On the overriding issue of train front end collision in rail vehicle dynamics

A three-dimensional dynamic model of crashed vehicles coupled with moving tracks is developed to research the dynamic behaviour of the train front end collision on tangent tracks. The three-dimensional dynamic model consists of a crashed vehicle model, moving track models, a simple wheel–rail contact model, a velocity-based coupler model and the model of energy absorption and anti-climbing devices. The vector method dealing with the nonlinear wheel–rail geometry is put forward in the paper. The developed model is applicable in the scope that central collisions occur on tangent tracks at low speeds. The examples of the vehicle impacting with a rigid wall and the train front end collision are carried out to obtain the dynamic responses of vehicles. The overriding issue is studied on the basis of the wheel rise in train collisions. The results show that the second bogie of the first colliding vehicle possesses the maximal wheel rise. The wheel rise increases with the increase of vehicles. However, the number of vehicles has tiny influence on the overriding in train collisions at low speeds. On the contrary, the impact speed has significant influence on the overriding in train collisions. The wheel rise increases rapidly if the impact speed is close to the critical speed of overriding. The large wheel rise is principally generated by the great coupler force related to the rigid impact in the axial direction.     

Impact of Dynamic Fluid Slosh Loads on the Directional Response of Tank Vehicles

SUMMARY

A comprehensive directional dynamics model of a tractor-tank trailer is developed by integrating a non-linear dynamic fluid slosh model to the three-dimensional vehicle dynamics model. The nonlinear fluid slosh equations are solved in an Eulerian mesh to determine dynamic fluid slosh loads caused by the dynamic motion of the vehicle. The dynamic fluid slosh forces and moments are coupled with the vehicle dynamics model to study the directional response characteristics of tank vehicles. The directional response characteristics of partially filled tank vehicles employing dynamic slosh model are compared to those employing quasi-dynamic vehicle model, for steady as well as transient directional maneuvers. Simulation results reveal that during a steady steer maneuver, the dynamic fluid slosh loads introduce oscillatory directional response about a steady-state value calculated from the quasi-dynamic vehicle model. The directional response characteristics obtained using the quasi-dynamic and dynamic fluid slosh models during transient steer inputs show good correlation. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the quasi-dynamic model can predict the directional response characteristics of tank vehicles quite close to that evaluated using the comprehensive fluid slosh model.     

Dynamic simulation of train–truck collision at level crossings

Trains crashing onto heavy road vehicles stuck across rail tracks are more likely occurrences at level crossings due to ongoing increase in the registration of heavy vehicles and these long heavy vehicles getting caught in traffic after partly crossing the boom gate; these incidents lead to significant financial losses and societal costs. This paper presents an investigation of the dynamic responses of trains under frontal collision on road trucks obliquely stuck on rail tracks at level crossings. This study builds a nonlinear three-dimensional multi-body dynamic model of a passenger train colliding with an obliquely stuck road truck on a ballasted track. The model is first benchmarked against several train dynamics packages and its predictions of the dynamic response and derailment potential are shown rational. A geometry-based derailment assessment criterion is applied to evaluate the derailment behaviour of the frontal obliquely impacted trains under different conditions. Sensitivities of several key influencing parameters, such as the train impact speed, the truck mass, the friction at truck tyres, the train–truck impact angle, the contact friction at the collision zone, the wheel/rail friction and the train suspension are reported.     

