高瓦斯隧道施工安全风险控制措施

目前在铁路隧道施工中遇到的高瓦斯隧道越来越多,因此瓦斯风险的控制也显得越来越重要。文章以兰渝铁路LYS-10标段瓦斯隧道群施工为例,介绍了瓦斯隧道的施工特点及等级划分,并对瓦斯预报、检测与监控,以及瓦斯隧道通风、机械设备和供电配置等进行了研究和分析;探讨了高瓦斯隧道的特征与危害,并提出了高瓦斯隧道施工中有关瓦斯的预防措施。     

铁路瓦斯隧道施工中若干问题的对比研究——天坪隧道瓦斯突出工区施工案例分析

为了解决铁路瓦斯隧道,尤其是瓦斯突出隧道施工中的重、难点问题,文章通过渝黔铁路天坪隧道瓦斯突出工区的施工实践,结合煤矿类似工程,对现行规范以及设计、施工、管理中存在的诸多问题进行了对比分析研究,提出了进一步优化瓦斯隧道等级划分、建立合理的动态评价体系和组织管理模式等建议。     

却勒塔格二号隧道瓦斯综合治理技术

库俄铁路却勒塔格二号隧道施工过程中出现了瓦斯溢出现象,通过对瓦斯溢出原因、瓦斯气体成分及瓦斯浓度变化进行分析研究,采取了有针对性的超前探孔、施工监测、加强施工通风、隧道结构处理等综合治理措施,保证了隧道的施工和运营安全.     

瓦斯隧道施工机械车辆防爆改装形式探讨及建议

瓦斯隧道施工机械车辆防爆改装是防止隧道瓦斯爆炸的关键措施之一,现行公路、铁路相关规范未明确瓦斯隧道施工机械车辆防爆的形式及技术条件。文章以《铁路瓦斯隧道技术规范》中设备及作业机械防爆要求为切入点,梳理了煤矿相关标准对煤矿井下设备及作业机械的防爆等级及技术条件要求,并结合当前国内已施工高瓦斯隧道施工机械车辆防爆改装应用情况,对比分析了不同防爆改装形式的优缺点及适应性,提出了不同瓦斯等级隧道施工机械车辆防爆改装建议。     

含瓦斯突出隧道破坏机理及其控制探讨

瓦斯是隧道施工地质灾害之一,瓦斯突出给工程施工造成的危害性极大。文章结合某铁路瓦斯高风险隧道工程施工实例,对隧道瓦斯突出的破坏机理进行了研究,从超前地质预测预报、瓦斯监测、施工通风、揭煤方式等方面探讨了隧道施工瓦斯突出的预防、控制和安全措施。结果表明:(1)瓦斯突出是一种复杂的动力现象,是突出的煤体、岩石、瓦斯和应力场等多种因素作用的结果,煤岩体所积存的弹性应变能和瓦斯内能是瓦斯突出发生的能量,地应力突变和掘进施工的扰动是激发瓦斯突出的诱因;(2)铁路隧道瓦斯突出主要是掌子面存在薄弱点或面,在掘进施工的扰动下,如果预防措施不到位,容易产生瓦斯突出;(3)以超前水平钻孔、加深炮孔探测和瓦斯测定技术为主,各种物探方法相结合的综合超前地质预测预报系统,是预防瓦斯突出的重要手段;(4)采用瓦斯排放、揭煤、通风、结构处理等技术措施,结合安全标准化管理系统,能够有效规避施工安全风险。     

乐园铁路瓦斯隧道施工通风方案设计

文章结合叙大铁路乐园隧道工程实例,根据其辅助坑道布置和瓦斯分布等工程特点,确定了独头压入式和巷道式通风相结合的施工通风方式,并通过对需风量、风机供风量、风管阻力和隧道阻力的计算,对通风设备进行了优化配置,同时提出了隧道施工通风方案设计过程中需考虑及注意的问题,为类似铁路瓦斯隧道施工通风设计提供参考。     

对于建立隧道勘察瓦斯评价体系的探究

我国大量的公路、铁路隧道穿越或邻近煤系瓦斯地层,由于瓦斯可能产生的危害较大,前期勘察对隧道的安全施工及运营有着极其重要的先导作用。目前,在隧道瓦斯勘察工作中,存在前期选线瓦斯因素比选力度较小、瓦斯评价因素较为单一、瓦斯工区划分不够细致的不足之处。与各阶段勘察相匹配的瓦斯评价体系,对降低瓦斯风险、确保施工安全等具有重要意义。本文以公路隧道勘察为例,针对各阶段瓦斯勘察的侧重及目的,探讨了与工程可行性研究阶段、初勘阶段、详勘阶段相对应的隧道筛选评价体系、隧道方案比选评价体系以及瓦斯工区分区评价体系。阐述了各评价体系的影响因素,简要地介绍了评价步骤、过程,并结合一定的案例,论述了其实际意义。     

