不同来源生物柴油对柴油机燃油系统中T2纯铜腐蚀性能的影响

采用常温浸泡的方法,研究T2纯铜在不同来源生物柴油(菜籽油、玉米油、大豆油)和0号柴油中的腐蚀性能.浸泡672 h后对试样的腐蚀速率、C和O百分比含量、表面析出物以及电化学稳定性进行了研究.结果表明,T2纯铜在3种生物柴油中的腐蚀速率均高于柴油,生物柴油中的脂肪酸甲酯中羰基的存在是导致金属表面析出物增加的主要原因.3种...     

柴油机燃用生物柴油和柴油混合燃料的试验研究

在ZS1100直喷式柴油机上进行了燃用生物柴油和柴油混合燃料与燃用0号柴油的对比试验研究。结果表明,柴油机燃用混合燃料的碳烟排放优于燃用0号柴油,燃油消秏率略高于燃用柴油,最大功率、最大扭矩、怠速稳定性与燃用柴油相当,表明生物柴油是柴油机一种理想的替代燃料。     

A Study on the Corrosion / Swelling Performances of Engine Fuel Pipe with Oxygenated Fuels

在常温浸泡672h的过程中,研究燃油管在乙醇、生物柴油、碳酸二甲脂和0#柴油中的腐蚀溶胀性能.结果表明,油管在乙醇中浸泡后的质量变化率最小,在生物柴油和碳酸二甲脂中浸泡后外径的变化率均大于柴油.在柴油、乙醇和生物柴油浸泡后油管的硬度降低.在乙醇中浸泡后油管表面出现喷霜,且随时间增长而加剧.在3种含氧燃料中乙醇对燃油管的腐蚀性最强.相似相溶和溶剂性是造成油管质量、外径和外观变化的主要原因;橡胶在不同溶液中溶胀度的差异是造成油管硬度变化的根本原因.     

乳化柴油对金属的兼容性研究

研究了乳化柴油理化特性对金属的影响,并在常温(12℃左右)和恒温(38℃)两种条件下对柴油机上常用的4种金属(钢、铝、黄铜、紫铜)进行了不同配比的乳化柴油浸泡试验.分析结果表明:常温和恒温下乳化柴油对45号钢和铝的腐蚀影响很小;在常温下乳化柴油对黄铜和紫铜影响较大,恒温下影响较小.在实际应用过程中要注意乳化柴油的温度和...     

增压中冷柴油机燃用F-T柴油的燃烧波动特性分析

为了分析柴油机燃用F-T柴油的燃烧波动特性,在增压中冷直喷柴油机上对燃用F-T柴油和0号柴油的中高转速和负荷工况进行了对比试验研究。研究表明:在同一工况下,与0号柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油的燃烧始点较早,燃烧压力峰值较低,压力波动幅值较小;对燃烧压力进行频谱分析可以看出,F-T柴油的燃烧压力波动一阶主频率小于0号柴油的主频率,两种燃料的一阶主频率均随转速的增加而增大,随着负荷的增加有降低的趋势,且负荷对F-T柴油的影响较0号柴油更加显著。从燃烧振动噪声源的角度考虑,燃用F-T柴油有利于降低柴油机的燃烧噪声和缸内燃烧时的爆发冲击载荷。     

柴油机掺烧生物柴油NO_x和Soot排放控制研究

对柴油机燃用生物柴油-0号柴油混合燃料的NO_x和Soot排放特性进行了仿真研究。在柴油机参数不作任何改变的情况下燃用体积分数分别为10%,20%,30%,40%和50%的生物柴油混合燃料,与原机的NO_x和Soot排放特性进行对比。研究表明:随着混合燃料中生物柴油体积分数的增加,柴油机Soot排放降低,NO_x排放增大。EGR的引入使柴油机NO_x排放降低,同时也使Soot排放增加。在1 800r/min中低负荷工况下,大比例生物柴油-0号柴油混合燃料应用于柴油机时,可通过调节EGR率使得柴油机NO_x和Soot排放都控制到与原机相当。     

