超声冲击处理对5083铝合金焊接接头残余应力的影响

为了分析5083铝合金焊接接头残余应力分布和减少铝合金焊接接头残余拉应力,采用超声冲击处理技术对焊接接头进行处理,使用X射线衍射仪测试焊接接头冲击前后表面的残余应力.结果表明:纵向残余应力在焊缝起点和终点附近趋于零应力状态,中间稳定区为较大的拉应力;在近焊缝中心两侧为较大的拉应力,远离焊缝的两端为较小的压应力.经过超声冲击处理后的焊接接头,冲击区域的残余应力由较大的拉应力转变为压应力,随着冲击强度的增加,冲击区域表面的压应力也逐渐增大,当冲击强度大于2.0 s/cm~2后,冲击产生的压应力值最终在220 MPa处波动;只冲击焊趾也可以降低焊趾和焊缝的残余应力,但与全覆盖冲击相比,焊缝的残余应力下降程度较小;随着抛光深度的增加,超声冲击引入的压应力逐渐减小,在抛光深度达到2 mm后,冲击后的焊缝残余应力和未冲击处理的残余应力保持一致.     

高强钢锥柱结合壳焊接残余应力的数值模拟和试验研究

高强度钢在船舶生产建造过程中已得到广泛应用.高强钢的焊接常常伴随着较大的焊接残余应力,直接影响到船体结构的安全及使用寿命.文章首先基于有限元分析软件ANSYS,利用其APDL语言开发了相应的焊接程序,对高强钢锥柱结合壳模型凸锥处环焊缝的焊接过程进行模拟,得到焊接残余应力的大小和分布;然后采用X射线无损检测方法对焊缝区域进行残余应力测量.结果表明:数值模拟结果与试验测量值是相吻合的,在焊缝焊趾处存在着较大的焊接残余应力,在熔合线外,随着距焊缝中心线距离的增加残余应力值迅速下降.     

厚板多层多道对接焊残余应力轮廓法测量及热-弹-塑性有限元分析

船体外板结构多采用多层多道焊工艺建造,焊接产生的残余应力复杂,易导致焊接结构断裂和疲劳失效.本文采用轮廓法与基于并行计算技术的热-弹-塑性有限元研究Q235厚板多层多道对接接头内部残余应力分布及其变化过程,预测结果与测量结果吻合较好.预测结果表明,纵向残余应力在焊缝区为拉应力,沿接头宽度方向逐渐减小最终转变为压应力,正面焊缝中部区域拉应力值明显降低;横向残余应力在焊缝区上表面及背面填充处为拉应力,沿接头宽度方向逐渐降低,在正面焊缝中部区域为压应力;Z向残余应力主要存在于焊缝区,正面焊缝以压应力为主,背面焊缝以拉应力为主.厚板多层多道焊接过程中,残余应力变化是由于后一道焊缝对已焊的焊缝起到热处理作用导致的,焊缝接头残余应力分布由最后一道焊缝决定.     

锥柱结构焊接残余应力及超声冲击消除的研究

随着高强钢潜艇锥柱结构的广泛应用,影响结构性能的焊接残余应力的测量和残余应力消除的技术备受关注。采用X射线衍射技术对高强钢潜艇锥柱结构内外壳的轴向焊接残余应力进行无损检测。内壳轴向残余应力的分布在焊缝两侧呈双峰形态,均为拉应力,而后随着与焊缝距离的增加,残余应力快速降低;而外壳轴向残余应力在锥端焊趾部分达到最大残余压应力值。还进行了超声冲击消除焊接残余应力前后的对比试验。试验结果表明,超声冲击处理对降低焊缝及近焊缝区的残余应力有很大的益处,残余拉应力经冲击处理后转变为对疲劳强度有利的较大幅值的压应力。     

高强度钢典型焊接接头参数对残余应力的影响

随着深海耐压结构下潜深度不断加大,高强度钢应用越来越广泛。高强度钢对焊接残余应力较为敏感,会对深海耐压结构的疲劳强度产生不利的影响。本文基于焊接热力学理论,利用Ansys的APDL编程语言对高强度钢耐压壳典型焊接接头模型的焊接残余应力进行数值模拟,得出焊接残余应力分布,并与无损检测结果进行对比,结果显示耐压壳典型焊接接头模型数值模拟结果与试验测量结果趋势基本一致。在此基础上研究材料属性及边界条件对耐压壳典型焊接接头焊接残余应力的影响。结果显示:焊缝附近区域存在较大的残余应力,凸面主要是压应力,凹面以拉应力为主;随着与焊缝中心线距离的增大焊接残余应力的值会降低;改变材料属性和边界条件后,耐压壳典型焊接接头模型焊接残余应力幅值会发生变化,并在焊缝附近区域表现更为明显。本文研究结果可为高强度钢水下耐压结构的安全性研究提供相关理论基础。     