面向动态避障的智能汽车滚动时域路径规划

为解决城市低速条件下智能汽车在避障过程中的路径规划问题，提出面向动态避障的智能汽车滚动时域路径规划方法。首先，划分车道可行区域，利用3次拉格朗日插值法拟合车道边界，并根据"车-路"的相对位置关系将车道区域进一步划分为车道间区域与车道内区域两部分。其次，以区域虚拟力场进行动态交通场景模拟，包括在障碍车周身沿车道方向的虚拟矩形区域斥力场，行驶目标位置的虚拟引力场和车道保持虚拟区域引力场3个部分，然后结合划分的车道区域确定各虚拟力场的作用区域。再次，建立主车动力学与运动学模型，障碍车运动学预测模型，把主车与障碍车无碰撞，主车行驶在车道内区域，趋向目标位置以及保证车辆稳定性作为优化目标，综合车辆模型的控制输入、状态变量等动力学约束条件，构建多目标的滚动时域控制器用于车辆避障路径规划，求解获得前轮转角作为控制量。最后，利用MATLAB和veDYNA软件对提出的路径规划控制系统分别在静态障碍和动态障碍工况下进行联合仿真。研究结果表明：该方法能够很好地解决躲避静态障碍和低速动态障碍车的问题，控制车辆驶向目标位置，并且在避障过程中满足车辆的动力学约束，同时又不会与道路边界发生碰撞，保证了车辆的安全性和稳定性。     

智能汽车自动紧急转向避撞的跟踪控制方法对比研究

为了提高智能汽车的主动安全性,提出3种不同的自动紧急转向避撞跟踪控制方法。首先建立汽车避撞简化模型,对制动、转向及两者相结合的3种不同避撞方式进行对比分析。其次,为深入研究汽车避撞过程中的实际响应,建立包含转向、制动及悬架3个子系统耦合特性的底盘18自由度统一动力学模型,并进行相关试验验证。随后构建智能汽车自动紧急转向避撞控制框架,对五次多项式参考路径和七次多项式参考路径的横摆角速度和横摆角加速度进行对比分析。接着以线性2自由度转向动力学模型为参考对象,对最优控制四轮转向、最优控制前轮转向、前馈与反馈控制相结合的前轮转向3种不同的跟踪控制系统分别进行设计。最后,以汽车底盘18自由度统一动力学模型为研究对象,对上述3种避撞控制系统进行仿真试验对比分析。研究结果表明：与制动避撞相比而言,转向避撞所需的纵向距离有较大降低,随着车速的增加和路面附着系数的越低,效果越明显;七次多项式参考路径比五次多项式参考路径的避撞过渡过程更为平缓,当实际车速与控制器所用车速不一致时,前者避撞性能表现更优;最优四轮转向控制系统在高、低2种不同附着路面都具有较好的避撞效果,最优前轮转向控制系统次之,而前馈与反馈相结合的前轮转向控制系统在低附着路面上则表现出严重的失稳。     

面向交通枢纽的车辆三维真实感实时仿真

为分析和解决城市交通拥挤问题并提高城市道路利用率提供可行的途径,提出了一种面向交通枢纽的车辆运行仿真方法,通过场景、道路与车辆的三维动态建模,实现交通枢纽交通状况的实时真实感仿真.首先,提出了基于道路关键点连接网络模型表示交通枢纽的通行道路.其次,基于粒子系统实现车辆的动态运行实时仿真,并采用基于空间剖分的车辆碰撞检测方法对车辆运动控制算法进行了优化.最终,通过对路段的动态观测和反馈机制实现车辆行驶路线的规划和调度.实验结果表明,本文提出的方法可以生动直观地呈现实际路面的交通状况,并且能以较为流畅的帧速率实现交通场景的动态仿真.     

垂直侧碰电动自行车下的小汽车超速辨识方法

为了更加方便准确地判定在垂直侧碰电动自行车事故中小汽车是否超速,以城市交叉口垂直侧碰事故为例,提出了一种垂直侧碰电动自行车下的小汽车超速辨识方法.以碰撞时刻为分界点,将碰撞事故按照时间顺序分为碰撞前和碰撞后2个阶段,采用逆向还原事故发生的方法,结合抛距与碰撞速度的经验公式提出了小汽车碰撞速度模型,在测得制动痕迹长度的基础上利用动能定理构建了小汽车制动时刻速度模型.运用PC-Crash仿真,结果表明,小汽车制动时刻速度在34~38 km/h时,辨识误差为1.47%;在42~70 km/h时,误差小于1.3%.通过比较可知,辨识精度相对GIDAS最多可提升15.94%,可精确地分析小汽车垂直侧碰电动自行车事故,并辨识小汽车有无超速,但仍需提高在34~38 km/h区间内的辨识精度.      

