役过程中受到波浪等载荷的交变作用而引起结构的疲劳损伤.检测结果表明船舶及海洋结构的疲劳热点部位大多数是在构件相互连接的焊缝焊趾处.因此,研究典型接头表面裂纹应力强度因子统一计算方法以及变幅载荷作用下表面裂纹扩展规律对船舶与海洋结构物的寿命预测是十分重要的.本文讨论了裂纹闭合及开口比的计算,在Newman有效应力强度因子计算方法的基础上,提出了考虑因素更全面的有效应力强度因子幅计算式以及变幅载荷作用下船舶与海洋结构物典型焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测模型.     

集装箱船典型疲劳评估节点应力强度因子计算

在基于疲劳裂纹扩展理论的疲劳评估方法中需要确定疲劳热点,并准确求解热点处裂纹应力强度因子。论文将CCS在规范中规定的疲劳评估节点分为四类:1典型对接接头和T型接头焊趾处,2趾端底板,3趾端肘板,4垂直三构件相交角点。分别使用三维有限元技术求解第一类、第二类、第三类节点的应力强度因子修正系数并和BS7910公式对比。结果表明:第一类节点与BS7910公式吻合良好;第二类节点裂纹扩展在趾端范围内时应力强度因子修正系数较BS7910公式大,超过趾端范围内时,应力强度因子修正系数发生突变快速下降并逐渐趋近于1;第三类节点应力强度因子修正系数在整个范围内较BS7910公式大。第二类构件、第三类构件应力强度因子修正系数和BS7910公式误差都很大。为此,分别对第二、三类节点提出了各自的修正公式,它们和有限元计算结果吻合良好。     

海洋平台中KK管节点表面裂纹应力强度因子的有限元计算方法

海洋平台中的KK管节点由于长期承受循环载荷而容易在焊缝处产生疲劳表面裂纹.对包含表面裂纹的KK节点的残余寿命的评估依赖于对表面裂纹应力强度因子的准确估算.本文首先提出了KK节点中表面裂纹的有限元网格产生方法,然后采用线弹性断裂力学理论,通过裂纹前缘的位移外推插值法分析了KK节点在轴向力作用下沿着表面裂纹的应力强度因子的分布情况.最后,通过对22个KK节点的模型分析,研究了节点的几何参数和裂纹形状参数对应力强度因子的影响情况.     

考虑焊接效应的T型对接接头裂缝中的应力集中因子异常现象的数值研究（英文）

Industry design standards such as BS 7910 deployed some empirical formulas for the prediction of stress intensity factor(SIF) based on simulation results from traditional finite element method(FEM).However,such FEM simulation occasionally failed to convince people due to the large discrepancies compared with engineering practice.As a consequence,inaccuracy predictions via such formulas in engineering standards inevitably occur,which will compromise the safety of structures.In our previous research work,an abnormal phenomenon of SIF in a cracked T-butt joint accounting for welding effect has been observed.Compared with BS 7910,the calculation results of SIF at the surface points of welded specimens cannot be well predicted,with a large discrepancy appearing.In order to explore such problem with an abnormal increase at the surface points of cracked welded specimens,a numerical investigation in terms of SIF among BS 7910,XFEM,and FEM is performed in this paper.Numerical models on both a simple cracked plate without welding effect and a cracked T-butt joint with welding effect are developed through ABAQUS.Parametric studies in terms of the effects of varied crack depth to thickness ratio(a/T) and the effects of crack depth to crack half-length ratio(a/c) are carried out.Empirical solutions from BS 7910 are used for comparison.It is found that the XFEM can provide predictions of SIF at both the crack deepest point and crack surface point of a simple cracked plate as accurate as FEM.For a T-butt joint with a transverse stiffener,a large discrepancy in terms of the weld magnification factors(Mk) occurs at the crack surface point compared with empirical predictions.An exceptional increase of von Mises stress gradient in regions close to the weld-toe is found through the simulation of FEM,whereas a constant stress gradient is obtained through XFEM.The comparison results indicate an inappropriate prediction of SIF by the utilization of the empirical formulas in BS 7910.A more reasonable prediction of the SIF at the surface point of a crack is obtained by the XFEM.Therefore,further updating of the empirical solutions in BS7910 for SIF accounting for welding effect is recommended.     

