遇水膨胀类止水材料在地下工程中的应用

文章详细论述了橡胶及膨润土两大类遇水膨胀材料在土建工程中的应用情况,诸如膨胀橡胶在盾构法隧道管片所设弹性橡胶密封垫中的应用,膨润土止水条在现浇混凝土施工缝中的应用.文中所介绍的防水材料的性能特点和防水效果可供工程技术人员参考.     

软弱地层中大断面矩形盾构法隧道密封垫防水性能试验研究

矩形盾构法隧道具有空间使用率高,可进行浅覆土、长距离曲线掘进施工的特点,为地下连接通道的建设提供了新的建设方法,具有广泛的应用前景。以上海虹桥临空11-3地块地下连接通道工程为背景,结合矩形盾构法隧道的变形特点,对工程中所使用的弹性橡胶密封垫开展了防水性能试验。与大深度圆形盾构法隧道相比,矩形盾构法隧道埋深浅,不同于以往追求弹性橡胶密封垫的最大防水能力,本次从弹性橡胶密封垫适应变形的角度开展了相关试验;依据试验结果确定了弹性橡胶密封垫的硬度,工程实践表明隧道防水性能良好。     

山岭隧道围岩流变参数识别及应用研究

依托西康高速公路油房湾小净距隧道工程,对隧道围岩--石灰岩的流变特性进行了试验研究,给出了流变变形特性曲线,建立了能描述油房湾隧道围岩流变变形特征的流变模型.基于流变反演理论,获得了相应模型的弹性性能参数(岩体弹性体积模量、剪切模量和变形模量等)和流变参数及长期弹性模量等.利用反演流变模型及参数,并结合油房湾小净隧道工程地质特点及施工方案进行了三维流变数值模拟分析.结果表明,小净距隧道围岩变形时效特性规律基本符合H-K模型特征,表明基于试验辨识的H-K蠕变模型和反演参数的数值模拟能超前做出科学预测和定量评价,为山岭小间距隧道的设计和施工提供了可靠的参考信息和理论依据.     

基于突变理论的岩溶隧道与隐伏溶洞安全距离分析

在弹性力学基础上,应用突变理论建立了岩溶隧道开挖时掌子面与隐伏溶洞安全距离的非线性-尖点突变模型。将岩梁假设为固支单位宽度的弹性梁和周围固支的弹性圆板力学模型,给出了不同尺寸溶洞与掌子面斜交和正交(溶洞的跨度大于和小于隧道直径)空间状态下的突变理论安全距离计算公式,对隧道掌子面与不同空间状态溶洞安全距离的因素进行了分析研究,结合新建沪昆客专(贵州段)岩溶隧道的工程实例进行分析,分析结果表明:用尖点突变模型描述隧道与不同空间状态下隐伏溶洞安全距离的方法是合理的、有效的,对岩溶隧道的施工建设有指导作用。     

静力作用下沉管隧道三维数值模拟

沉管隧道纵断面结构计算常采用弹性地基梁或弹性地基板法,但这些方法较难真实模拟沉管隧道的受力情况,特别是接头的受力情况。文章以三维实体单元出发,引入适当的假设,对沉管隧道静力作用下的受力、位移,特别是接头受力情况进行了详细的模拟分析,对沉管隧道结构纵向计算做了有益的探索,对类似工程有较强的指导意义。     

周家嘴路越江隧道管片接缝防水技术研究

针对上海周家嘴路越江盾构隧道工程防水要求高、隧道纵向变形大等难点,文章采用有限元数值模拟和试验分析等手段,对盾构隧道管片接缝防水技术进行量化分析和研究,确定了接触面应力和闭合压缩力均符合设计防水要求的弹性密封垫方案,并提出了密封垫防水槽位置优化、减少接缝错台量、加强角部防水能力等防水构造措施。结果表明,该弹性密封垫设计方案合理可行,采取的防水技术措施切实有效。     

高水压盾构隧道管片接缝防水可靠性试验研究

盾构隧道管片衬砌防水至关重要,而在东亚地区大部分盾构隧道都采用单层衬砌,由于没有内衬,则弹性密封垫的可靠性变得更为关键.作者以南京市纬三路过江隧道工程为依托,研制了全新的高水压、全自动三向加载防水性能试验系统,并运用工程实际1∶1的弹性密封垫和混凝土试件,进行了多组密封垫装配力及一字缝、T字缝防水性能试验,从而研究优化出了性能、结构优异的三元乙丙橡胶弹性密封垫断面形式.试验结果表明,密封垫装配力与其防水性能存在很大程度上的相关性;密封垫的硬度、沟槽填充率在不同程度上对密封垫防水性能有直接影响.     

