Impacts on Asphalt Mixture's High Temperature Performance with PR Series Additives Added

Impacts　on　asphalt　mixture's　high　temperature　performance　with　PR　series　additives　added　by　means　of　rutting　test　and　Repeated　Shear　Test　(Constant　Height)　(RSCH)　were　investigated　The　analytic　results　of　the　two　tests　show　that　(1)　rutting　test　is　not　suitable　for　the　high　temperature　performance　evaluation　of　asphalt　mixture　with　PR　series　additives　added　for　the　reason　of　the　conflict　between　dynamic　stability　and　rut　depth;　(2)　the　results　of　RSCH,such　as　K1,K2,N　and　γ,show　very　well　consistency　which　is　suitable　 for　the　high　temperature　performance　evaluation　of　asphalt　mixture　with　PR　series　additives 　added　The　results　of　RSCH　show　that　asphalt　mixture　with　PR　PLAST　S　(PRS) 　added　has　the　best　performance,the　PR　FLEX　MODULE　(PRM)　one　is　the　next　and　t he　original　one　is　the　worst　for　the　high　temperature　anti?shear　performance     

Experimental Research on Fatigue Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Reams Strengthened with HPFL under Overloading Conditions

In　order　to　study　the　fatigue　behavior　of　RC　beams　strengthened　with　High　Performance　Ferrocement　Laminates　(HPFL)　under　overloading　conditions,static　and　fatigue　experiments　were　conducted　on　two　control　beams　and　nine　strengthened　beams　The　failure　mode,fatigue　life,deflection　and　material　strain　under　overloading　conditions　were　analyzed　The　result　shows　that　(1)　fatigue　failure　of　the　beams　subjected　to　overload　starts　with　steel　rupture　at　the　bottom　and　the　fatigue　life　is　only　between　327　000　and　668　000　while　fatigue　 life　of　strengthened　beams　is　greater　than　two　million　times　in　case　of　not　overload ing;　(2)　compared　with　the　control　specimen,the　fatigue　life　of　strengthened　beams　is　obvio usly　extended　and　increased　with　the　increase　of　steel　mesh　consumption;　(3)　after　the　same　number　of　cycles,the　deflections,the　strains　of　concrete　and　steels　of　four　strengthened　beams　are　lower　than　those　of　the　control　specimen　Debonding　at　the　interface　of　HPFL　and　concrete　is　not　observed　because　of　shear　pins　planted　at　the　end　of　the　beams     

Evaluation of Low?temperature Performance of Porous Asphalt Mixture

To　analyze　influencing　factors　and　evaluation　method　of　low-temperature　performance　of　porous　asphalt　mixture,first,three　kinds　of　modified　binder　were　chosen　as　original,thin　film　aging　and　pressure　aging　samples　for　customary　index　test　and　bending　beam　rheometer　(BBR)　test　at　-12　℃　to　evaluate　low-temperature　performance　of　these　modified　binders　Then,evaluation　of　the　low-temperature　anti?cracking　performance　of　different　kinds　of　porous　asphalt　mixture　was　made　by　thermal　stress　restrained　sample　test　(TSRST)　At　the　sam e　time,the　result　of　abovementioned　TSRST　were　compared　with　the　TSRST　result　of 　samples　of　the　porous　asphalt　mixtures　after　long?term　aging　to　evaluate　the　influence　of　 aging　on　low-temperature　performance　of　porous　asphalt　mixtures　The　results　show　that　(1)　TSRST　result　of　porous　asphalt　mixtures　coincides　with　creep　stiffnesses　of　BBR　test　of　modified　binders;　(2)　the　fracture　temperatures　of　the　porous　asphalt　mixtures　increase　and　their　fracture　stresses　decrease　after　aging;　(3)　the　fracture　stresses　of　porous　asphalt　mixtures　are　just　one-third　of　those　of　dense?gradation　asphalt　mixtures　while　the　fracture　temperatures　almost　the　same,which　indicates　that　their　low?temperature　performances　are　almost　the　same     

Research on Adaptability of Semi?rigid Material as Base Course for Long-life Asphalt Pavement

