船舶结构钢海洋环境点蚀模型研究之一:最大点蚀深度时变模型

腐蚀是导致老龄船舶结构失效的主要原因之一.结合基本点蚀原理,本文对碳钢、低合金钢海水全浸带点蚀的主要影响因素、具体点蚀进程做了简要解释与评述.针对我国船舶结构常用碳钢、低合金钢的实海腐蚀试验观测数据建立了新型Weibull函数形式的点蚀最大深度模型.通过对比验证,证明采用Weibull函数表示点蚀最大深度随时间变化关系是合适的.     

碳钢、低合金钢全浸没海洋环境下最大点蚀深度简化模型

腐蚀是导致老龄船舶结构失效的主要原因之一。结合基本点蚀原理,文章对碳钢、低合金钢海水全浸没点蚀的主要影响因素、具体点蚀进程做了简要解释与评述。基于Melchers点蚀深度模型及其相关实验数据,文中提出一种简化形式的新型点蚀最大深度模型,并采用该模型对三组我国船舶结构常用碳钢、低合金钢的青岛海域全浸没点蚀试验观测数据进行分析。通过对比验证,证明采用Weibull函数表示点蚀最大深度随时间变化关系是合适的。此外,依据青岛、厦门、榆林海域碳钢试验数据,文中还对海水环境因素,如:溶解氧浓度、平均温度、盐度、PH值等,以及钢材成分变化对新型最大点蚀深度模型各参数的影响进行了初步探讨,得出了相应的函数关系式及相关结论。     

船舶柴油机缸套的穴蚀分析

缸套穴蚀是船舶柴油机汽缸套常见的一种损伤形式，这对船舶柴油机工作的可靠性和使用寿命有很大影响。缸套穴蚀主要形式是局部的蜂窝状的孔穴和麻点，而缸套穴蚀的成因机制主要有电化学腐蚀、空泡腐蚀等。随着柴油机转速、有效压力、比功率的提高，相应的比重量逐渐降低，其结构日益紧凑和零部件壁厚减薄，船舶柴油机缸套穴蚀破坏日益引起人们的关注。文章论述了柴油机主要部件、冷却水系统、柴油机工况等因素对穴蚀的影响，最后指出预防穴蚀的基本措施和检修方法。     

现役散货船纵向构件蚀耗率的概率估算

该文以现役散货船测厚报告的数据料为基础，设船体纵向件的蚀耗率为服从威布尔分布的随顶变量，对其数字特征进行估算，并以其频率近似概率，给出了各构件蚀耗率的概率密度曲线、概率率分布曲线及超概率分布曲线。结合参考文献提供的数据，计算出了外板和内底板蚀耗率的均值随船龄变化曲线，从而为船体结构的强度评估和寿命预测提供了有益的参考依据。     

点蚀损伤板在复杂受力状态下的极限强度研究

采用非线性有限元软件模拟船底板单面点腐蚀,通过对边缘载荷系数比、蚀坑分布、直径、深度的改变,经过一系列的数值计算分析,结果表明横向载荷和侧压对板的极限强度影响不可忽略,计算板的极限承载能力时需要考虑计及侧压与横向载荷。在复杂受力状态下,就单考虑蚀坑深度时,板表面的蚀坑深度在0~0.5t区间变化时,极限强度相应的折减率比大于1/2板厚时更大,极限强度对蚀坑深度更加敏感。腐蚀面积不能有效表征腐蚀程度,当DOP系数相同时,点蚀后板的最小横截面决定了极限强度的大小。     

轴向压力下含点蚀损伤加筋板极限强度研究

点蚀损伤常发生于船体结构,将会造成结构的局部缺失而影响船舶结构的安全性.针对船体结构的基本构件加筋板,采用非线性有限元法研究轴向压力下点蚀损伤对其极限强度的影响,考虑点蚀位置、直径、数目、深度、点蚀损失体积等影响因素,分析船体加筋板极限应力和屈曲失效模式,获得结构的极限强度,拟合影响因素和加筋板极限强度的关系曲线,定性分析了点蚀损伤对加筋板的破坏.结果表明,点蚀损伤削减了加筋板极限强度;点蚀影响因素(点蚀直径、数目、深度、损失体积)对含点蚀损伤加筋板极限强度的影响近似呈现非线性的二次单调函数关系.     

