禁左管制下的交通排放系统模型与指标研究

本文分析了影响尾气排放的各种因素,将尾气排放模型与交通工况模型结合起来,建立了多因子交通排放系统模型,对几种禁左绕行模式的工况构成、排放总量、影响范围、线性浓度、节点排量等主要指标进行比较分析,提出了各种模式的适用条件,为进行交通影响评价和禁左模式选择提供借鉴。     

不同公交专用道设置对车辆尾气排放的仿真分析

交通拥堵和环境污染是城市交通稳定发展的制约因素。为研究城市公交专用道的设置对机动车尾气排放和交通流的影响,采用交通仿真系统VISSIM以及尾气排放模型MOVES搭建了公交专用道设置对机动车尾气排放影响的量化分析模型,以西安市南门到电视塔路段为研究对象,选用了三种不同的公交专用道设置方案:不设置专用道、路中式专用道、路侧式专用道,仿真分析设置不同公交专用道对机动车尾气排放的影响。结果表明:设置公交专用道后整个路网所有机动车的尾气排放总量都得到了明显的改善,路中式公交专用道的尾气排放量最少,路侧式次之,不设置公交专用道的尾气排放最大;针对整个路网而言,设置公交专用道后对交叉口行驶工况的排放改善要比其他路段的改善效果更为明显。     

考虑飞机排放的滑行线路优化

文章对飞机发动机排放的影响进行了分析,总结了飞机发动机的排放模型,并计算了几种常用机型在滑行过程中的排放指标。运用网络线路的计算方法,对典型机场的飞行区进行了网络化。最后根据排放模型,针对虹桥机场的飞行区的地面滑行网络提出滑行飞机流优化算法。     

考虑飞机排放的滑行线路优化

文章对飞机发动机排放的影响进行了分析,总结了飞机发动机的排放模型,并计算了几种常用机型在滑行过程中的排放指标。运用网络线路的计算方法,对典型机场的飞行区进行了网络化。最后根据排放模型,针对虹桥机场的飞行区的地面滑行网络提出滑行飞机流优化算法。     

汽车驾驶培训模拟器在驾驶培训中的节能模型研究

汽车驾驶培训模拟器以安全高效、低排放、零消耗等优点被应用于驾驶员培训,有效节约了燃油的浪费并减少了尾气排放污染。通过对教练车场内和场外上路驾驶实车训练驾驶工况进行分析,采用差值法提出基础和场地驾驶人均油耗和随时间的变化关系,建立了基础和场地驾驶的节能计算模型,并利用碳平衡法建立道路驾驶的节能模型,最终建立汽车驾驶培训模拟器的综合节能计算模型。     

涡轮增压器与柴油机的匹配分析

文章选取适当的柴油机增压器,利用计算法确定增压器增压参数,并通过AVL-BOOST软件建立柴油机增压模型,对发动机与涡轮增压器的匹配进行仿真,并且对匹配结果进行分析。结果表明,该软件进行增压器与柴油机的匹配仿真是比较好的,也说明了所选择的增压器是比较适合所匹配柴油机的。     

基于CALINE4模式的平原地区高速公路机动车尾气污染水平研究

为了研究我国平原地区高速公路两侧的机动车尾气污染水平和污染物的分布规律,本文以监测数据为基础,结合当地的具体气象特点,利用CALINE4模式,对国内平原地区的一段高速公路上机动车排放的污染物CO的浓度进行模拟,并将模拟结果和实测结果进行对比分析,结果表明CALINE4模式可以判断平原地区高速公路两侧机动车尾气CO污染状况,动态地估计平原地区高速公路环境交通容量,间接地评价该区域的空气质量。     

物理添加剂在燃油的节能与排放中的作用

先进的燃油添加剂对于燃油的燃烧和排放至关重要,对于汽车来讲添加剂能否及时而有效地清除积碳,不仅对于发动机稳定运行有直接影响,而且对于节能和尾气排放起到了非常关键的作用。     

基于KULI的某重型商用车发动机冷却系统的仿真与试验研究

以某重型商用车发动机冷却系统为研究对象,利用整车热管理仿真软件KULI建立了冷却系统模型,进行了发动机冷却系统的仿真计算,并与试验数值进行比对分析.结果表明:仿真结果与试验数值吻合较好,仿真模型可靠,为发动机冷却系统的设计与匹配提供理论依据,通过软件仿真可以大大提高冷却系统分析效率,节省试验费用.     