In　the　light　of　semi?rigid　material　as　base　course　for　perpetual　asphalt　pavement,the　bearing　capacity　and　fatigue　life　of　asphalt　pavement　with　semi-rigid　base　cause　and　different　asphalt　layer's　thickness　were　computed　with　BISAR30　after　chosen　typical　pavement　The　impact　of　thickened　layer　on　the　stress　of　the　semi?rigid　base,the　dry　shrinkage　and　temperature　shrinkages　of　the　material　were　analyzed,and　its　adaptability　as　base　for　perpetual　pavement　was　studied　The　result　shows　that　(1)　under　the　same　load,with　thickening　of　the　asphalt　layer,the　compressive　stress　on　the　top　and　the　tensile　stress　at　the　bottom　of　the　semi?rigid　base　decrease　obviously　and　the　fatigue　life　of 　the　base　increases　substantially;　(2)the　impact　of　temperature　and　humidity　on　the 　semi-rigid　base　is　remarkably　weakened,which　leads　to　the　fractures,erosion　and　reflecting　cracks　of　the　semi?rigid　base　to　be　controlled　effectively     

Research on Heat Transfer Model of Asphalt Pavements Subjected to Microwave Heating Recycling

In　order　to　assess　temperature　field　in　microwave　heating　for　recycling　asphalt　pavements,a　2D　mathematic　heat　transfer　model　was　developed　based　on　Fourier　heat　transfer　theory　The　microwave　internal　heat?generation　was　researched　by　using　surface　field　of　pyramidal　horn　replacing　approximate　radiation　field　In　addition,the　boundary　conditions　were　built　and　normalization　processing　was　implemented　The　control　volume　based　finite　differential　method　(CV-BDM)　was　used　to　establish　the　implicit　discrete　scheme　of　the　conservation equations,and　the　numerical　value　simulation　was　employed　By　continuous　or　intermittent　 radiation　heating　technique,a　microwave　heating　experimental　system　at　2　145　GHz　was　carried　out　to　investigate　temperature　variation　characteristics　of　asphalt　pavements　along　with　heating　time　The　result　shows　that　(1)　the　increase　of　temperature　of　asphalt　mixture　during　microwave　heating　is　obviously　nonlinear,the　temperature　rises　slowly　in　the　initial　stage　of　the　heating　but　increases　rapidly　in　the　late　heating　period;　(2)　the　temperature　distribution　is　non-uniform　that　the　temperature　in　central　area　of　the　surface　is　higher　while　it　is　lower　on　edge;　(3)　the　uniformity　of　temperature　within　asphalt　mixtures　can　be　improved　by　using　intermittent　heating　technique,and　the　heating　time　must　be　reasonable　The　simulation　results　are　in　preferable　agreement　with　the　experiment     

Micromechanical Analysis on Viscoelasticity of Asphalt Mixtures

Mori-Tanaka　equivalent　inclusion　micromechanics　theory　was　employed　to　investigate　the　viscoelasticity　of　asphalt　mixture　Asphalt　mixture　was　regarded　as　composites　which　treated　coarse　aggregate　as　a　rigid　inclusion　and　the　mixture　of　fine　aggregate,filler　and　binder　as　viscoelastic　matrix　The　constitutive　relations　of　coarse　aggregate　inclusion　and　fine　aggregate-filler-binder　matrix　were　converted　into　elastic　problems　by　Laplace　transformation　Then　the　Mori-Tanaka　equivalent　inclusion　and　average　theory　were　used　to　deduce　the 　viscoelastic　performance　of　asphalt　mixture　based　on　that　of　asphalt　mortar　in 　Laplace　space　The　result　shows　that　(1)　coarse　aggregate　inclusion　can　enhance the　viscoelastic　performance　of　fine　aggregate?filler?binder　matrix　and　viscoelastic　constitutive　relation　of　asphalt　mixtures　can　be　expressed　as　the　product　of　an　enhancement　coefficient　of　coarse　aggregate　and　the　viscoelastic　constitutive　relation　of　fine　aggregate?filler?binder　matrix;　(2)　the　viscoelasticity　of　the　complex　asphalt　mixture　can　be　predicted　from　the　viscoelasticity　of　the　homogeneous　fine　aggregate?filler?binder　matrix　by　using　the　nhancement　coefficient;　(3)　the　enhancement　coefficient　is　higher　than　10　and　it　rises　with　increasing　of　coarse　aggregates'　volumetric　fraction　or　Poisson's　ratio　of　fine　aggregate-filler-binder　matrix　but　the　effect　of　the　former　is　more　important　than　that　of　the　latter     