锥柱耐压壳典型焊接接头残余应力研究

高强度钢材料对焊接残余应力非常敏感,显著影响了高强度钢锥柱耐压壳结构的安全可靠性及使用寿命,有必要针对这类壳体典型焊接接头的残余应力进行分析研究。本文首先基于有限元软件ANSYS的参数化语言APDL开发相应的焊接模拟程序,对高强度钢锥柱耐压壳典型焊接接头模型的焊接过程进行数值模拟,得到其焊接残余应力的应力水平及分布规律;然后采用X射线无损检测方法测量焊缝区域的残余应力。结果显示：焊缝附近区域存在较大焊接残余应力,其值随着与焊缝中心线距离的增加而迅速降低,数值模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合。     

Ti80耐压球壳赤道焊缝残余应力研究

钛合金因其优良的性能得到广泛应用,其材料的焊接特点及其结构在使用过程中的安全可靠性问题也越来越引起人们的关注,目前钛合金已成为载人深潜器耐压球壳的首选材料.本文首先对Ti80对接焊厚板残余应力进行了数值模拟以及X射线无损检测试验研究,在得到数值模拟结果后将其与试验测量值进行对比,结果吻合较好,即Ti80对接焊厚板表面横向残余拉应力呈现不对称双峰;焊缝中心线上的纵向残余拉应力较大;焊缝处沿板厚方向的内部横向残余应力和垂向残余应力在近上下表面处均为拉应力,且横向残余应力高于垂向残余应力,沿板厚方向均呈现拉应力-压应力-拉应力趋势.然后基于热弹塑性有限元分析方法,对Ti80耐压球壳赤道焊缝焊接残余应力进行数值模拟研究,得到赤道焊缝表面残余应力和内部残余应力分布规律.结果显示:Ti80耐压球壳内壳表面有较大的残余拉应力;纵向残余拉应力大于横向残余拉应力;球壳外表面有较大的横向残余压应力,而纵向残余应力为拉应力.     

大型核电厚壁结构X射线衍射法残余应力测试

采用X射线衍射法（ XRD）对大型核电厚壁结构堆芯板端面、堆芯板与吊篮筒体环焊缝焊前焊后残余应力进行无损测量。研究堆芯板端面、环焊缝焊前焊后残余应力的分布情况及变化规律。结果表明：堆芯板焊前残余应力主要是机加工应力,且焊接过程对其残余应力影响不大;1＃和2＃堆芯板环焊缝轴向残余应力分布趋势明显,呈现焊缝为压应力,母材为拉应力;测试的环向应力在各区域分布不一致;焊接对远离焊缝区域的应力没有影响,远离焊缝区域呈现较大的加工应力。     

JU2000E自升式钻井平台桩腿TKY节点 焊接残余应力分析

Ju2000E自升式钻井平台的桩腿TKY节点由于焊接结构复杂，各构件采用高强度大厚板，焊缝多且不规则，焊接残余应力分布复杂，对其评估焊接残余应力非常困难。如今焊接残余应力表面测量配合应力计算是最有效的方法，本文采用一系列的高效计算方法实现了桩腿TKY节点焊接残余应力的高效计算，并通过X衍射法和小孔法验证了计算的可靠性，同时通过计算机模拟软件建立的三维实体模型分析了该结构的应力分布特征。计算结果表明，整个模拟件各方向的峰值拉应力出现在半圆板焊接区域表层，特别是焊趾位置呈现较大的应力集中，而焊缝材料的屈服强度相对半圆板材料屈服强度低，故焊缝区域的各方向拉应力幅值稍低于半圆板焊接区域；整个模拟件各焊缝区域从外到内部的等效应力呈现300-600MPa的较大应力，靠近半圆板的焊趾位置出现较大应力集中，等效应力达到600MPa以上。     

锥柱耐压壳高强度钢典型焊接接头残余应力研究

锥柱耐压壳常采用高强度钢建造,高强度钢对焊接残余应力较为敏感,因此有必要针对耐压结构典型焊接接头的残余应力进行研究。本文基于热弹塑性相关理论,采用Ansys的APDL语言编制焊接残余应力数值模拟程序。研究板厚、板宽、锥角以及焊接速度、焊喉温度对典型焊接接头轴向焊接残余应力的影响。研究表明:锥柱耐压壳凹面焊趾附近区域残余拉应力较大,应作为疲劳强度研究的重点区域。板厚和焊喉温度对残余拉应力的影响较残余压应力大;板宽和锥角对残余拉、压应力影响均较大。本文的研究可以控制焊接残余应力和优化焊接加工工艺,并为后续耐压结构疲劳强度的研究奠定相关理论基础。     