有别于交通隧道的输水隧道设计

本文主要针对上海青草沙水源地长江过江管隧道工程,分析了输水隧道的特点和难点,通过对单层衬砌和双层衬砌结构方案的比选,着重对单层衬砌结构进行了施工、正常运营、检修等各工况的综合分析和计算,提出采用单排环向螺栓、铸铁手孔、双道弹性密封垫等设计,满足输水隧道的功能要求。     

土质浅埋隧道设计基本问题探讨

隧道工程作为特殊的岩土工程,现有资料缺乏对隧底受力变形的研究。土质浅埋隧道由于承载力较低,受力后变形较大,明确其基底承载力及变形机理具有重要的工程实际意义。本研究借用建筑基础设计方法,对隧道基底承载力和变形问题进行了探讨,提出了土质浅埋隧道基底承载力及基于弹性压缩变形的基底变形计算公式。对隧底承载力计算分析结果表明,一般情况下,隧底不存在承载力不足的情况;同时针对隧底不同时期沉降对隧道工程的影响,可采用不同的控制措施:二次衬砌施作前基底沉降不予处理,二次衬砌基底变形采用预留安全空间处理,工后沉降按路基沉降标准控制。     

隧道-洞口滑坡平行体系受力变形模式与计算方法研究北大核心CSCD

我国目前对隧道-滑坡工程的设计尚无可供参照的行业标准,尤其是滑坡洞口段隧道缺少相应的计算理论。文章首先以平行体系中隧道-洞口滑坡为研究对象,通过归纳总结滑坡地段隧道衬砌的病害特征,构建了相应的工程地质模型;然后将剩余滑坡推力视为导致隧道变形破坏的直接原因,通过荷载传递规律得到作用于隧道结构上的附加荷载,将其与围岩压力叠加推导出了隧道外荷载的计算公式;接着采用弹性地基梁理论,推导出滑坡推力作用下的隧道内力计算方法,从而得到隧道-洞口滑坡的受力变形模式及计算理论;最后通过模型试验对其合理性进行了验证分析,结果表明该方法与实际工程相符,能够为滑坡地段洞口隧道的设计提供参考。     

The transit network design problem with elastic demand and internalisation of external costs: An application to rail frequency optimisation

In this paper we examine the transit network design problem under the assumption of elastic demand, focusing on the problem of designing the frequencies of a regional metro. In this problem, investments in transit services have appreciable effects on modal split. Neglecting demand elasticity can lead to solutions that may not represent the actual objectives of the design. We propose four different objective functions that can be adopted to assume demand as elastic, considering the costs of all transportation systems (car, bus and rail) as well as the external costs, and we define the constraints of the problem. Heuristic and meta-heuristic solution algorithms are also proposed. The models and algorithms are tested on a small network and on a real-scale network.     

The impact of metro services on housing prices: a case study from Beijing

Assessment of the impact of metro systems on housing prices is important for financing transport infrastructure via value capture. This paper provides evidence for this relationship, focusing particularly on the effects of metro services, and uses the large city of Beijing, China, as a case study. A spatial error model was applied to 2835 samples of online property sales data obtained in January 2016. Three transport service indicators associated with metro transfers and waiting times were explored: (1) metro headway, (2) access to different metro lines and (3) accessibility to employment opportunities. The results show that areas with more employment opportunities via public transit have higher housing prices than other areas. Shorter metro headways are positively related to housing prices near stations. Housing prices for neighborhoods having access to more than one metro line within 800 m-buffer area are higher than those without access to metro lines, controlling for number of accessible jobs within 30 min. This study sheds light on the importance of metro services on housing prices. It has implications for further research and for the planning policies of metro-dependent cities.

     

盾构施工工程技术人员应具备的能力

文章结合作者在重庆过江隧道、武汉长江隧道、上海地铁、成都地铁、广州地铁、郑州地铁盾构现场施工的经历,以施工现场的事故为例,对从事盾构现场施工的工程技术人员应该具备的能力阐述了自己的看法,可供盾构施工相关技术人员参考。     

上海人民大道过街地道设计施工中的地铁保护措施

基坑工程的实施往往会对周边已建或在建的地铁车站及区间隧道产生影响，针对这一问题，介绍了上海市人民大道过街地道扩建工程中采用的一系列地铁保护、控制区间隧道变形、确保地铁正常运营的技术措施和效果。     

Metro commuters’ satisfaction in multi-type access and egress transferring groups