Study on Model Experiment of Prestressed Concrete Skewed Box Girder with Transversely Segmental Construction

he　prestressed　concrete　skewed　box　girder　with　transversely　segmental　construction　was　brought　out　on　the　basis　of　the　need　in　the　engineering,both　model　experiments　and　FE　analysis　of　the　presented　construction　and　the　beam　box　with　integral　construction　were　carried　out　With　the　analysis　of　the　obtained　data　by　mathematical　statistics,comparison　of　table　and　graph,and　the　corresponding　FE　analysis,the　difference　of　mechanical　performances　of　both　constructions　was　analyzed　under　various　experimental　loading　cases　The　results show　that　(1)　the　deflection　of　the　presented　construction　is　about　53%　larger　than　that　of　the　beam　box　with　integral　construction,the　longitudinal　strain　is　135%　larger　than　that　of　the　latter,and　the　longitudinal　strain　of　the　cast　concrete　is　59％　as　large　as　that　of　the　same　area　at　the　beam　box　with　integral　construction　before　concrete　cracking;　(2)　there　exists　stress　redistribution　in　the　cross-section　of　presented　construction,which　can　restrain　the　tensional　distortion　of　the　wet?joint,and　the　value　of　the　stress　cannot　be　computed　by　the　current　FE　program     

Analysis of Performance of High Liquid-limit-soil Foundation Reinforced by Geogrids

According　to　the　features　of　high?liquid?limit　foundation　in　southwest　mountainous　area　and　the　characteristics　of　geogrid　reinforced　cushion,geogrid　reinforced　cushion　was　used　to　reinforce　high?liquid　foundation　By　using　the　elastic?plastic　finite　element　analysis method,the　mechanisms　of　the　geogrid　reinforced　cushion　were　studied　The　results　show　that　geogrid　reinforced　cushion　can　greatly　reduce　loading　and　deformation　and　improve　the　high?liquid　foundation　stability　In　addition,the　effect　of　factors　such　as　location,lay ers,stiffness,etc　of　geogrids　on　reinforcement　and　the　regularity　were　discussed　Compari son　of　centrifugal　model　test　result　with　numerical　calculation　result　indicates　that　the　error　is　negligible　between　them,which　shows　that　(1)　constitutive　relationship,calculation　model　and　calculation　parameters　are　reasonable;　(2)　numerical　simulation　reflects　deformation　behavior　of　high?liquid　foundation　improvement　effectively　and　the　results　of　numerical　analysis　are　re liable     

Experimental Study on Damage Assessment of Concrete T-beam Bridges

The　effect　of　damaged　transverse　connection　of　diaphragm　beams　on　the　bearing　capacity　of　prefabricated　concrete　T?beam　bridges　was　studied　through　model　experiment　and　finite　element　analysis　On　the　basis　of　standard　drawing　of　16　m　T?beam　bridge,a　refabricated　concrete　T?beam　bridge　model　on　the　scale　of　1　to　4　was　designed　by　using　of　welding　steel　plate　The　impacts　of　different　condition　on　transverse　load　distribution　were　discussed　The　result　shows　that　(1)　flange　connection　has　little　impact　on　the　transverse　load　distribution　when　the　diaphragm　beams　are　connected　reliably;　(2)　the　damage　of　transverse　connections　has　much　influence　on　the　transverse　load　distribution　of　adjacent　girders　but　it　has　little　effect　on　the　girders　apart　from　them;　(3)　if　a　certain　transverse　connection　is　damaged　entirely　except　for　that　of　the　end　diaphragm　beams,the　load　distribution　would　not　degenerate　to　the　conditions　determined　by　the　flange　connection　because　of　the　advantageous　effects　of　the　other　diaphragm　beams;　(4)　only　when　the　bilateral　diaphragms　of　one　beam　are　damaged　at　the　same　time,the　lateral　load　distribution　will　degenerate　to　the　conditions　determined　by　the　flange　connection     

Construction Behavior of Double Down?side Drifts in a Weak Tunnel with Shallow Cover