基于小角X散射的生物柴油/柴油颗粒物结构的分析

采用同步辐射的小角X射线(SAXS)研究了常温常压下柴油(B0)、生物柴油(B100)及其调和油(B50)燃烧后生成颗粒物的结构特征。根据3种不同燃油的散射强度曲线,用Porod曲线、Guinier曲线分析了颗粒物的回转半径、平均粒径和平均界面厚度。结果表明:生物柴油和柴油的最大散射强度出现在小散射角范围内,随着生成生物柴油比例的增大,散射强度增大。B0、B50和B100的回转半径分别是18.5、13和10nm;B0、B50和B100的平均直径分别是48nm、34nm和26nm。3种燃油的Porod曲线都呈负偏离,说明颗粒物存在界面层。测量结果与扫描电镜测试一致。     

展望生物柴油技术的市场前景

生物柴油是生物质能的一种形式,其主要成份为通过动植物油脂转化而来的高级脂肪酸的低碳烷基酯混合物,以其物化性能与石化柴油相近,并可以直接代替石化柴油或与普通石化柴油以任意比例互溶代替石化柴油使用而得名。由于得自于动植物油脂的生物柴油与得自于石油的石化柴油相比,生物柴油具有环境友好、在使用过程中降低有害废弃物排放等多方面环保优点,加之占世界能源消耗量40%的石油因资源量极为有限,造成原油和燃料油市场价格巨幅波动,生物柴油作为一种优质生物质可再生能源,自二十世纪九十年代以来在世界范围内形成了研究开发热潮,并已经形成快速发展的产业。本文的仅对生物柴油化学生产技术及其经济发展作一些浅谈。     

生物柴油氛围下柴油机燃油系统中铜金属的腐蚀机理研究

为研究生物柴油对发动机燃油供给系统的腐蚀性,通过配制不同比例的混合燃料,对燃油供给系统中大量采用的铜质油管(紫铜T2和黄铜HSn70)进行模拟腐蚀试验,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜对腐蚀表面进行观察,对比分析了HSn70T2在腐蚀前后的质量变化、表面形貌变化规律.结果表明,生物柴油的比例越高,其腐蚀性越大.生物柴油的混合燃...     

酯类含氧燃料组分对柴油机燃烧与排放特性的影响研究

为了进一步研究生物柴油和碳酸二甲酯（DMC）在柴油中的调配比例对柴油机性能的影响,在体积比90％的柴油中分别掺混10％生物柴油、10％DMC及5％生物柴油与5％DMC的混合物,连同柴油组成B10,D10,B5D5和柴油4种燃料,考察了不同含氧燃料对柴油机燃烧过程、经济性和排放性的影响。结果表明,3种含氧燃料对柴油机缸内最高燃烧压力和压力升高率峰值影响不大,B10的放热峰值略有降低,而DMC的加入使B5D5和D10的放热峰值明显升高。DMC造成的着火延迟效应要比同比例生物柴油造成的着火提前效应更明显。B10和D10的当量燃油消耗率与柴油基本相当,但B5D5的当量燃油消耗率略有降低。发动机燃用B10时,除NOx在全负荷时升高7．9％外,CO,HC和炭烟排放相对有所降低;而混合燃料中DMC的引入虽不利于HC和CO的氧化,但可同时降低烟度和NOx排放。     

生物柴油发动机润滑油氧化衰变特性模拟研究

在柴油机油中分别加入不同比例的生物柴油和矿物柴油,通过高温氧化试验对柴油机油的氧化过程进行了模拟。结果显示,加有生物柴油的柴油机油与加有矿物柴油的柴油机油相比,前者氧化后黏度和酸值较高,正戊烷不溶物较多,碱值下降较明显,表明生物柴油比矿物柴油更易促进柴油机油氧化衰变。     