A Novel Approach to Vehicle Dynamics using the Theory of a Cosserat Point and its Application to Collision Analyses of Platooning Vehicles

A fully three-dimensional, computationally inexpensive vehicular model is presented. In contrast to traditional rigid body models, the vehicle's sprung mass is modeled as a (nonlinearly) deformable body. The formulation of the equations of motion is based on a continuum theory known as the theory of a Cosserat point. These equations largely preserve the relative simplicity of rigid body dynamics but incorporate deformable features. The ease of computer implementation permits the simultaneous simulation of vehicle and collision dynamics of multiple vehicles and highway objects. In this paper, the theory of a Cosserat point is summarized and its general application to vehicle and collision dynamics is illustrated. A three-dimensional collision algorithm is discussed with emphasis on small closing velocities (negligible residual crush, elastic rebound). The novel model is compared to standard procedures.     

基于注意力Seq2Seq网络的高速公路交织区车辆变道轨迹预测

针对交通状态复杂的高速公路交织区域,经验丰富的驾驶人能够通过正确地推断周围车辆的未来运动进行及时的车道变换,这对于实现安全高效的自动驾驶至关重要,然而目前的自动驾驶车辆往往缺乏这种预测能力。为此,基于深度学习理论,提出了一种结合注意力机制和编-解码器结构的交织区车辆强制性变道轨迹预测方法,利用Next Generation Simulation（NGSIM）数据集提取车辆变道过程中的关键特征,并引入碰撞时间（Time to Collision,TTC）和避免碰撞减速度（Deceleration Rate to Avoid a Crash,DRAC）2种风险指标,将变道车辆及其周围车辆视为一个整体状态单元,同时补全状态单元内部不同车辆在横向和纵向上的时空状态特征,从而更有效地刻画车辆间的动态交互行为;然后将不同观测车辆的连续窗口序列输入基于长短期记忆网络（Long Short-term Memory,LSTM）的编-解码器,预测交织区车辆变道的未来运动轨迹,通过添加软注意力模块,使模型能够集中聚焦于影响车辆在不同时刻下位置变化的关键信息,再现了真实交通场景下车辆的变道行为。试验验证表明：基于注意力机制的编-解码器模型与当前流行的卷积长短期记忆网络、极限梯度提升树等模型相比具有更高的轨迹预测精度,在长时域的变道轨迹拟合上有显著的优越性,为辅助和自动驾驶领域的发展提供了新思路。     

交叉口左转与直行车辆动态碰撞风险估计模型

为改善交叉口安全状况,提高整个交叉口的交通安全水平,对交叉口碰撞类型之一的左转与直行车辆动态碰撞风险估计模型及警告阈值进行了研究。分析了交叉口左转与直行车辆的运行过程并基于风险内涵,提出了左转与直行车辆的动态碰撞风险估计模型;运用Vissim微观交通仿真软件仿真输出的车辆运行数据计算碰撞风险估计值。仿真结果表明,根据碰撞风险估计值变化规律可以确定出左转与直行车辆的碰撞预警阈值。     

Design and validation of a slender guideway for Maglev vehicle by simulation and experiment

Normally, Maglev (magnetic levitation) vehicles run on elevated guideways. The elevated guideway must satisfy various load conditions of the vehicle, and has to be designed to ensure ride quality, while ensuring that the levitation stability of the vehicle is not affected by the deflection of the guideway. However, because the elevated guideways of Maglev vehicles in South Korea and other countries fabricated so far have been based on over-conservative design criteria, the size of the structures has increased. Further, from the cost perspective, they are unfavourable when compared with other light rail transits such as monorail, rubber wheel, and steel wheel automatic guided transit. Therefore, a slender guideway that does have an adverse effect on the levitation stability of the vehicle is required through optimisation of design criteria. In this study, to predict the effect of various design parameters of the guideway on the dynamic behaviour of the vehicle, simulations were carried out using a dynamics model similar to the actual vehicle and guideway, and a limiting value of deflection ratio of the slender guideway to ensure levitation control is proposed. A guideway that meets the requirement as per the proposed limit for deflection ratio was designed and fabricated, and through a driving test of the vehicle, the validity of the slender guideway was verified. From the results, it was confirmed that although some increase in airgap and cabin acceleration was observed with the proposed slender guideway when compared with the conventional guideway, there was no notable adverse effect on the levitation stability and ride quality of the vehicle. Therefore, it can be inferred that the results of this study will become the basis for establishing design criteria for slender guideways of Maglev vehicles in future.     