兰渝铁路熊洞湾隧道煤矿采空区施工安全控制技术

新建兰渝铁路熊洞湾隧道属极高风险隧道,隧道穿越软弱破碎煤系地层,围岩内富存采空区,主要存在煤窑采空区及瓦斯问题,属典型煤系地层隧道.文章首先针对该隧道穿越采空区施工过程中面临的各种风险(包括采空区施工风险、瓦斯突出风险、突泥与突水风险、围岩大变形风险及塌方风险等)进行了综合分析；进而从施工监理角度有针对性地提出了风险规避措施,包括重大危险源方案审查、综合超前地质预报技术、施工资源控制,以及对施工单位施工过程的管理、行为控制等.     

瓦斯隧道施工控制及防治措施探讨

"十二五"规划提出每年投入7000亿修建铁路,隧道占很大比例,其中施工遇到的瓦斯隧道越来越多.文章以兰渝铁路13标段瓦斯隧道群的施工实践为例,探讨了瓦斯隧道的特征和危害,并提出隧道瓦斯的预测、检测和防治措施,以及防爆设备的防爆改装依据和改装项目,可供同类工程借鉴.     

梅岭关瓦斯隧道施工技术

文章以梅岭关瓦斯隧道的施工为例,介绍了瓦斯隧道的施工特点、瓦斯隧道的等级划分、瓦斯对隧道的危害,并对瓦斯预报、检测与监控以及瓦斯隧道通风、机械和供电配置等方面进行了研究分析;总结出了瓦斯隧道安全施工的控制重点,即人的因素和物的因素相结合,发挥其最大的潜能,有效控制瓦斯事故的发生。     

Space,money, life-stage,and the allocation of time

Demographic, socioeconomic, seasonal, and scheduling factors affect the allocation of time to various activities. This paper examines those variables through exploration of the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, which has been inverted to track activity duration. Two key issues are considered. First, how much can activity duration and frequency explain travel duration? The analysis shows activity duration has positive and significant effects on travel duration, supporting recent arguments in favor of activity based models. Second, which recent trend is the main culprit in the rise in travel: suburbanization, rising personal incomes, or female labor force participation? This paper examines the share of time within a 24-hour budget allocated to several primary activities: home, work, shop, and other. The data suggest that income and location have modest effects on time allocation compared with the loss of discretionary time due to working.

     

Automation of paratransit reservation,routing, and scheduling

Santa Clara County, California experienced a sharp growth in demand‐responsive paratransit ridership for individuals with disabilities, as a result of the passage of the 1990 Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA). This paper describes an automated paratransit system for the ADA‐type paratransit operation implemented in Santa Clara County. It automated paratransit reservation, scheduling, and routing functions. The key components of this system were a digital geographic database (DGD) and an automated trip scheduling system (ATSS). Empirical evidence after one year of operation indicates numerous benefits of this automation. There were significant reductions in the paratransit operating costs and an increase in the percent shared rides. The savings in operating costs far exceeded the annualized capital cost of automation. A user survey indicates that these improvements were achieved without degradation to service quality such as vehicle on‐time performance, invehicle travel times, vehicle response to open return, and ride comfort.     

Integrated scheduling of m-truck,m-drone,and m-depot constrained by time-window,drop-pickup,and m-visit using constraint programming

The idea of deploying unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, for final-mile delivery in logistics operations has vitalized this new research stream. One conceivable scenario of using a drone in conjunction with a traditional delivery truck to distribute parcels is discussed in earlier literature and termed the parallel drone scheduling traveling salesman problem (PDSTSP). This study extends the problem by considering two different types of drone tasks: drop and pickup. After a drone completes a drop, the drone can either fly back to depot to deliver the next parcels or fly directly to another customer for pickup. Integrated scheduling of multiple depots hosting a fleet of trucks and a fleet of drones is further studied to achieve an operational excellence. A vehicle that travels near the boundary of the coverage area might be more effective to serve customers that belong to the neighboring depot. This problem is uniquely modeled as an unrelated parallel machine scheduling with sequence dependent setup, precedence-relationship, and reentrant, which gives us a framework to effectively consider those operational challenges. A constraint programming approach is proposed and tested with problem instances of m-truck, m-drone, m-depot, and hundred-customer distributed across an 8-mile square region.     

Estimation of missing traffic counts using factor,genetic, neural,and regression techniques

Analyses from some of the highway agencies show that up to 50% permanent traffic counts (PTCs) have missing values. It will be difficult to eliminate such a significant portion of data from traffic analysis. Literature review indicates that the limited research uses factor or autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models for predicting missing values. Factor-based models tend to be less accurate. ARIMA models only use the historical data. In this study, genetically designed neural network and regression models, factor models, and ARIMA models were developed. It was found that genetically designed regression models based on data from before and after the failure had the most accurate results. Average errors for refined models were lower than 1% and the 95th percentile errors were below 2% for counts with stable patterns. Even for counts with relatively unstable patterns, average errors were lower than 3% in most cases.     