基于MOVES模型的石家庄市机动车排放清单研究

机动车尾气污染给石家庄市空气污染带来的影响不容忽视,为有效缓解和控制石家庄市的交通污染现状,需要对交通污染物进行精确量化。文章结合实地调研数据,对MOVES模型的主要输入参数进行了本地化,结合行驶里程和保有量数据计算出了石家庄市机动车排放清单,并分析了机动车的排放分担率。     

The influence of deposit control additives on exhaust CO and HC emissions from gasoline engines (case study: Tehran)

Air pollution is the most serious environmental problem in Tehran with exhaust emissions from spark-ignition engines accounting for a major part of problem. The formation and accumulation of deposits on the internal surfaces of engines could adversely affect the exhaust emission from vehicles. It is the perception that some of fuel additives can remove these deposits due to their detergency. The Iranian Department of Environment decarbonized more that 250,000 SI engine vehicles in Tehran with the goal of reducing exhaust CO and HC emissions from gasoline engine vehicles by engine deposit removal. Here, the influence of engine deposit removal by decarbonization on the exhaust CO and HC emissions from more than 500 gasoline engine vehicles is examined. It is found that the decarbonization process could reduce the exhaust CO and HC emissions, significantly. Emissions from Peykan and Pride vehicles decreased considerably after decarbonization.     

Performance and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine fuelled with butanol isomer-gasoline blends

The heavy reliance on petroleum-derived fuels such as gasoline in the transportation sector is one of the major causes of environmental pollution. For this reason, there is a critical need to develop cleaner alternative fuels. Butanol is an alcohol with four different isomers that can be blended with gasoline to produce cleaner alternative fuels because of their favourable physicochemical properties compared to ethanol. This study examined the effect of butanol isomer-gasoline blends on the performance and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine. The butanol isomers; n-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol and isobutanol are mixed with pure gasoline at a volume fraction of 20 vol%, and the physicochemical properties of these blends are measured. Tests are conducted on a SI engine at full throttle condition within an engine speed range of 1000–5000 rpm. The results show that there is a significant increase in the engine torque, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions with respect to those for pure gasoline. The butanol isomers-gasoline blends give slightly higher brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature than pure gasoline at higher engine speeds. The iBu20 blend (20 vol% of isobutanol in gasoline) gives the highest engine torque, brake power and brake thermal efficiency among all of the blends tested in this study. The isobutanol and n-butanol blend results in the lowest CO and HC emissions, respectively. In addition, all of the butanol isomer-gasoline blends yield lower NO emissions except for the isobutanol-gasoline blend.     

Developing link-based particle number emission models for diesel transit buses using engine and vehicle parameters

To better assess health impacts from diesel transportation sources, particle number emissions can be modeled on a road network using traffic operating parameters. In this work, real-time particle number emissions rates from two diesel transit buses were aggregated to the roadway link-level and modeled using engine parameters and then vehicle parameters. Modern statistical methods were used to identify appropriate predictor variables in the presence of multicollinearity, and controlled for correlated emission measurements made on the same day and testing route. Factor analysis helped to reduce the number of potential engine parameters to engine load, engine speed, and exhaust temperature. These parameters were incorporated in a linear mixed model that was shown to explain the variation attributable to link-characteristics. Vehicle specific power and speed were identified as two surrogate vehicle travel variables that can be used in the absence of engine parameters, although with a loss in predictive power compared to the engine parameter model. If vehicle speed is the only operating input available, including road grades in the model can significantly improve particle number emission estimates even for links with mild grade. Although the data used are specific to the buses tested, the approach can be applied to modeling emissions from other vehicle models with different engine types, exhaust systems, and engine retrofit technologies.     

Experimental analysis of exhaust gas after treatment system using water scrubbing in a single cylinder diesel engine for diesel and biofuel blends

A low-cost exhaust gas after treatment system called water-scrubbing is attempted in this paper. An emission treatment setup is fabricated, which is installed in the exhaust of the engine. This takes the exhaust gas and sprays water in the exhaust and passes it through the chamber containing silica gel. An attempt is made to investigate experimentally the performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, with and without water injection at the exhaust using diesel fuel (DF), diesel-Karanja oil blend (DKB) and diesel-Jatropha oil blend (DJB). The exhaust gas after treatment system helps to reduce NOx, CO and Particulate matter. The performance of the engine has also been monitored to determine whether the engine has any decrease in performance when the setup is used and it is found that there is no change in the engine performance.     

车用柴油机NO_x形成及控制

相对汽油发动机污染物排放,柴油发动机CO和CH的排放较低,不到汽油机的10%,但NOX排放水平却高于汽油发动机。本文重点讨论柴油发动机排气污染物中NOx的成分及危害,分析了NO的生成机理及影响因素,提出了控制柴油机NO排放的技术和方法。     

在用汽油车废气排放状况分析

从汽油车的废气检测数据着手,就在用汽油车的整体废气排放情况及改善方法进行探讨。从废气产生机理、油品质量、使用习惯、日常维护等多个方面分析车辆废气不合格的原因,并给出改善在用汽油车排放性能的解决方案。     

Demand forecasting of diesel passenger car considering consumer preference and government regulation in South Korea