Confronted　with　accidents　in　a　shallow?buried　weak　tunnel　using　the　bench　excavation　method,such　as　great　subsidence　and　cracks　in　the　ground　surface　as　well　as　those　in　the　preliminary　support,a　double　downside　drifts　construction　method　was　presented　The　drifts　were　used　to　detect　geological　conditions　and　reinforce　the　lower　parts　of　the　tunnel　Its　construction　procedures　and　load　transiting　mechanism　were　then　described　Its　Construction　behavior　was　also　studied　by　numerical　simulation　using　software　MIDAS　The　results　show　that　(1)　double-side　drifts　can　improve　tunnel　load,the　key　construction　step　is　arch　ring　excavation　and　core　soil　is　good　to　keep　tunnel　steady;　(2)　weak　parts　mainly　l ocate　at　wall　foot　of　drifts,wall　foot　and　crown　foot　of　tunnel,and　the　connections;　(3)　reinforcement　of　soil　under　the　drifts　has　no　apparent　effect　on　improving　rock　deformation　and　support　load　Advice　on　construction　was　proposed　that　main　parts　to　be　reinforced　are　drifts　(its　foot　depth,connection　parts　with　tunnel,and　its　corners)　and　core　soil　should　be　kept　if　rock　is　unsteady　and　needs　reinforcing     

Coupled Numerical Analysis of Anti?crack Mechanism of Large Stone Asphalt Mixture

Stresses　of　pavement　with　flexible　base　of　LSAM-30,ATPB-30　and　AC-30I　at　the　most　adverse　point　under　the　function　of　traffic　load　and　temperature　load　as　well　as　the　coupling　of　them　were　calculated　and　compared　by finite　element　method.　The　result　indicates　that　flexible　bases　of　LSAM?30　and　ATPB?30　are　more　effective　in　the　prevention　of　reflection　crack　Because　of　the　great　volume　of　coarse　aggregate　and　large　maximum　nominal　particle?size,the　LSAM-30　thermal　conductivity　is　greater,and　the　temperature　shrinking　coefficient　is　lower　as　well　as　the　modulus　of　resilience,which　could　reduce　the　emperature　gradient　among　the　structure　layers　effectively　and　then　minish　the　thermal　stress　At　the 　same　time,the　adequate　flexibility　performance　of　the　LSAM　may　also　absorb　strain　energy　at　the　crack　of　the　semi?rigid　subbase　sufficiently　As a　result,itpresented　preferable　reflection　crack　resistance　A　case　study　was　conducted　to do　comparative　analysis　of　anti?cracking　performance　of　LSAM-30,ATPB-30　and　AC-30I　flexible　bases　A　long?term　follow?up　observation　of　test　roads　with　the　three　bases　shows　that　the　pavement　with　LSMA　base　is　in　good　condition　and　no　sign　of　crack　found　while　pavements　with　ATPB?30　and　AC?30I　flexible　bases　have　varying　degrees　of　crack　LSMA　flexible　base　has　an　obvious　performance　of　anti-crack     

Great Revolution in Maritime Transportation: Discussion on Preliminary Work and Operation Plan of Bridge/Tunnel Projects for Vacuum HTS Maglev Train at High Speed（畅想海上交通运输建设的伟大革命——真空高温超导磁浮高速列车桥隧工程前期工作与运行方案探讨）

The improvement in the operation speed of the transportation project means the progress and development of the construction technologies in transportation projects. In this paper, the following factors restricting the further improving of the speed of high speed railway are analyzed: as the operation speed increases, the trains in the dense atmosphere are subject to the wind induced resistance and various resistances caused by the friction between the wheels and the rails and by the irregularity of tracks, and the noise will also increase with a high power. Therefore, the economy and safety issues involved in the operation have become the main factors restricting the further improving of the speed of high speed railway. A scheme of vacuum pipelines of underwater vacuum tunnel and/or subwater bridge is proposed in this paper: the pipelines and cars are sealed and vacuated to form the quasi vacuum. The transportation system of the vacuum maglev train at ultrahigh speed with the HTS maglev technology can achieve the operation speed more than 4 times that of the existing HSR train (about 1 200 km/h). Key technologies for constructing the vacuum maglev tunnels/subwater bridges in respect of construction plans, vacuating and sealing, as well as maglev trains are introduced in this paper. The subjects to be further studied on the vacuum HTS maglev tunnels (pipelines) are analyzed from the aspects of technology, management, construction costs, operation expenses, candidate project, airtight materials for cars and evacuation in case of emergencies. It is recommended that "cross sea maglev train in vacuum tunnel" should be developed in the eco tourism project between the coastal cities and their neighboring islands and a series of necessary technical tests should be conducted during the trial operation, so as to obtain related experience. Based on the experience and lessons learned, the transportation system at ultrahigh speed may be implemented for strait crossing projects in China. Finally, a brief introduction to the research on HSR trains at ultrahigh speed in countries such as China, the United States and the Netherlands is presented in this paper. The development of vacuum pipeline transportation can drive the development of China′s transportation modes in a faster, safer and more energy efficient manner, facilitating the development of the fifth generation of transportation industry and its driving role in the social and economic development, and promoting the integration and progress of the economy of China or even the world at a higher speed.     