重型柴油机燃用不同柴油替代燃料的性能研究

对乖型柴油机燃用纯柴油、体积混合比例为1:9的天然气合成油(GTL柴油)与柴油混合燃料(G10)、体积混合比例为1:9的生物柴油与柴油混合燃料(BD10)、纯GTL柴油(G100)及纯牛物柴油(BD100)5种燃料的动力性、经济性及燃烧特性进行了研究.结果表明,BD10、G10与纯柴油有相似的燃烧特性,额定转速F G100的缸内工作压力增大,BD100的缸内工作压力显著降低;G10油耗较之BD10降低2.43%,功率较之BD10平均高2.78%;与燃用纯柴油的油耗相比,G100平均降低2.62%,BD100平均高出13%;除NOx排放外,生物柴油在降低CO、HC、PM的排放上均有所改善.     

柴油替代燃料经济性分析

对柴油及生物柴油、二甲醚(DME),F—T柴油(天然气合成)等石化柴油替代燃料的理化特性、排放进行了比较,并进行了经济性分析。结果表明,在生产规模一定的情况下,原料成本是影响柴油替代燃料经济竞争力的主要因素。与石化柴油比较,以废弃食用油或泔脚油为原料的生物柴油,以天然气和煤为原料的DME以及以天然气为原料的F—T柴油具有经济竞争力。     

Reaction characteristics of the diesel oxidation catalyst of particulate matters from the diffusion flame of a oiler burner

The objective of this experimental study is to investigate the characteristics of the size distribution and the number concentration of PM (particulate matters) emitted from the diffusion flame of a boiler burner, which has the same type of combustion as a diesel engine. This study is performed to investigate the emission characteristics of nanoparticles generated from diffusion combustion in diesel fuel, and it considered fuel factors and the reaction characteristics of the nanoparticles on the DOC (Diesel oxidation catalyst). The factors examined in this experiment included the sulfur content in the fuel, the blend of the diesel fuel containing biodiesel and bio-ethanol, and the concentration of engine oil (0.1% and 1.0%) blended with diesel fuel. The particle size distribution of the nanoparticles exhausted from the boiler burner was measured by an SMPS (scanning mobility particle sizer). The number concentration of PM that were smaller than 70 nm in diameter greatly increased in the rear of the DOC when fuel containing 250 ppm of sulfur was used. The experiment also suggested that the particle number concentration in both the front and rear of the DOC was lower when ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) fuel blended with biodiesel and bio-ethanol, which are oxygenated fuels, was used than when only ULSD fuel was used. The higher the content of engine oil in the fuel, the higher the particle number concentration was in the front and rear of the catalyst. When the first dilution air temperature is increased from 30°C to 180°C, the nanoparticle number concentration dramatically dropped in the rear of the catalyst when fuel containing 250 ppm of sulfur was used, while the particle size distribution remained almost the same when the fuel with engine oil was used.     

Cold performance of various biodiesel fuel blends at low temperature

This study examines the cold performance of biodiesel blends in a passenger car and a light duty truck at −16 °C and −20 °C. Six different types of biodiesels derived from soybean oil, waste cooking oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil and jatropha oil were blended with different volume ratios (B5 (5 vol. % biodiesel — 95 vol. % diesel), B10 and B20). The cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and the cloud point had an effect on the startability and driveability of both the passenger car and the light duty truck. The startability and driveability of the passenger car with all biodiesel blends (B5) were generally good at −20 °C. In the light duty truck, biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) of soybean, waste cooking, rapeseed and jatropha tended to be good at −20 °C in the startability and driveability tests than the biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) of cottonseed and palm. In particular, the palm biodiesel blend (B10) failed at −20 °C, and the palm biodiesel blend (B20) also failed at −16 °C in the startability test. The cold flow properties of biodiesel dictate that the length of the hydrocarbon chains and the presence of unsaturated structures significantly affect the low temperature properties of biodiesel.     

