浅谈强化船闸管理的对策

文章针对目前广西水运和船闸的发展现状及存在的问题,通过实例,探讨解决办法,同时就如何进行船闸管理,如何理顺船闸管理体制提出了相关的对策。     

船闸属性、管理主体及其资产归属初探

<正>最近,在研究船闸等通航建筑物管理体制时,笔者接触到有关船闸等通航建筑物方面的问题,各有关方面的一些同志提出了许多意见,分歧较大,很难统一。究其原因,问题出在对船闸等通航建筑物的属性、管理主体和资产归属等问题的认识上。为了理顺有关船闸等通航建筑物管理的各方关系,把我国的船闸等通航建筑物的管理搞好,现就这三个问题进行分析研究,提出一些观点,供同志们商榷。 一、关于船闸的属性问题 船闸的属性问题,在自然科学中早有定论,是交通基础设施,属于交通学科范畴。但是,我     

长洲枢纽船闸滞航原因分析及解决方案探讨

文章分析了西江下游长洲枢纽船闸附近江面大量船舶滞航的根本原因,结合国内外船闸管理机构的先进经验,提出了解决长洲枢纽船闸滞航问题的方案以及优化船闸管理与维护的方法。     

西津水利枢纽二线船闸工程总平面布置方案研究

西津水利枢纽二线船闸工程是西江黄金水道首批建设项目之一,其船闸轴线位置选择及总平面布置是总体设计和控制工程投资的关键。文章结合西津水利枢纽二线船闸工程建设规模和项目特点,提出了不同的船闸轴线与总平面布置方案,并通过分析比选得出推荐方案,为类似船闸工程设计提供参考及借鉴。     

大藤峡水利枢纽工程预留二线船闸布置方案比选分析

文章以大藤峡水利枢纽工程为例,提出在一线船闸左侧平行布置二线船闸方案,并依据船闸水力学条件、方案实施对枢纽的影响、过闸时间、通航安全与维护等主要工程技术指标,对"月弯型"布置二线船闸方案和一线船闸左侧"平行"布置二线船闸方案进行综合比选分析,得出一线船闸左侧"平行"布置二线船闸方案更优。     

船闸输水系统设计及运行管理分析

文章以贵港航运枢纽一线船闸为例,结合该船闸输水阀门及门槽损坏维修情况,分析了船闸输水系统阀门及门槽损坏的原因,阐明了船闸输水系统设计选型、定型原则和输水系统水力特性分析计算、水力模型试验的重要性,同时根据该船闸水力特性分析计算结果,提出了船闸输水系统设计、施工和运行管理中需要注意的事项,并介绍了该船闸阀门门槽维修加固的措施,对山区河段中高水头船闸输水系统设计、运行管理和维修养护提供参考。     

挖孔墙结构在长洲水利枢纽三线四线船闸工程中的应用

当在原有船闸基础上新建二线甚至多线船闸时,受到场地条件制约,许多基坑已无法采用传统放坡开挖的形式,需采取基坑支护。文章以长洲三线四线船闸上游导航墙结构为例,介绍了一种新型的导航墙结构——挖孔墙结构的设计思路和计算方法,并提出了该结构应用于船闸工程的挡土防漏措施。该结构成功将基坑支护与导航墙结构结合,可为今后类似工程提供参考。     

我国内河港口排行货物吞吐量（2011年1～7月）

运行30年的葛洲坝主力船闸一号船闸10日迎来了通航后的首次大规模停航“换脑”。船闸管理部门将对船闸集中控制系统进行升级改造，葛洲坝三座“老”船闸有望就此实现集中、统一的“新调度”管理。据了解，停航改造于8月10日至29日进行。通航部门在一号船闸停航的20天内将进行新系统接入与调试，以及大量有水及无水联凋，以保证新设备新系统运行安全可靠。     