Study of Design and Construction Technology of Ultra large span Tunnel at Badaling Great Wall Station（八达岭长城站超大跨度隧道设计施工技术研究）

The large span transition section at Badaling Great Wall Station with a maximum excavation span of 32.7 m and an excavation area of 494.4 m2 is the traffic tunnel with the largest excavation span and excavation section area in the world, resulting in substantial construction difficulty and high safety risk. To ensure the construction safety of Badaling Great Wall Station, the support parameter design, a new excavation method, and the surrounding rock deformation control principle for tunnels with an ultra large section are studied. The study results show that: (1) According to the checking calculation, the support system had a safety factor of 1.16-2.46 during the construction period and 1.59-3.54 during the operation period, i.e., its engineering structure is safe and reliable. (2) The innovative triangle type excavation applied to the tunnel with an ultra large span and section has the advantages of a simple and clear method, safe and reliable structure, high applicability of mechanical equipment and high construction efficiency. (3) Depending on different surrounding rock classes and spans, the criteria for total deformation control of the large span transition section at Badaling Great Wall Station are as follows: in the case of class Ⅱ surrounding rock, the total settlement is 20-30 mm, and the total horizontal convergence is 15-20 mm; in the case of class Ⅲ surrounding rock, the total settlement is 30-40 mm, and the total horizontal convergence is 20-25 mm; in the case of class Ⅳ surrounding rock, the total settlement is 60-90 mm, and the total horizontal convergence is 40-55 mm; in the case of class Ⅴ surrounding rock, the total settlement is 130-190 mm, and the total horizontal convergence is 90-105 mm. (4) According to the numerical simulation, the innovative triangle type excavation method results in deformation that is mainly centralized in the tunnel arch making stage, accounting for approximately 95% of the total, followed by deformation in the side making stage, accounting for 4% of the total, with the smallest deformation only accounting for 1% in the inverted arch making stage.     

杭州狭长软土基坑支护侧移规律与解析预测方法研究

In order to reduce the influence of deep narrow foundation pit construction on adjacent properties in urban area in Hangzhou, the characteristics of the support wall lateral deflection are analyzed and the corresponding analytical prediction method is proposed. The support wall lateral deflections of the deep narrow foundation pits at Wenyi West Road, Qingchun Station, Qiutao Station, Xingtang Station and Qingnian Station in Hangzhou soft clay are monitored and compared with those of deep foundation pits in Zhejiang and deep narrow foundation pits in Shanghai, Taipei and Singapore. The results show that the maximum support wall lateral deflection of the foundation pit on Wenyi West Road, 0.20%He ~0.25%He, where He is the maximum excavation depth, is close to that in Shanghai(0.15%He~0.41% He), but is smaller than those in Zhejiang, Taipei and Singapore(0.27% He~0.62% He); which is related to the high tangential modulus of Hangzhou soil and small width of the foundation pit. The support wall lateral deflection of the narrow deep foundation pits in Hangzhou can be precisely predicted based on the representative stress strain relationship at site and the modified mobilisable strength design (MMSD) method.     

Innovation and Practice of Hard Rock TBM in China（我国硬岩掘进机的创新与实践）

In recent years, with the help of good national policy support, the design, manufacturing and construction technology for tunnel boring machine (TBM) in China have been greatly improved; but compared with foreign relatively proven technology, there is still a certain gap for domestic technology development and engineering application. Based on the situation analysis of research and application of TBM in China and abroad, the research work for TBM design is carried out according to the complex geological conditions of Gaoligongshan Tunnel on Dali Ruili Railway as follows. (1) The prototype disc cutter rock breaking and scaled disc cutter wearing experiment are carried out to provide reference for adaptable design of TBM cutterhead and key parameter calculation. (2) The TBM design scheme is discussed from the aspects of high efficiency rock breaking of cutters and cutterhead, TBM over excavation, integrated support system, etc. (3) Two kinds of advanced geological prediction technology, i.e. HSP method and RTP method, are researched. The study results can provide reference for design and manufacture of TBM with high adaptability in complex geology and construction application in Gaoligongshan Tunnel.     

