侧向换气发动机分层和均质燃烧的试验研究

在1台侧向进气的单缸发动机上对分层和均质充气燃烧进行了试验研究。通过灵活的喷油和点火控制策略实现了缸内的分层充气和均质充气燃烧。在线分析了各种工况下分层和均质充气燃烧及排放状况。研究表明,随着过量空气系数的增加,分层燃烧的性能明显优于均质燃烧,并且在稀燃状态下,分层燃烧能获得比均质燃烧更好的燃烧稳定性。在所有研究工况下,分层燃烧都能够有效地降低NOx排放。     

降低汽车发动机排放的技术

从机内净化技术，机外净化技术和应用清洁燃料等方面讨论了降低汽车发动机排放技术，对车用发动机分层充气预混合稀薄燃料（MPFI）、汽油机直喷燃烧（GDI）和均质混合压缩点火式燃烧（HCCI）等燃烧技术，选择催化还原剂（SCR）、NOx存储器还原催化系统（NSR）、等离子体辅助催化剂等新的稀燃NOx催化剂和微粒处理系统，通过这些技术的综合运用达到不断严格的排放标准和环保要求。     

均质充气压缩点燃(HCCI)技术及其在汽油机上的应用

均质充气压缩点燃着火HCCI(Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition)作为新一代的内燃机燃烧方式,具有传统火花点火汽油机均质混合气特质,同时具有与传统压燃柴油机相当的高效率,具有实现高效、低排放燃烧的巨大潜力。在汽油机普遍采用电控技术,发动机性能得到较大改善的今天,稀薄燃烧技术为汽油机性能的提高提供了广阔的前景。文中在介绍HCCI燃烧技术的基础上,分析了汽油机实施HCCI的可行性及其实用化所面临的问题。     

浅谈HCCI发动机

HCCI发动机是什么? HCCI的全称是"Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition",即均质充气压缩点燃方式。HCCI不同于传统的压缩点燃方式和火花塞点燃方式,是一种全新的发动机燃烧方式。现代车用发动机分为压燃式发动机(柴油机是其典型代表)和点燃式发动机(汽油机是其典型代表)。现     

缸内直喷汽油机技术发展趋势分析

介绍了缸内直喷(GDI)发动机技术发展过程及现状。对比分析了GDI发动机与气门口喷射(PFI)发动机的性能特点,GDI发动机相对于成熟的PFI发动机仍具有较多优势。分析了GDI发动机技术发展面临的主要问题,可以看出,排放、燃烧稳定性等方面的问题限制了分层稀燃GDI发动机普遍应用。探讨了GDI发动机燃烧系统特点及发展趋势,阐述了过量空气系数a=1的GDI均质混合燃烧方式、分层充气或均质(a=1)充气的涡轮增压技术、优化燃烧系统扩大分层稀燃区域、实现GDI发动机的HCCI燃烧等4个GDI发动机技术发展方向。     

均质充量压缩燃烧研究现状与存在的问题

为了实现发动机的清洁、高效燃烧,国内外科研工作者都将均质充量压缩燃烧(HCCI燃烧)作为柴油机研究的重点。文中介绍了均质充量压缩燃烧HCCI方式的基本概念,论述了HCCI当前的研究进展,分析了HCCI存在的问题,提出了解决问题的对策。这种燃烧方式具有较高的热效率、低NOX和PM排放。     

均质充量压缩着火燃烧技术及其研究进展

均质充量压缩着火发动机由于其混合气是预混合好的，因此可以减少甚至达到无颗粒物排放；又由于是压缩着火而且没有节气门的节流损失，可导致高的热效率。分析了均质充量压缩着火的益处及技术难点，论述了其研究现状及在可变压缩比、可变配气相位及着火添加剂等几个方面的燃烧控制技术，并对其适用燃油也进行了研究。     

以HCCI燃烧过程为主要研究对象的模拟燃烧系统

所论述的模拟燃烧系统是针对均质混合气压燃特性试验研究开发研制的装置,主要由燃烧系统主体部分、混合气配给系统等组成。该装置具备定压燃烧过程、复合燃烧过程以及定容燃烧过程的研究试验功能,且具有良好的边界条件可控性。燃烧系统压缩终了压力可达到2.6MPa,活塞最高速度为5m/s,平均速度为2.18m/s。     