老口航运枢纽工程船闸下闸首结构三维有限元分析

老口航运枢纽工程船闸下闸首结构采用整体坞式结构,基础置于第三系泥岩上,它属于软泥岩,具有地基承载力不足、地基应力及变形超标等特点。文章介绍老口航运枢纽工程船闸下闸首结构采用三维有限元分析计算方法,计算成果表明：船闸下闸首结构的设计与优化提供了可靠的依据。     

贵港航运枢纽二线船闸工程总体设计方案探究

文章基于贵港航运枢纽二线船闸的建设规模及工程特点,提出了合理的船闸工程总体设计方案,并详细阐述了方案的设计原则、平面布置及施工组织情况,为今后类似航运枢纽复线船闸工程设计提供借鉴。     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Inland waterways—their role and significance in European transport

Summary

1) Western Europe has a navigable waterways‐network of about 19,000 kms. For the coming decades, however, about 40 percent of the length of these waterways has a very limited relevance, because of the small capacity of the barges that can pass along them.

2) Of the different types of barges the majority are the self‐propelled type. The importance of the pull‐towed barges is declining quickly, whereas the push‐towed barges are on the upswing.

3) The relative importance of inland shipping in comparison with rail transport is far from uniform. In The Netherlands inland shipping is dominant. On the other hand, in France, this mode of transport has only 30 percent of the total number of tons transported by inland shipping and railways together.

4) May the relative importance defer, there is a strong resemblance between the types of goods that are transported via the waterways with crude and manufactured minerals as well as building materials ranking high. In general, inland shipping is primarily involved in the transport of basic products and is of vital importance to the functioning of the West‐European economy.

5) The rather complicated legal regime of the waterways in Western Europe is certainly not the only reason why the integration in the transportation sector of the European Communities hardly moves on.

A fundamental discussion about the basic conceptions of the transport policy in the Common Market is unavoidable before real progress can be made. The entrance of the United Kingdom into the European Community may give an opening on this point.

6) Life goes on, with or without transport‐integration. Inland shipping moves forward too, paying for the use of infrastructure or not.

The general trends in transport support the expectation that the relative importance of inland shipping will increase in the coming decades. The increase in size of shipments and transport distances works in favour of this mode of transport. Besides this, inland shipping still has many possibilities to improve its productivity.

7) The future of inland shipping will be found in bulk transport and the transport of general cargo that has a volume per destination that goes far beyond the quantities for which the container or comparable types of transport units are better suited.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Induced traffic: what do transportation models tell us?

Mathematical models of transportation systems have played a prominent role in transportation planning throughout the world since the 1960s. These models are hypotheses of how people use transport systems. They provide a means of extrapolating the necessarily limited empirical evidence of how road users respond to changes in the road system. However, it needs to be recognised that these extrapolations rely for their validity on the realism of the underlying theories; transportation models can only tell us about the relationships actually built into them.This paper reviews the limited number of studies undertaken mainly in the UK in which calibrated transportation models have been used in a systematic way to give some insight into the relative importance of the various components of induced traffic. These studies include analyses of the effects of road schemes using: a theoretical single link model; conventional four-stage transportation models of Cardiff and Belfast; elasticity models in Cardiff, Belfast, West London and Norwich; land-use interaction models in Leeds, Bilbao, Dortmund; and a model of land-use effects in Norwich. The results tell us two things: (a) the scale of the various elements of induced traffic, and (b) the implications for the economic benefits of road schemes.     

Transport emissions and travel behaviour: A critical review of recent European Union and UK policy initiatives

There are clear signs of a shift in the UK transport policy in response to concerns about the environmental impacts of road transport and anxieties about the implications of the projected future growth in demand.Much of the framework of UK transport policy is now determined at the overall European Union level. To date most European legislation and policy proposals have been concerned with reducing the specific externalities associated with the transport sector, with none of the measures involved likely to have more than a marginal impact on the growth in demand. The emerging research evidence suggests however that the private costs of car use in Europe may fall substantially short of its total social costs and there is an important emerging policy debate about how this gap might be closed.The UK has introduced a policy package designed to reduce the growth of car travel and its environmental impact, within which land-use planning measures feature prominently. The land-use policies, which to some extent represent a reassertion of many traditional UK planning policies, include: an emphasis on focussing new development in urban areas, increasing residential densities, strengthening the role of existing centres and improving provision for walking and cycling.A number of factors will constrain the effectiveness of the package in practice. There are also concerns about its impact on key environmental objectives, including air quality. There are important questions too about the welfare effects of increasing densities and about the wider impacts of the package on economic efficiency.     