弯曲载荷作用下含切口T型节点表面裂纹应力强度因子计算

含裂纹修理切口T型节点的切口底部易于产生疲劳损伤,因而需要对该处新萌生的表面裂纹的疲劳寿命进行估算,以评判下次检修的时间.本文采用基于线弹性断裂力学的有限元方法,对弯曲载荷作用下于修理切口底部产生的表面裂纹最深处的应力强度因子进行了计算.计算结果表明,对于同一类型节点,在相同裂纹深度下,裂纹底部的应力强度因子随着a/c的减小而增大.进而,根据修理切口的不同形状,给出了一组具有一定工程适用范围的回归公式.根据基于线弹性有限元计算结果得出的经验公式,对含修理切口T型节点切口底部萌生的表面裂纹扩展规律进行分析,得出了不同裂纹深长比下,裂纹深长增量比随裂纹深度的变化曲线.在数值计算的基础上,采用船用普通钢制备的试件,对切口底部萌生的表面裂纹进行试验研究,描述了在交变弯曲载荷作用下裂纹形貌的变化规律.试验结果表明,试验数据点与计算曲线相比,具有较高的一致性,验证了根据有限元计算结果提出的拟合公式的精度.     

复杂应力场中裂纹疲劳扩展寿命预报

船舶作为一种大型焊接结构,其疲劳热点部位的应力应变场分布很复杂,要预报这些部位的裂纹疲劳扩展寿命,必须解决复杂场中裂纹的应力强度因子计算及其裂纹扩展方向问题.该文对船舶肘板处两种不同原因产生的裂纹的扩展路径、扩展速率进行了研究.裂纹扩展方向用第一主应力准则确定,在裂纹扩展方向上给定不同的裂纹增量,得到不同长度裂纹的复合裂纹等效应力强度因子,并拟合这些计算结果得出船舶肘板的应力强度因子计算式.结合裂纹扩展率单一曲线模型对肘板裂纹扩展寿命进行了预报,预报结果与实验结果符合得较好,说明所采用的方法可行.对建立船舶典型节点的裂纹扩展寿命预报方法有参考价值.     

海洋结构物疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的一种工程预报方法

海洋结构物疲劳寿命的准确预报对海洋结构安全具有重要意义。基于裂纹扩展的寿命预报相比于常规的基于累积损伤理论的寿命预报方法,能够考虑载荷次序、初始缺陷等重要因素的影响,各大船级社极力推进裂纹扩展理论在海洋工程中的应用。文章从裂纹扩展法则、应力强度因子求解、疲劳载荷谱模拟上对裂纹扩展理论的工程应用进行研究,试图找出准确、合理且相对简单的方法。结合裂纹扩展的单一曲线模型、基于有限元子模型技术的应力强度因子求法以及基于谱分析的疲劳载荷谱产生方法,对某半潜式钻井平台典型焊接节点进行基于裂纹扩展疲劳寿命预报,并讨论了初始裂纹尺寸对疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明,该半潜平台焊接结构符合设计寿命的要求,初始裂纹尺寸对疲劳寿命影响很大,可为海洋结构物基于裂纹扩展的疲劳寿命预报提供参考。     

深海载人潜水器球形耐压壳上多裂纹的相互作用及其影响（英文）

This study investigates the interaction and influence of surface cracks on the spherical pressure hull of a deep-sea manned submersible.The finite element model of the spherical hull is established,and a semi-elliptical surface crack is inserted in the welding toe of the spherical hull as the main crack.Considering the combined effect of external uniform pressure and welding residual stress at the weld toe,the stress intensity factor(SIF) is obtained based on the M-integral method.Inserting disturbing cracks at different positions on the spherical hull surface,the interaction and influence between multi-cracks are revealed by numerical calculation.The results show that the existence of the disturbing crack has a great influence on the stress intensity factor of the main crack,and the influence is different with the different location of disturbing crack.The study of the interaction of multiple cracks under different interference factors and the influence of disturbing cracks on the main crack can provide some reference for future engineering applications.     