二甲醚/甲醇混合燃料燃烧数值模拟研究

均质充量压缩着火燃烧(HCCI)技术的提出为内燃机的发展开辟了一种更为节能高效、绿色环保的新模式,着火性能差异较大的两种燃料掺混是实现均质混合压燃着火控制的有效方法。文章利用CHEMKIN化学反应动力学模拟软件对二甲醚(DME)/甲醇混合燃料均质混合压燃燃烧过程进行了数值模拟研究,重点分析了燃料掺混比、过量空气系数、发动机转速以及进气温度对HCCI发动机燃烧特性的影响规律。     

一种全新的内燃机燃烧概念:HCCI(下)

现代社会很大程度上依赖于由内燃机驱动的汽车。尽管最近十多年来轿车柴油机(采用压缩点燃的燃烧概念)在世界上一些地区和国家取得了长足的发展,但是迄今为止,绝大多数轿车仍然是用汽油机(采用火花点燃的燃烧概念)驱动的。这两种传统的燃烧概念都有各自的局限性。人们长期以来试图突破这种局限性,于是产生了一种全新的内燃机燃烧概念：均质充量压缩点燃(HCCI：Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition)。近年来,国外许多研究者正在加紧研究这种新的燃烧概念,极有可能给内燃机行业带来重大的革命,值得引起我国内燃机行业从业人员的注意。     

Enhancement of NOx-PM trade-off in a diesel engine adopting bio-ethanol and EGR

For realizing a premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine, the effects of bio-ethanol blend oil and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on PM-NOx trade-off have been investigated in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine with the compression ratio of 17.8. In the present experiment, the ethanol blend ratio and the EGR ratio were varied focusing on ignition delay, premixed combustion, diffusive combustion, smoke, NOx and the thermal efficiency. Very low levels of 1.5 [g/kWh] NOx and 0.02 [g/kWh] PM, which is close to the 2009 emission standards imposed on heavy duty diesel engines in Japan, were achieved without deterioration of the thermal efficiency in the PCCI engine operated with the 50% ethanol blend fuel and the EGR ratio of 0.2. It is found that this improvement can be achieved by formation of the premixed charge condition resulting from a longer ignition delay. A marked increase in ignition delay is due to blending ethanol with low cetane number and large latent heat, and due to lowering in-cylinder gas temperature on compression stroke based on the EGR. It is noticed that smoke can be reduced even by increasing the EGR ratio under a highly premixed condition.     

柴油机不同负荷混合气形成与燃烧过程研究

应用柴油机工作过程可视化装置对柴油机在不同负荷下的混合气形成与燃烧过程进行了试验研究。研究结果表明:在小负荷时柴油机的混合气形成与燃烧过程表现为预混合多点同时压燃;在一定范围内,随喷油量的减少和喷油提前角的加大,柴油机着火滞燃期延长,有利于形成预混合压燃。     

醇类燃料均质压燃技术及其产业化展望

阐述了醇类燃料(甲醇,乙醇)均质压燃(HCCI)技术,通过试验得出了乙醇燃料的均质压燃运行区域,以及进气温度、过量空气系数和EGR率是HCCI技术应用的主要影响因素的结论。指出乙醇燃料均质压燃技术产品的产业化前景应该是双燃烧模式,介绍了将ZS1105柴油机进行改造并进行双燃烧模式试验的情况。     

Effects of the fuel injection ratio on the emission and combustion performances of the partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion engine applied with the split injection method

Currently, due to the severity of world-wide air pollution by substances emitted from vehicles, emission control is being enforced more strictly, and it is expected that the regulation requirements for emission will become even more severe. A new concept combustion technology that can reduce the Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and PM in relation to combustion is urgently required. As a core combustion technology among new combustion technologies for the next generation engine, the homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is expanding its application range by adopting a multiple combustion mode, a catalyst, direct fuel injection and partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion using the split injection method. This paper used a split injection method in order to apply the partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion method without significantly altering engine specifications of the multiple combustion mode and practicality by referring to the results of studies on the HCCI engine. Furthermore, the effects of the ratio of the fuel injection amount on split injection are investigated. From the test results, the adequate combination of the ratio of the fuel injection amount for the split injection method has some benefit on exhaust and fuel economy performance in a naturally aspirated single cylinder diesel engine.     