A new approach for modeling of Fundamental Diagrams

According to the intra-vehicle interaction, a traffic flow can generally be divided into three homogeneous states (1) that of free driving, (2) that of bunched driving, and (3) that of standing. The parameter describing the state of free driving is the desired speed, for the state of bunching it is the intra-vehicle gaps (time headway) within the convoy and the mean speed of the convoy, and for the state of standing it is the maximum jam density. These are the most essential parameters which do not depend on the actual traffic situation.This paper introduces a new model which considers the Fundamental Diagram (equilibrium speed–flow–density relationship) as a function of the homogeneous states. All traffic situations in reality can be considered as combinations of the homogeneous states and therefore can be described by the essential parameters mentioned above. The non-congested (fluid) traffic is a combination (superposition) of the states of free driving and bunched driving, the congested (jam, stop, and go) traffic is a combination of the states of bunched driving (go) and standing (stop). The contribution of the traffic states within the differently congested traffic situations can then be easily obtained from the queuing and probability theory. As a result, Fundamental Diagram in all equilibrium traffic situations is derived as simple functions of the essential parameters.According to the new model the capacity of freeways and rural highways can be determined by measuring the essential parameters. This is much easier than measuring the capacity directly.Furthermore, the probabilities of the various traffic states can be obtained from the new model. This leads to new possibilities in real-time controlling and telematics.The new model is verified by comprehensive measurements carried out on freeways and rural highways in Germany.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

The quality of survey data: Telephone versus face-to-face interviews

Those designing surveys and producing data have always been concerned about its quality. The increasing stringency of the financial constraints which affect public authorities and the increased scope of involvement in the regulation of urban travel has led us to pay even greater attention to the quality of data. This issue is frequently covered in the literature on survey methods. However, comparisons between different survey methods are more rarely conducted. The decision to conduct such an analysis is partly the result of the development of telephone use to the detriment of other survey modes in many countries and also the development of Computer-Aided Telephone Interviewing (CATI) which facilitates the running and monitoring of the survey.This paper examines several aspects of this question in order to compare the performance of telephone and face-to-face interviews. The first aspect is the representativeness of the sample, and therefore relates mainly to the issue of nonresponses and the choice of a sample base. The second concerns the accuracy of the information and involves the choice of a survey area and the recording of all trips, including short-distance travel. Finally, the quality of data is obviously determined by the quality of the responses given by those interviewed.The answers we give frequently depend on the objective of the surveys, which leads us to put forward a table which summarizes the performance of telephone and face-to-face interviews on the basis of the main objective of the survey. Broadly, the telephone seems to be the favoured tool for surveys in the area of transport planning and surveys which aim to provide data for forecasting models, mostly on the grounds of cost. However, face-to-face techniques are often preferred for surveys which aim to discover and analyze the factors which explain individual travel behaviour.     

Immobility in travel diary surveys

The share of immobile persons, i.e. persons not leaving their homes on a given reporting day, is both a central result and a prime quality indicator of a travel diary survey. The wide range of values for the share of immobiles reported in travel diary and time budget survey literature has motivated this in-depth analysis of the reasons for these disparities. This paper collates available evidence on the share of immobiles in travel diary surveys. The share of these non-travellers (UK), or no-trippers (US), varies greatly between otherwise similar surveys. After analysing both disaggregate and aggregate information, this paper concludes that the share of immobiles should be in the range of 8%–12% for the standard one-day, weekday-only travel diary. The analysis suggests that a substantial share of respondents refuse to participate in a soft way, i.e. by claiming not to have left the house. In its conclusions, the paper sketches new ways to reduce the share of such soft refusers during the interview and to identify them during the analysis.