水翼空蚀初探

本文采用纯铟试件记录了在两个不同尺寸 NACA0015翼剖面模型上片-云空泡及球空泡的空蚀,用麻点计数及光学显微镜、双筒扫描电镜对表面损坏进行分析、观察。除普通麻点外,还发现几个大光滑凹陷及大量月晕凹陷或突起。这一事实强烈暗示空蚀机理是微射流冲击与冲击点周围小空泡群的协同溃灭与回弹的一种联合作用。另两个颇有价值的新发现是:首先,对片-云空泡在不同尺寸两个模型上的麻点率几乎不存在可觉察的尺寸效应;其次,对片-云空泡及球空泡均发现平均麻点尺寸随速度增加而减小。     

船体结构腐蚀模型及安全性评估研究进展

为得到船舶与海洋工程结构物腐蚀规律研究领域的发展趋势,本文对国内外该领域公开发表的文章进行了综述,根据本文的研究可以发现：①经验模型出现较早,发展日趋成熟,但由于缺乏对腐蚀机理的研究,经验模型的适用性较为有限；②物理模型尚处于起步阶段,且学者们对物理模型的研究基本上是基于海水挂片试验,缺乏实船历史腐蚀数据验证；③国内外对腐蚀模型的研究大多集中于均匀腐蚀,缺乏对点蚀蚀坑形态的描述。本文所做的研究可为该领域下一步研究方向提供参考。     

金属表面点蚀的稳态过程数值研究

[目的]腐蚀会严重影响舰船设备的使用寿命,了解腐蚀机理及对腐蚀进行预测能有效地减缓腐蚀对舰船设备的危害。[方法]构建了格子Boltzmann腐蚀模型,该模型可描述包含多相多组分流动与扩散、电化学反应和金属点蚀的稳态全过程。应用此模型,研究浸没于液体腐蚀环境中的金属表面单坑点蚀稳态过程;分析腐蚀化学反应速率、腐蚀溶液扩散系数、腐蚀产物扩散系数对腐蚀程度的影响。通过数值模拟,获得金属表面点蚀坑的形貌变化特征。[结果]结果显示,对于金属表面单坑点蚀的稳态过程,由于钝化膜与金属基体构成了"大阴极,小阳极"的电化学腐蚀体系,使腐蚀稳态点蚀将持续向金属材料基体的纵深发展,并且初生蚀孔除自身发生点蚀外,还将在蚀孔底部产生次生蚀孔。在不同影响因素下,腐蚀程度随腐蚀反应速率和反应物组分扩散系数的增大而增大,而随腐蚀产物扩散系数的增大而减小。[结结论]通过该腐蚀模型,可模拟出与真实金属相近的腐蚀形貌变化特征。     

点蚀损伤船体结构板的极限剪切屈曲强度研究

腐蚀损伤导致船体结构板的极限承载能力大幅度下降。文章采用腐蚀体积描述板的点蚀损伤程度,模拟船体结构板的点蚀损伤形态,在点蚀损伤板模型中变化板的厚度、点蚀数目、点蚀直径以及点蚀分布等要素,实施系列有限元数值模拟计算,在进行理论分析的基础上,采用统计学方法,建立了点蚀损伤板极限剪切屈曲强度的评估方法,得到了点蚀损伤板极限剪切屈曲强度的计算公式。从而确立了基于腐蚀体积的点蚀损伤船体结构板极限剪切屈曲强度的评价技术,可为在役海船点蚀损伤后的安全性评估提供有效的技术手段。     

考虑腐蚀影响的船舶结构可靠性研究现状与展望

对近年来考虑腐蚀影响的船舶结构可靠性计算各主要研究层面的研究现状做了介绍与评述.通过这一综述可以发现:此领域研究工作重心已由考虑线性、非线性均匀腐蚀的影响逐步向局部腐蚀尤其是点腐蚀方向转变.今后的研究重点为以下三个方面,即:①发展符合基本腐蚀机理、与实测腐蚀数据较为吻合的点腐蚀多指标模型;②确定蚀点几何参数在各类荷载条件下对构件强度的影响;③深入评估腐蚀与疲劳的相互作用对结构可靠性计算的影响.     

船体腐蚀对船舶强度的影响

基于营运船的船体腐蚀状况,运用船体剖面模数概念,分析了船体腐蚀对船舶强度的影响,提出了一些保证船舶强度的措施,为船舶的保养工作提供参考,以减少船舶安全事故的发生.     

Compressive strength of tubular members with localized pitting damage considering variation of corrosion features

Localized pitting corrosion often occurs on marine and offshore structures in the form of patch corrosion with great uncertainties in the location, size and shape. The variation of corrosion features affects ultimate strength of tubular members significantly, but it is still not well understood. This paper presents a numerical study on tubular members of diverse slenderness ratios to clarify the localized pitting effect on ultimate strength. Numerical analyses were performed based on novel models of pitted members that were calibrated against benchmark column tests. Corrosion pits were randomly introduced on the local outside surfaces of members via stochastic simulation, forming corrosion patches varied in the location, size and shape. Numerical results obtained were regressed to propose a unified empirical formula to predict ultimate strength. It turned out that the shape of the corrosion patch has a significant influence on the ultimate strength. The shape change of the patch can alter failure modes of medium length columns. The reduction of ultimate strength is closely related to the shape ratio of the patch besides the volume loss of corroded material. The unified empirical formula incorporating the shape ratio and the volume loss shows a good ability to predict the experimental results.     