Activity sequencing,location, and formation of individual non-mandatory tours: application to the activity-based models for Columbus,Cincinnati, and Cleveland,OH

Most of the earlier activity based models (ABMs) largely relied on a tour-based modeling paradigm which explicitly predicts tour frequency and then adds details including stop frequency, order, and location of stops within each tour. The current study is part of new tour formation design framework for an ABM in which the underlying tour structure and the stop frequency within tours emerge from temporal, sequencing, and locational preferences of activities that the traveler intends to participate during the day. In order to do this, the study developed a modified rank-ordered logit (ROL) framework that is capable of modeling sequence, locations, as well as the underlying tour structure of all activity episodes simultaneously in an integrated manner. Model estimation with the household survey data, provided several important behavioral insights into underlying choices that drive tour formation. Specifically, the study uncovered pairwise ordering preferences among episodes of different activity purposes, clustering tendencies among episodes of same activity purpose, the impact of supply side activity opportunities on the location and sequence choice dimensions, and impedance effects (including distance and mode and time-of-day logsums) on location and tour break dimensions. The developed models are incorporated in the operational ABM structure adopted for three major cities (Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati) in Ohio.     

Model,process, technique,and the good thing

The paper unpacks the planning process into its component parts: model, process, technique, and goals—the “good thing”. The paper advances the concept that planning, policy-making, and organizational restructuring can be analyzed under the same framework. Each of the four components is described and reductionist examples are presented to clarify the intention and to illustrate the technique that the transport analyst teams employ in their work. The examples cover both successes and failures. They point toward the enormous scientific task ahead for planning to become meaningful and relevant to the problems of today. Finally, in the frame of the willingness to pay, the paper puts forward a case for an institutional framework for a financially autonomous road administration. Similarly organized, administered, and managed entities are relevant also for other transport modes.

A game model of international trade,transport costs,invasive species,and protocol compliance

We study the duopolistic interaction between two monopolists located in two different countries who sell an imperfect substitute good in two markets. The traded good is transported between the two nations on ships using solid wood packing materials (SWPMs) and hence the presence of one or more invasive species is a problem. We use a game model to analyze this interaction in three steps. First, we study the benchmark case of autarky or no trade between the two nations. Second, we introduce transport costs and then study the effect of free trade on the profits of the two monopolists. Finally, we suppose that invasive species are present in the SWPMs. This fact requires compliance with an environmental protocol. We model this compliance by increasing the transport costs associated with trade and then demonstrate that a version of the so called Porter hypothesis holds. In other words, we show that compliance with a cost increasing environmental protocol can give rise to higher profits for the two monopolists under consideration.     

理念节能组织节能技术节能——诠释江苏道路水路运输节能减排三绝招

江苏省运管机构按照交通部和交通厅有关节能减排工作的部署和要求,立足理念节能、组织节能、技术节能,制定了一系列促进节能减排的政策措施,扎实推进道路水路运输业节能减排工作向纵深发展,节能减排工作取得了积极进展.     

Perceived accessibility,mobility, and connectivity of public transportation systems

Although public transportation is considered effective at reducing the external cost of driving private vehicles, many urbanites do not use public transportation. This study develops measures employing accessibility, mobility, and seamless connectivity for an entire public transportation service chain as indicators for evaluating public transport services, prioritizes underperforming scenarios from the perspective of urban travelers, and derives various market segmentation strategies that consider different socio-demographic characteristics. A conceptual model is set up herein to assess these latent constructs that describe unobservable and immeasurable characteristics. As a Likert ordinal scale can generate misleading statistical inferences, the Rasch model is used to eliminate bias generated by an ordinal scale when measuring these three latent constructs separately. The Rasch model compares person parameters with item parameters, which are then subjected to logarithmic transformation along a logit scale so as to recognize specific difficulties of service scenarios that cannot be easily eliminated by certain urban travelers. The multidimensional Rasch model also measures the perceptions of urban travelers in terms of the interactions between accessibility, mobility, and seamless connectivity of this public transportation system. While comparing urban travelers of two large cities in Taiwan, Taipei and Kaohsiung, the empirical results demonstrate that perceived accessibility, mobility, and seamless connectivity differ based on travelers’ age, frequency of weekly sports activities, and environmental awareness. This paper also advances appropriate improvement strategies and provides policy suggestions for urban planners, public transportation service operation agencies, and policy makers when they seek to create user-friendly public transportation services. The proposed approach can be generalized in other cities by considering their local context uniqueness and further evaluating their public transport services.