Influence of turpentine addition in Jatropha biodiesel on CI engine performance,combustion and exhaust emissions

The prospect of using turpentine oil as an additive for Jatropha biodiesel and using it as an alternative fuel for diesel in CI engines has been experimented in this work. Tests were carried out in a single cylinder, air cooled, constant speed, direct injection diesel engine. The results display that the performance of Jatropha-Mineral Turpentine (JMT) and Jatropha- Wood Turpentine (JWT) blends were found close to diesel, emission features were enhanced and combustion parameters were noticed to be comparable with diesel. Brake thermal efficiency of JMT20 blend found closer to diesel at 75 % load. BSFC increases for JMT and JWT blends at part load and maintains at full load. CO, HC and Smoke emissions were reduced with JMT and JWT blends at 75 % load. NOx emissions were on the raise. Furthermore, JMT and JWT blends offered comparable performance and combustion parameters, reduced emissions and both can substitute standard diesel in CI engines.     

柴油机燃用麻疯树油甲酯的氮氧化物排放特性

研究了柴油机燃用麻疯树油甲酯的NOx排放特性。以1台轻型车用直喷式柴油机为试验样机,分别燃用6种不同生物柴油掺混比例的混合燃油,研究总的NOx排放以及NO,NO2,N2O等NOx主要组分的排放特性。结果表明,燃用各种混合燃油的NOx排放曲线形态较为接近,低负荷时差异较小,随负荷增加,排放差异增大。NOx排放以NO和NO2为主,NO排放随着负荷上升而增加,NO在总NOx排放中始终占有最高比例。NO2排放也占有相当比例,在低负荷时较高,随着负荷增大浓度降低,大负荷高温不利于NO2的生成。N2O排放量极低,在中低负荷时有一定生成量,高负荷N2O排放几乎为0,缸内稀燃低温有利于N2O排放的生成。在同一稳定工况下,随生物柴油混合比的提高,NOx,NO,NO2比排放量呈线性增加,N2O比排放量呈线性降低。发动机燃烧生物柴油后,NOx及其组分NO,NO2和N2O的排放量发生改变,而各自的排放变化规律并未发生变化。     

生物柴油—柴油混合燃料喷雾液滴尺寸数目分布的理论预测

运用最大熵原理和质量守恒定律导出的喷雾液滴尺寸分布函数,建立了生物柴油—柴油混合燃料的喷雾液滴尺寸分布模型,对柴油、生物柴油—柴油混合燃料进行了模拟计算,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,燃料黏度增大,喷雾锥角变小,索特平均直径增大,计算数据与试验数据吻合很好。     

柴油机在高原地区燃用混合燃料的试验研究

在高原地区对1台4100QB—2柴油机燃用生物柴油与柴油不同掺混比的混合燃料进行了台架试验。分析了混合燃料的物性,根据其物性和掺混比计算出当量燃油消耗率。对比分析了柴油机燃用混合燃料的有效热效率、机械效率和负荷特性。试验结果表明,在高原地区,柴油中加入体积比为10%~30%的生物柴油,柴油机的经济性有明显改善。     

Empirical approach for predicting the cetane number of biodiesel

The cetane number is an indicator of ignition quality and thus of fuel quality in the realm of diesel engines. It is conceptually similar to the octane number used for gasoline. Generally, a compound that has a high octane number tends to have a low cetane number and vice versa. The cetane number of a diesel fuel is related to the ignition delay time. In our work the first approach is a statistical one the accuracy of which depends upon the data obtained from various papers and literature sources, as all equations used were based on this data. During prediction using more than one equation is a good approach, as it provides the accuracy as well as the relative error. The second approach is also a statistical one, but its value depends upon the saponification number and iodine value. Therefore the accuracy of this equation may be higher, since we can collect the data for saponification numbers and iodine values from literature, without needing to calculate them. Using the saponification number and iodine value we can select an optimal biodiesel as generally a good biodiesel is selected using these three values. Thus the second approach allows us the freedom to select a biodiesel.