Accurate evaluation of fracture parameters for a surface-cracked tubular T-joint taking welding residual stress into account

An efficient numerical analysis procedure based on FEM was implemented for evaluating the effect of welding residual stress (WRS) on mixed-mode stress intensity factors (MM-SIFs) for a non-planar surface-cracked tubular T-joint with a rounded weld toe. A multi-pass welding simulation was carried out using real welding conditions by means of an effective in-house welding simulation code. A fully compatible 3D finite element mesh generation system was implemented to model non-planar perpendicular surface-cracked tubular T-joints with rounded weld toes. The adequacy of the mesh generation system was verified with the reference solutions. A fully automated mapping code was developed to assign the six components of the simulated WRS to each element face over the crack surface. A developed fracture approach was employed to accurately compute MM-SIFs resulting from WRS in which normal and shear components of WRS were considered. MM-SIFs were calculated carefully for several surface cracks with different shapes under different loading conditions. The behavior of MM-SIF solutions resulting from the combination of external load and WRS was influenced significantly by the behavior of those produced due to WRS only. In addition, the value of the computed SIFs resulting from the combination of external load and WRS was almost doubled for mode-I SIF compared to those obtained by external load only and WRS only especially near the crack end locations. The behavior of the calculated fracture parameters was also discussed.     

基于裂纹扩展的海洋平台疲劳可靠性分析

文章基于裂纹疲劳基本理论,针对在役导管架平台出现初始裂纹状态下结构承载力进行分析,考虑结构损伤与腐蚀等因素,建立了典型导管架平台整体结构模型和局部子模型,分析了在该工况下平台整体结构的疲劳强度,并确定了平台结构的疲劳关键部位。采用几何应力外插法计算了热点应力,基于疲劳裂纹扩展的疲劳分析方法,计算了疲劳关键节点的疲劳寿命与疲劳可靠度。该方法能够为海洋平台结构的维护和保养提供一定参考。     

Novel hot spot stress calculations for welded joints using 3D solid finite elements

This paper presents a novel numerical method through which less mesh-sensitive local stress calculations can be achieved based on the 3D solid finite element, adhering strictly to the original definition of hot spot stress. The traction stress, which is defined at 0.5t and 1.5t away from the weld toe, was calculated using either a force equivalent or work equivalent approach, both of which are based on the internal nodal forces on the imaginary cut planes. To confirm the validity of the proposed method, 5 typical welded joints widely used in ships and offshore structures were analyzed using 5 different solid element types and 4 different mesh sizes. Finally, the methodology was applied to the more complicated pontoon-column connection part of a semi-submersible RIG under a realistic wave load, and the performance of the proposed method was compared with the traditionally used surface stress extrapolation method.     

The effect of weld residual stress on fracture toughness at the intersection of two welding lines of offshore tubular structure

Due to the spatial complexity and fabrication characteristics of offshore platforms, it is inevitable to encounter overlaps or proximity of weld lines in tubular joints. Several international standards such as American Petroleum Institute (API), American Welding Society (AWS), and American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) regulate the minimum distance between primary weld beads; however, any logical and detailed background of this limitation has not been presented. For a non-compliant weld joint where the regulation is not met, fracture toughness calculation is a typical index to verify the structural integrity.This research consists of two parts. First, weld residual stress distributions are calculated by a 3D thermo-mechanical nonlinear Finite Element Analysis. Two crossing welds, a T-weld crossing on a butt weld, are simulated in one model. A separate tee and a butt welding simulations are also performed for a comparative purpose. Second, SIFs and J-integral values are calculated at the surface and deepest crack tip locations for four different types of semi-elliptical surface cracks. Four cracks are embedded into the weld model and the residual stress distribution from the 3D thermo-mechanical FEA are mapped to a 3D FE crack model as initial conditions. An additional axial tensile load is also imposed. SIF values are compared with those using the weighting function method for the butt weld model subject to three load cases, i.e., tensile stress only, weld residual stress only, and both of them. From the simulation, a tubular joint containing a chord girth weld intersected with weld beads of brace is found to show lower the SIF values than that having only a girth weld on chord.