Changing market regulations in South Korea have allowed diesel-fueled passenger cars in the domestic market. The diffusion of diesel cars is tied to issues of environmental impact, energy supply and demand, and changes in tax revenue. Policymakers can influence demand for diesel vehicles to protect social welfare and to observe international environmental protection laws. On the supply side, carmakers need to know consumer preferences regarding new vehicles to arrive at development strategies.This study uses microsimulated demand forecasting to address these issues and predict consumer demand for diesel passenger cars. The model accommodates governmental policies and car attributes such as price and engine efficiency. We find that consumers will likely prefer diesel passenger cars to gasoline ones due to the low operation costs of the former in spite of high purchase price when diesel is relatively cheaper than gasoline. Finally we find that diesel passenger cars will capture a 42% market penetration ratio under the pricing system suggested by the Ministry of Environment of Korea.     

Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of a triple-fuel spark-ignition engine powered passenger car

This paper examines the influence of compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and gasoline fuel on the exhaust emissions and the fuel consumption of a spark-ignition engine powered passenger car. The vehicle was driven according to the urban driving cycle and extra urban driving cycle speed profiles with the warmed-up engine. Cause and effect based analysis reveals potential for using different fuels to reduce vehicle emission and deficiencies associated with particular fuels. The highest tank to wheel efficiency and the lowest CO₂ emission are observed with the natural gas fuelled vehicle, that also featured the highest total hydrocarbon emissions and high NO_x emissions because of fast three way catalytic converter aging due the use of the compressed natural gas. Retrofitted liquefied petroleum gas fuel supply systems feature the greatest air-fuel ratio variations that result in the lowest TtW efficiency and in the highest NO_x emissions of the liquefied gas fuelled vehicle.     

Exhaust emissions generated under actual operating conditions from a hybrid vehicle and an electric one fitted with a range extender

The paper describes exhaust emission tests performed on a PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) and a BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle), in which the combustion engine was used as a range extender. The measurements of the exhaust emissions were performed for CO₂/fuel consumption, CO, THC and NO_x. The RDE measurements were performed including the engine operating parameters and emissions analysis. This analysis shows that the engines of BEVs and PHEVs operate in a different parameter range when under actual operating conditions, which directly translates into the exhaust emission values. This is particularly the case for the emission of NO_x. The investigations were carried out for two routes differentiated by the length and share of the urban and extra-urban cycles. For both routes, the emission of THC and CO were lower for the PHEV engine – HC by 69% (22 mg/km, route 1) and 6% (15 mg/km, route 2), CO by 69% (0.12 mg/km, route 1) and 80% (0.1 mg/km, route 2). For route 1, characterized by a greater share of the urban cycle, the emission of NO_x was lower by 70% (2 mg/km) for the BEV engine, and (route 2) lower by 60% (8 mg/km) for the PHEV engine. Additionally, the curves of the exhaust emissions in time for individual exhaust components have been presented that indicate that in the motorway cycle the emission of THC and CO from the BEV vehicle increases significantly up to ten times compared to urban cycle.     

How much should gasoline be taxed when electric vehicles conquer the market? An analysis of the mismatch between efficient and existing gasoline taxes under emerging electric mobility

The taxation of gasoline is characterized by large variability across countries and recent research has analyzed existing gasoline tax levels from an economic efficiency point of view focusing on conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Most studies find that existing fuel tax rates do not coincide with economically efficient levels. As long as policymakers do not take action to reduce the resulting efficiency gap, there will be an ongoing welfare loss to the economy. However, the composition of passenger car fleets will probably be subject to fundamental changes in the (near) future due to the emergence of electric mobility. This raises the question of whether the mismatch between current and efficient fuel taxation will persist, shrink, or even exacerbate under emerging electric mobility. This paper aims at answering this question by determining the structure and level of optimal gasoline taxes in the presence of electric vehicles (EVs). First, the optimal (nationwide) gasoline tax is analytically derived employing a general equilibrium approach. It is shown that differences in traffic related marginal external costs among fuel powered cars and EVs affect the corrective Pigouvian component of the optimal gasoline tax while a differential tax treatment influences the fiscal rational of the tax. Second, the model is applied to Germany using differentiated data on e.g. external costs and behavioral responses. Under a wide range of scenarios, the present analyses indicate a strong relationship between optimal gasoline taxes and electric mobility, calling for a downward adjustment of efficient gasoline taxes. The effect is mainly driven by financial incentives for purchasing and using EVs. Since fuel is likely to be undertaxed in many countries, the emergence of electric mobility will therefore close the gap between gasoline taxes in place and economically efficient taxes. On the other side, it will increase the efficiency gap in those countries where gasoline is overtaxed. This also has important implications for policy concerned with environmental objectives. Pushing electric mobility seriously and at the same time taxing gasoline efficiently could actually prevent sufficient CO₂ emission savings. However, at least in the case of Germany, even a downward adjusted optimal gasoline tax under electric mobility is likely to be higher than the current (non-optimal) tax.