Design Standard for Thermal Insulation and Drainage Facilities of Railway Tunnels in Cold Regions（寒区铁路隧道保温排水设施设计标准研究）

Targeted to the issue of lacking of systematic design standards for thermal insulation and drainage facilities of railway tunnels in cold regions, the authors propose the method of design division of railway tunnels in cold regions based on the division of cold regions, the current technical status of thermal insulation and drainage in tunnels, and the investigation on some tunnel freezing damage cases in northeastern China and the northern part of North China. Through analyzing the application conditions of the thermal insulation and drainage facilities and combining the measured temperatures in the operating tunnels and drainage facilities, the authors propose the suggested length for the thermal insulation and drainage facilities of tunnels in cold regions in different divisions. The results show that: (1)railway tunnels in cold regions may be classified into 5 divisions based on annual average temperature and average temperature in the coldest month; (2)the elevated thermal insulation ditch only adapts to the cold regions with a higher temperature; (3)an effective measure for thermal insulation and drainage in cold regions is to embed ditches into structures within a certain range from the portal; (4)the ditches may be arranged in structures for the trunk section of long tunnels equipped with thermal insulation measures; (5)for the tunnels with the necessary conditions available, the double spur grade and a steep gradient in the longitudinal slope may be applied, which is beneficial to improving drainage conditions and preventing the ditch from freezing.     

Current Status and Development Trend of Urban Underground Space in China（我国城市地下空间利用现状及发展趋势）

The development and utilization of urban underground space is an important way to alleviate the shortage of urban resources, improve the environmental conditions and the quality of life of residents. It has important practical significance. The status of underground space utilization in China and other countries and the problems that need to be solved in China are analyzed. Combined with the general trend of intelligent, green, deep and comprehensive development of urban underground space, several suggestions for the development of underground space in China are put forward. Based on the characteristics of the development of underground space in foreign cities, the status quo of domestic underground commercial street, underground road and parking system, subway, integrated pipe gallery, underground complex, underground municipal system, underground storage and logistics systems, relevant laws and regulations and standard specifications are analyzed, respectively. The shortcomings of laws and regulations, management mechanism, urban planning, development protection, information sharing, disaster prevention and investment and financing mode in the development and utilization of underground space in China are analyzed in depth. Combined with the general trend of development of intelligent, green, deep and integrated development of underground space, it is proposed that in addition to the theoretical system and key technologies for the development of underground space, comprehensive management, overall planning, innovative investment and financing, income models and policies and laws that are in line with national conditions are needed.     

Scientific and Technological Innovation and Operation related Issues for Island Tunnel of Hong Kong Zhuhai Macao Fixed Link Project（港珠澳大桥岛隧工程建设的科技创新和 运营后应关注的若干问题）

The author explains why a giant undersea immersed tube tunnel was selected for the sea area of the main channel of the east side of the Hong Kong Zhuhai Macao Fixed Link Project, instead of employing a bridge or shield tunnel; and summarizes several domestic and international leading innovative technologies applied in the island tunnel construction of the Hong Kong Zhuhai Macao Fixed Link Project, including the use of huge self stabilized steel cylinders as retaining structure of foundation pits for constructing the artificial islands, the large area and ultra deep "sand compaction pile (SCP) composite foundation" reinforcement technology, "semi rigid segment joints", "sandwich" steel RC combined inverted trapezoid closure joints, and crack control and anti corrosion/durability design for RC tube structure. All these technologies reflect Chinese wisdom and Chinese speed. The author also points out some technical issues to which attention should be paid after the immersed tube tunnel of the project is put into operation: （1） Will the post construction settlement and differential settlement of the immersed tube tunnel further develop after the project is open to traffic? How much is the final convergence value? If it exceeds the limit, what control measures should be taken?（2） How to deal with the issue that the joints of large/small elements or segments are open? How to ensure that all the large and small joints between segments of the tube are "watertight"? Furthermore, the author presents some suggestions and control measures: （1） For excessive post construction settlement (especially differential settlement) spotted on large joints, it is suggested to incorporate "micro disturbance grouting" for post treatment. （2） If a joint opens under the excessive positive bending moment at the floor slab, it is believed that the open joint on the floor slab can be closed again by cutting off some prestressed tendons in the roof slab of the segment to reduce the positive bending moment of the section.     