柴油/甲醇组合燃烧在增压柴油机上的应用

在4102增压柴油机上采用柴油/甲醇组合燃烧方式(在柴油机的一部分工况采用现有的扩散燃烧方式,另一部分工况采用柴油引燃醇燃料均质混合气的组合燃烧方式)进行试验;试验结果表明,采用组合燃烧后柴油机的NOx排放和燃料的消耗率较原机有显著减少。     

柴油微引燃乙醇发动机燃烧、性能及排放特性研究

柴油微引燃乙醇发动机采用进气道喷射乙醇、缸内直喷微量柴油引燃的方式进行燃料供给。基于单缸四冲程柴油机,对其燃烧、性能及排放特性进行研究,固定引燃柴油喷射量为发动机能实现压燃着火的最小值,在进气压力为0.15 MPa时比较不同乙醇喷射量的工况组,通过改变柴油喷射时刻进行工况扫描。结果表明,引燃柴油的喷射时刻对发动机的燃烧、性能和排放影响显著。柴油微引燃乙醇发动机在中高负荷能够稳定运行,指示热效率可达34%以上,通过适当调节柴油喷射时刻,可以有效控制未燃碳氢(UHC)、NO_x与CO排放,同时可以实现极低的炭烟排放。柴油微引燃乙醇发动机燃烧模式为预混合或部分预混合燃烧,燃烧有两阶段放热特征,改变引燃柴油喷射时刻,可以有效控制燃烧相位。     

天然气发动机燃烧方式分析

根据混合气形成和着火方式将天然气发动机的燃烧模式分成均质混合气点燃、非均质混合气点燃、均质混合气压燃和非均质混合气压燃/引燃4种。分析了这4种燃烧模式针对发动机性能和排放方面的特点,讨论了目前存在的问题。认为目前最有实用价值的模式为柴油引燃天然气非均质扩散燃烧,因为其热效率高于火花点火发动机,与传统柴油机相当,而有害排放物排放却较柴油机明显降低,并且相对于HCCI更易实现。     

气缸壁涂加催化剂对均质压燃发动机燃烧特性的影响

通过修改CHEMKIN软件包中的SENKIN模块,对气缸壁涂有催化剂的HCCI燃烧过程进行了数值计算。对比分析了缸内催化燃烧对HCCI发动机的着火时刻及NOx排放的影响;讨论了当气缸壁涂有催化剂时进气温度、进气压力、压缩比、过量空气系数及催化剂种类等多种工况参数对HCCI燃烧特性的影响。     

Gasoline multiple premixed compression ignition (MPCI): Controllable, high efficiency and clean combustion mode in direct injection engines

A novel combustion concept namely “multiple premixed compression ignition” (MPCI) in gasoline direct injection compression ignition (GDICI) regime is proposed. Its predominant feature is the first premixed and followed quasipremixed combustion processes in a sequence of “spray-combustion-spray-combustion”. The multiple-stage premixed combustion decouples the pressure rise with pollutants formation process, which means the pressure rise rate and emissions can be reduced simultaneously, while achieving a high thermal efficiency. The gasoline MPCI mode has been demonstrated in a research engine with a compression ratio of 18.5. Gasoline with the research octane number (RON) of 94.4 was tested under 1400 rpm, 0.6 MPa IMEP conditions, without EGR and intake boosting. A parameter study of common rail pressure and intake temperature was implemented to investigate their effects on the performance of MPCI mode. Compared to the single-stage diffusion combustion in traditional diesel engines, the gasoline MPCI mode achieves lower emissions of soot, NO, CO, as well as slightly higher indicated efficiency, with a penalty of higher THC emissions when the common rail pressure is larger than 80 MPa in this study. With intake temperature sweeping, the gasoline MPCI mode also has the foregoing advantages compared to the diesel under the same operating conditions.     

The improvement of the efficiency of fuel cells against the elimination of harmful emissions from the internal combustion engines

There are many candidates as the prime mover of vehicles for the 21st century. Fuel cells, advanced gasoline engines, advanced diesel engines or other systems including combinations of various combustion engines with the electric motor. Overviews of the pros and cons for these prime movers are explained and the compression ignition combustion system of premixed mixtures is positively reviewed as the most promising system.