不同焊接顺序下加筋板变形及残余应力的三维有限元研究

针对焊接过程的二维有限元计算与实际情况存在一定差别的问题，使用三维热弹-塑性有限元法对不同焊接顺序下加筋板焊接过程进行了仿真，获得了加筋板焊接引起的温度场、位移场和应力场。结果表明：在4点约束条件下，加筋板横截面的变形为中垂变形，纵筋的变形为中拱变形，方案1横截面变形更小，方案2纵筋变形更小。焊接引起的加筋板残余应力主要表现为横向应力，其在近焊缝区为拉应力，达到材料屈服强度，远离焊缝区表现为压应力，达到0.2倍材料屈服强度。加强筋横向应力峰值出现在起弧端和收弧端，约为0.85倍材料屈服强度，纵向应力峰值出现在焊接起弧端，约为0.3倍材料屈服强度。在加筋板横截面位置，焊接顺序主要影响加强筋处的残余应力；在加强筋位置，焊接顺序主要影响纵向应力。每组焊缝同时同向焊接，且每根纵筋从左向右依次焊接的焊接方案产生更小的残余应力。     

Prediction of residual stresses induced by low transformation temperature weld wires and its validation using the contour method

Welding residual stresses are one of the main factors influencing the engineering properties of welded structures, and should be taken into account during designing and manufacturing products such as ships, bridges, etc. Recently, both computational and experimental methods play a significant role for providing residual stresses. The contour method (CM) became one of the most powerful techniques that can provide measurement of residual stresses normal to a plane of interest. In this method a component is cut at any plane of interest. Displacements normal to the cut surface are measured and then processed. Using the Thermal–Elastic–Plastic Finite Element Method (TEP-FEM), residual stresses after welding can be predicted. As well as, the elastic FEM can be used to reproduce residual stresses from measured longitudinal displacements in the CM.The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of different low transformation temperature (LTT) weld wires using TEP-FEM and the CM. In the simulation part, a computational approach is developed to numerically simulate both of welding and the CM. In the TEP-FEM, phase transformation is considered for LTT welds, additionally volume change and variation of mechanical properties with temperature are considered. In the simulated CM, welded specimens to be measured are replaced by TEP-FE models. Then the procedure of the CM is examined before applying it to real measurements. The simulated CM successfully predicted how the CM would reconstruct the residual stresses if applied experimentally. In the experimental part, welding is conducted using conventional and various LTT weld wires. Longitudinal residual stresses produced due to welding are measured using the CM. The results of TEP-FE simulation and the CM show the effectiveness of the different LTT weld wires in introducing compressive stresses in the weld. It is also observed that the applied LTT weld wires, which have almost the same martensitic transformation start temperatures, do not show big difference in the induced compressive residual stresses in the weld metal.     

超声冲击消除高强钢焊接残余应力的数值模拟研究

焊接残余应力会对结构的力学特性带来不利的影响,而超声冲击能较有效地消除大型焊接结构残余拉应力,起到大幅增加结构疲劳强度的作用。该文首先采用热弹塑性方法对超声冲击前的高强钢平板焊接残余应力进行分析,然后采用瞬态动力学方法对焊接残余应力的超声冲击消除进行三维仿真研究,最后对超声冲击前后残余应力的数值计算结果与试验结果进行对比分析研究。由分析结果可知:超声冲击前高强钢平板焊缝附近存在较大的残余拉应力,呈双峰分布;超声冲击后较大的残余拉应力转化为残余压应力;数值模拟结果与试验结果相一致。并且,平板厚度方向的应力经过超声冲击后表现为应力的均匀化。文中研究结果可为高强钢大型焊接结构超声冲击消除残余应力进行合理评估和后续进行相关力学特性研究提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

热处理对800 MPa级钛合金对接焊平板残余应力影响的数值模拟

钛合金具有高强耐蚀、易焊等优质性能,广泛用于潜艇、深潜器等潜水器的受力构件及耐压耐蚀壳体。在焊接过程中,会不可避免的产生焊接残余应力,较大的焊接残余应力会影响焊接结构的安全性能,而焊后热处理能够有效减少焊接残余应力。本文首先采用数值模拟的方法对TC4对接焊平板热处理前后的残余应力进行计算,通过与试验结果进行对比研究,验证有限元数值模拟的合理性;然后采用该数值模拟方法研究Ti80对接焊平板多层多道焊的整个焊接过程以及焊后热处理方法。结果表明,焊后Ti80对接焊平板表面具有较大横向和纵向残余拉应力,通过热处理工艺后,残余拉应力得到明显降低。因此,通过焊后热处理方法可以在很大程度上降低对焊接结构力学性能可能产生的不利影响的残余拉应力。     