在面内压力作用下点腐蚀低碳钢板的非线性有限元分析(英文)

无论是军船还是民船,船体及主要结构构件表面的点腐蚀对于船舶结构强度和安全性都有较大的破坏作用.文中采用系列非线性有限元计算研究了点腐蚀对于低碳钢板极限抗压强度的影响,模型中计及板初始缺陷的影响,详细讨论了板和点腐蚀物理、几何特性的变化对于板极限承载能力的作用.研究发现在众多影响因素中(例如点腐蚀的直径和深度、板的柔度系数等),点腐蚀密集度指标DOP对于板的极限承载能力有主要和直接的影响.此外,在腐蚀环境恶劣的情况下,厚低碳钢板的使用不一定如预期的那样能延长其使用期限.     

含点蚀损伤船体加筋板在纵向压力下的极限强度

针对老龄化船舶结构上的点状腐蚀,利用非线性有限元方法进行计算,分析304个船体加筋板的极限强度,探讨带板柔度、加强筋柔度、腐蚀面积比和腐蚀深度比对纵向压力下含点蚀损伤船体加筋板极限强度的影响,拟合出点状腐蚀下船体加筋板极限强度折减公式并对其适用性进行验证,研究结果具有一定的工程参考意义和价值。     

Effect of pitting corrosion on local strength of hold frames of bulk carriers (1st report)

Firstly, pitting corrosion observed on hold frames in way of cargo holds of bulk carriers which exclusively carry coal and iron ore has been investigated in detail. It was shown that the shape of the corrosion pits observed on them is a circular cone and the ratio of the diameter to the depth is in the range between 8 to 1 and 10 to 1, which is different from the trend observed for the bottom shell of the oil tanker where the ratio is in the range between 4 to 1 and 6 to1.Secondly, a series of tensile tests has been conducted to investigate the effect of pitting corrosion on tensile strength of members. It was pointed out that the tensile strength decreases gradually and the total elongation decreases drastically with the increase of the thickness loss due to pitting corrosion. The reduction of the tensile strength of the members with pitting corrosion is larger than that of members with uniform thickness loss in terms of average thickness loss.Thirdly, a series of compressive buckling tests has been performed to examine the influence of pitting corrosion on buckling behavior of members. It was found that compressive buckling strength of pitted members is smaller than or equal to that of members with uniform thickness loss in terms of average thickness loss.Finally, an elasto-plastic analysis by FEM has been carried out to simulate the compressive buckling test in order to validate the method of modeling members with pitting corrosion. An attempt has been made to simulate the compressive buckling behavior of pitted members using shell elements of which meshing size is almost the same as the original thickness of the pitted plate.     

Cu对铬锰钢在Cl^-环境中腐蚀行为的影响

研究了Cu对铬锰钢在3．5％NaCl溶液中耐点蚀性的影响，通过优化合金成分来改善铬锰钢的耐蚀性能．用SEM，EDS等分析手段，对腐蚀表面形貌和成分进行宏观和微观分析，分析了铜对铬锰钢在Cl^-环境中腐蚀行为的影响．结果表明：随着铜加入量的增加，Cu元素在蚀坑内富集，增强了表面膜的钝化能力，进而提高了该膜的电化学稳定性，从而改善了铬锰钢在3．5％NaCl溶液中的点蚀性能，Cu含量在1．5％时铬锰钢的耐点蚀性能最好．     

Effect of pitting corrosion on the ultimate strength of steel plates subjected to in-plane compression and bending

Corrosion pits with a circular cone shape are typically observed on coated hold frames of aged bulk carriers which carry exclusively coal and iron ore. In order to ensure the safety of these types of bulk carrier, it is necessary to understand the effect of pitting corrosion on the local strength of hold frames. In order to investigate this effect, a series of nonlinear finite-element (FE) analyses has been performed with pitted plates subjected to in-plane compressive loads and bending moments. It has been shown that the ultimate compression load or bending moment of pitted plates is smaller than that of uniformly corroded plates in terms of average thickness loss, and that predictions of the ultimate strength using the average thickness loss at the minimum cross section would be conservative. In order to establish a method of evaluating strength reduction due to pitting corrosion, it is important to identify the failure mode that would be most detrimentally affected by pitting corrosion. It was found that the reduction of the ultimate compressive load or bending moment due to pitting corrosion is smaller than that of the tensile strength in terms of equivalent thickness.