基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略研究

为实现车辆自主避撞,改善道路交通安全状况,提出一种基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略。为实时确定制动和换道时机,获取跟车状态下自车和前车车速、加速度、相对距离以及驾驶人制动反应时间计算制动安全距离和换道安全距离,并在此基础上分别引入制动危险系数B和换道危险系数S评估制动与换道风险,使得车辆发生追尾碰撞的危险程度和主动干预阈值更直观。根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移的变化特性,采用5次多项式法规划符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的避撞路径。为保证换道避撞过程中驾驶人的安全舒适,采用最大横向加速度约束换道避撞轨迹。为实现对换道避撞路径的线性跟踪控制,保证车辆的操纵稳定性和横摆稳定性,基于车辆稳态动力学模型建立前馈控制,结合线性反馈控制消除换道路径的位置和横摆角偏差,修正参考路径实现直车道场景追尾避撞控制。仿真和实车交叉验证试验表明：根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移建立的符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的五次多项式换道路径与驾驶人实际换道避撞路径基本吻合,结合碰撞时间和车间时距的制动避撞控制策略能够在保证车辆行驶安全舒适性的同时有效避免车辆追尾碰撞,减少交通事故的发生。     

Two-Dimensional Motion of Vehicles Damaged due to Collision

This paper deals with two-dimensional motion analysis of vehicles damaged due to collision. Various parts of vehicles are damaged due to collision in general. The effects of the damage in vehicle body and wheels on the vehicle motions are investigated. The center of gravity of the vehicle and the polar moment of inertia are changed by the deformation of vehicle body. Furthermore, the geometrical relations of wheels like wheelbase, treads and steering angles may be changed by damage of the wheels. Thus the vehicle loses symmetry with respect to the vehicle axis. The four-wheel vehicle model is extended to take into account the vehicle damage due to collision. The motions of damaged vehicles are compared with those of undamaged vehicles. It is found that vehicle damages have a significant influence on vehicle motion after impact.     

Two-Dimensional Motion of Vehicles Damaged due to Collision

This paper deals with two-dimensional motion analysis of vehicles damaged due to collision. Various parts of vehicles are damaged due to collision in general. The effects of the damage in vehicle body and wheels on the vehicle motions are investigated. The center of gravity of the vehicle and the polar moment of inertia are changed by the deformation of vehicle body. Furthermore, the geometrical relations of wheels like wheelbase, treads and steering angles may be changed by damage of the wheels. Thus the vehicle loses symmetry with respect to the vehicle axis. The four-wheel vehicle model is extended to take into account the vehicle damage due to collision. The motions of damaged vehicles are compared with those of undamaged vehicles. It is found that vehicle damages have a significant influence on vehicle motion after impact.     

智能网联车辆交通流优化对交通安全的改善

为改善常规驾驶车辆交通流追尾碰撞交通安全状况,提出智能网联车辆（Connected and Automated Vehicles,CAV）与常规车辆构成的混合交通流车队稳定性优化控制方法。基于全速度差模型,应用集成速度与加速度的多前车反馈构建CAV跟驰模型,考虑CAV混合交通流车辆空间分布的随机性,将各类型局部车队稳定性作为优化目标,以局部车队头车速度扰动为系统输入,以尾车速度扰动为系统输出,应用经典控制理论领域的传递函数法推导局部车队稳定性约束条件;分析关于平衡态速度与CAV反馈系数的车队稳定域,以各类型局部车队能够在任意平衡态速度下均稳定为控制目标,对CAV反馈系数输出进行优化控制;设计高速公路上匝道交通瓶颈数值仿真试验,在不同CAV比例等多种条件下,分析CAV混合交通流优化控制对交通流车辆追尾碰撞风险的影响。研究结果表明：CAV混合交通流优化控制可降低车辆追尾碰撞风险,在碰撞时间阈值小于2 s时,100%比例的CAV交通流可将交通流的车辆追尾碰撞风险降低85.81%以上;在碰撞时间阈值大于2 s时,追尾碰撞风险可降低48.22%～78.80%。所提优化控制方法可有效降低CAV车队优化控制的复杂性,为大规模CAV背景下的混合交通流优化控制以及车辆追尾碰撞交通安全提升策略提供直接理论参考。     