This paper considers both the access and egress stages as an entire process to analyze the satisfaction levels of commuters with metro commuter journeys. Based on a survey in Nanjing, China, seven intermodal travel groups are employed as targets for this analysis. The groups include Walk–Metro–Walk, Walk–Metro–Bus, Bike–Metro–Walk, Bike–Metro–Bus, Bus–Metro–Walk, Bus–Metro–Bus and Car–Metro–Walk, which are named according to the modes of transportation that are employed for access and egress trips. Binary logit models are developed for each group to identify the main factors of satisfaction level. The results show that access and egress stages serve important but different roles in the seven groups. Facility service qualities in two stages are the primary factors that affect overall satisfaction. The groups with same access or egress modes have significantly different core factors. Access by bike and bike–metro–transit users are concerned with bike parking safety, whereas bike–metro–walk users value parking spaces near metro stations. With two transfers between bus and metro, transit–metro–transit users indicate that the weak point in the access stage is the crowded spaces on buses. However, transit–metro–walk users value bus on-time performance, which is also valued by groups with metro–bus egress transfers. For egress by walking, commuters that use motorized modes for access are concerned with the egress walking environment, whereas users of non-motorized access modes are more concerned with egress walking spaces. The findings of this study are helpful for policy developments than can improve public satisfaction with commutes by urban metro.     

Built environment effects on the integration of dockless bike-sharing and the metro

Bike-sharing provides a convenient feeder mode for connecting to a metro and is believed to be an efficient way to solve the first- and last-mile problem. Despite the increasing attention paid on the use of bike-sharing, few studies have investigated how built environment factors affect the integrated use of dockless bike-sharing (DBS) and the metro. Using data from one of the largest DBS operators in China (Ofo), this paper employed a series of negative binomial regressions to examine the effect of the built environment on the integrated use of DBS and the metro, using Shenzhen as a case study. The findings show that mixed land use is positively related to integrated use. Residential areas have higher access-integrated rates during the morning peak hours, while industrial areas are associated with more integrated uses, connecting factories and metro stations. Furthermore, parks and public squares encourage both access- and egress-integrated use during peak times. Transportation facility features, including bus stops and dedicated bike lanes, are positively related to integrated use, while areas with dense metro distribution and main streets with many intersections are negatively related. Transfer distance also plays a crucial and negative role in integrated use. In addition, metro stations that are closer to the city center with a higher number of passengers are more likely to be integrated with bike-sharing. These findings can be used to collectively facilitate a connection between cycling and metro transit by creating a bicycle-friendly environment.     

Developing Metro Systems in the People’s Republic of China: Policy and Gaps

Rapid urbanization has taken place in China since the Open Policy in 1978. In face of the growing demand for mobility in large cities, new metro systems were developed in large cities like Guangzhou and Shanghai. At present, there are seven cities with 10 metro lines under construction. What are the policy issues and major challenges of developing metro systems in China? This paper systematically reviews the current situation and highlights three major gaps that Chinese cities have to overcome in planning metro systems. They are the technology gap, the financing gap and the affordability gap. A discussion of these gaps in the Chinese context leads us to the conclusion that early planning and careful studies are important in the development of metro systems in China. Moreover, the existing official criteria (population and economic power) for approving the building of metro systems are insufficient and should be supplemented by more vigorous evaluation criteria.     

An integrated Bayesian approach for passenger flow assignment in metro networks

This paper proposes an integrated Bayesian statistical inference framework to characterize passenger flow assignment model in a complex metro network. In doing so, we combine network cost attribute estimation and passenger route choice modeling using Bayesian inference. We build the posterior density by taking the likelihood of observing passenger travel times provided by smart card data and our prior knowledge about the studied metro network. Given the high-dimensional nature of parameters in this framework, we apply the variable-at-a-time Metropolis sampling algorithm to estimate the mean and Bayesian confidence interval for each parameter in turn. As a numerical example, this integrated approach is applied on the metro network in Singapore. Our result shows that link travel time exhibits a considerable coefficient of variation about 0.17, suggesting that travel time reliability is of high importance to metro operation. The estimation of route choice parameters conforms with previous survey-based studies, showing that the disutility of transfer time is about twice of that of in-vehicle travel time in Singapore metro system.     

新建地铁车站零距离下穿既有线区间影响分析

暗挖隧道下穿既有地铁施工,势必会引起既有地铁结构附加变形和差异沉降,影响其结构及运营安全,需要进行变形和内力分析,以便采取必要保护措施.文章以某暗挖车站密贴下穿既有地铁区间为例,采用FLAC3D和SAP 2000模拟,分析既有地铁区间变形和内力发展规律,评价结构和运营安全受影响的程度,为安全保护提供决策依据.     

基于Petri网的地铁信号系统可靠性分析

地铁信号系统是地铁系统的中枢神经,同时也是提高地铁运营水平的重要保障。在分析信号系统功能及故障类型的基础上,划分了设备重要度水平。通过地铁信号系统Petri网5大对象子类框架的搭建,分析研究了信号系统重要设备发生故障的情况下,系统各子类的动态Petri网可靠性模型。