General Design of Shenzhen Zhongshan River crossing Link Project（深圳至中山跨江通道工程总体设计）

Shenzhen Zhongshan River crossing Link is the first super integrated project in the world that consists of four different types of structures, i.e. ultra long and wide immersed tunnels, super large span sea crossing bridges, deep water artificial islands and undersea interchanges. The river crossing is designed for two way and 8 lane as per highway technical standards. Based on project characteristics and its technical difficulties, engineering solutions and the associated technology innovations have been listed as follows: (1) Proposed a design concept of standardization, industrialization, intelligence and project integration, and completed the study of overall design of Shenzhen Zhongshan River Crossing Link. An immersed tunnel with a combined steel shell and concrete composite structure is designed and the width of tunnel elements is from 46 to 55.5 m; Lingdingyang Bridge has been designed as a suspension bridge with a 1 666 m main span and two 270 m high main bridge towers. For West Island, a temporary enclosure caisson structure made of ultra large steel cylinders with a diameter of 28 m is designed to achieve a rapid artificial island formation. (2) Summarized the design and construction solutions related to combined steel shell and concrete structural immersed tunnel, the mix design, batching and concrete casting methods of high strength self compacting fluidized concrete, concrete quality check and inspection, design and construction of deep cement mixed (DCM) pile foundation for immersed tunnels, design and construction of large scale undersea dimensional transport interchange, flutter and wind stability design for super large span suspension bridge with monobox girders, and key techniques related to design and construction of offshore anchorage in deep sea. Furthermore, an equipment is developed and innovated for not only transport, also for installation of immersed tunnel elements to ensure the implementation of the project in an effective and economical way.     

Reflections on Construction of Bohai Bay Crossing Corridor（对兴建渤海海峡跨海通道有关问题的思考）

The author discusses the necessity and urgency of constructing the Bohai Bay Crossing Corridor from the following aspects such as the increasing traffic volume, the convenience of the transportation after the corridor is constructed, and the regional benefit brought by the corridor. As for the timing of the construction of the sea crossing corridor, the author thinks that as long as the national economic situation permits and relevant conditions are basically available, the preliminary work should be carried out as soon as possible so as to promote the early commencement of the construction. Regarding the proposal of building another coastal national highway/high speed railway along the Bohai Bay coast, the author puts forward his viewpoints. In the aspect of construction risks, the author thinks that the geological risks in the construction of the Bohai Bay Crossing Corridor are very difficult to be dealt with; therefore, strict and detailed risk assessment should be carried out, and effective safety measures should be taken to mitigate the risks. The author also briefly describes the technological advantages of the tunnel proposal selected for the Bohai Bay Crossing Corridor, and briefly analyzes some key technological issues in the tunnel construction. The author describes the construction scheme and construction period estimation for the sea crossing corridor in details. The author makes the following proposal are given: (1)the hard rock tunnel boring machine (TBM) assisted by the drilling and blasting method should be used for the construction of the long sea crossing tunnel of Bohai Bay Crossing Corridor; (2) a parallel service tunnel shall be arranged between the twin main tunnel tubes; (3) in Proposal 2, the diameters of the twin main tunnel tubes and the service tunnel should be 8.0 m and 55 m, respectively. The proposal has two optional solutions: Solution 1: The service tunnel ( 55 m) located between the main tunnel tubes will be constructed first; for the main tunnel tubes, the disassembled TBMs ( 8 m) and the backup gantries are assembled for tunneling after arriving at the main tunnel tubes through the service tunnel and the cross passage; Solution 2 (alternative): Tunneling with  55 m TBM is carried out; the  55 m TBM will be dismantled to pass through the cross passage, and then be re assembled after arriving at the main tunnel; the start section (180 m) of main tunnel tube will be formed by  55 m TBM before it is enlarged to  8 m by drilling and blasting method; or the cross passage is enlarged to a large curved space to allow the 5.5 m TBM passing throught without disassembly. Comparison and contrast will be made and the preferred solution will be adopted. According to the rough estimation on the construction period of the 125 km long sea crossing tunnel, the total construction period of "completed tunnel" will be about 19 years (including 5 years of detailed offshore investigation) in Solution 1.