Residual stresses at a longitudinal stiffener — Web frame intersection and their effects on crack growth

Stress coining at geometrical discontinuities may introduce compressive residual stresses which will lower the propagation of surface cracks and thus increase the fatigue life. In a non-linear finite element analysis, the residual stresses after welding of a transverse web-frame to a ship hull plating is first estimated. Stress coining of one corner of a longitudinal cut-out in a transverse web-frame is then simulated in detail. The calculated residual compressive tangential stresses in the corner of the cut-out is seen to lower the propagation of edge cracks. Experiments performed on web-frames taken from a shipyard after manufacturing show indeed that large tensile residual stresses exist in the web-frame after welding. Stress coining is therefore believed to have a beneficial effect on the fatigue life.     

Size effect on residual stress in low transformation temperature welded joints

It has been reported that low transformation temperature (LTT) weld metals are beneficial to generation of compressive residual stress around weld zone. In this study, the relationship among residual stress, size effect of LTT welded joints with different plate width and thickness as well as martensite start (Ms) temperatures was investigated by experimental and finite-element analysis. It was found that heat dissipation and thermal expansion coefficient of LTT weld metal had a significant impact on residual stress. Welded joint with a small plate width led to greater compressive residual stresses in the LTT weld, which was due to the lower heat dissipation and smaller thermal expansion coefficient of the LTT weld metal in due course of cooling process. Additionally, the finite-element analysis revealed that increasing plate width mainly affected the longitudinal residual stress, while increasing the plate thickness influenced all the residual stress components in the LTT weld. Furthermore, the LTT weld with a lower Ms temperature of 191 °C resulted in greater compressive residual stresses, and was less sensitive to the LTT joint size, as against the Ms temperature of 398 °C.     

基于强化散热的焊后冷源宽度对焊接残余应力的影响

鉴于冷源长度方向尺寸对焊趾位置残余应力峰值的影响不大，本文着重分析冷源宽度方向尺寸对焊后残余应力的影响。本文利用干冰作为焊后冷源介质跟随焊枪同步运动，基于热弹塑性有限元方法，对AH36高强钢薄板随焊激冷的焊接方法进行了模拟。分析了冷源相对于焊缝的宽窄关系对随焊激冷控制残余应力的影响，从而可以对干冰的喷嘴形状设计进行指导，以优化焊后冷源控制应力应变的效果，推进“低应力无变形”焊接技术在船舶领域的发展与应用。结果表明，在焊后施加冷源可以达到降低低应力无变形的效果。其中，在所施加焊后冷源宽度较焊缝宽的情况下，较其他两种宽度冷源控制应力与变形的效果更佳，板中心纵向残余应力可由常规焊的484Mpa减少到375Mpa，减少了109Mpa。     

The effect of weld residual stress on fracture toughness at the intersection of two welding lines of offshore tubular structure

Due to the spatial complexity and fabrication characteristics of offshore platforms, it is inevitable to encounter overlaps or proximity of weld lines in tubular joints. Several international standards such as American Petroleum Institute (API), American Welding Society (AWS), and American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) regulate the minimum distance between primary weld beads; however, any logical and detailed background of this limitation has not been presented. For a non-compliant weld joint where the regulation is not met, fracture toughness calculation is a typical index to verify the structural integrity.This research consists of two parts. First, weld residual stress distributions are calculated by a 3D thermo-mechanical nonlinear Finite Element Analysis. Two crossing welds, a T-weld crossing on a butt weld, are simulated in one model. A separate tee and a butt welding simulations are also performed for a comparative purpose. Second, SIFs and J-integral values are calculated at the surface and deepest crack tip locations for four different types of semi-elliptical surface cracks. Four cracks are embedded into the weld model and the residual stress distribution from the 3D thermo-mechanical FEA are mapped to a 3D FE crack model as initial conditions. An additional axial tensile load is also imposed. SIF values are compared with those using the weighting function method for the butt weld model subject to three load cases, i.e., tensile stress only, weld residual stress only, and both of them. From the simulation, a tubular joint containing a chord girth weld intersected with weld beads of brace is found to show lower the SIF values than that having only a girth weld on chord.