Integrated evasive manoeuvre assist for collision mitigation with oncoming vehicles

Development and deployment of steering based collision avoidance systems are made difficult due to the complexity of dealing with oncoming vehicles during the evasive manoeuvre. A method to mitigate the collision risk with oncoming vehicles during such manoeuvres is presented in this work. A point mass analysis of such a scenario is first done to determine the importance of speed for mitigating the collision risk with the oncoming vehicle. A characteristic parameter was identified, which correlates well with the need to increase or decrease speed, in order to reduce the collision risk. This finding was then verified in experiments using a Volvo XC90 test vehicle. A closed-loop longitudinal acceleration controller for collision mitigation with oncoming vehicles is then presented. The longitudinal control is combined with yaw stability control using control allocation to form an integrated controller. Simulations in CarMaker using a validated XC90 vehicle model and the proposed controller showed consistent reductions in the collision risk with the oncoming vehicle.     

A Novel Approach to Vehicle Dynamics using the Theory of a Cosserat Point and its Application to Collision Analyses of Platooning Vehicles

A fully three-dimensional, computationally inexpensive vehicular model is presented. In contrast to traditional rigid body models, the vehicle's sprung mass is modeled as a (nonlinearly) deformable body. The formulation of the equations of motion is based on a continuum theory known as the theory of a Cosserat point. These equations largely preserve the relative simplicity of rigid body dynamics but incorporate deformable features. The ease of computer implementation permits the simultaneous simulation of vehicle and collision dynamics of multiple vehicles and highway objects. In this paper, the theory of a Cosserat point is summarized and its general application to vehicle and collision dynamics is illustrated. A three-dimensional collision algorithm is discussed with emphasis on small closing velocities (negligible residual crush, elastic rebound). The novel model is compared to standard procedures.     

基于改进人工势场的自动驾驶汽车弯道超车动态路径规划

动态路径规划是自动驾驶汽车避障控制的关键技术。针对自动驾驶汽车弯道超车工况，建立基于改进人工势场(Artificial Potential Field, APF)的动态路径规划方法。为使基于APF的动态路径规划方法能运用于包含弯曲道路的复杂交通环境，将已在直道环境验证过的道路APF函数通过极坐标系与笛卡尔坐标系的相互转换，建立考虑道路曲率的弯曲道路APF函数。针对根据车辆质心位置判断车辆碰撞风险方法存在的缺陷，提出考虑车辆体积的碰撞风险预判方法，建立综合考虑车辆位置、速度和体积的障碍车辆APF函数。基于弯曲道路APF和改进障碍车辆APF，建立道路环境综合APF，引导车辆实现弯道超车。为避免目标函数中子目标相互干涉，提高弯道超车安全性，提出根据本车与障碍车辆相对位置关系自适应调整权重矩阵的方法。基于Carsim/Simulink联合仿真平台，分别在静态障碍车辆和动态障碍车辆2种工况下，验证自动驾驶汽车弯道超车动态路径规划的有效性。研究结果表明：所建立的弯曲道路APF能引导车辆转弯行驶，避免冲出车道；目标函数权重自适应调整方法能根据超车过程动态调整子目标的权重，规划出符合道路交通安全法规的路径，避免车辆超车时提前折返原车道，提高了超车安全性；考虑车辆体积的障碍车辆APF提高了车辆碰撞风险的预判精度，有效避免碰撞事故发生。