阻力和流场的CFD不确定度分析探讨

为了解并研究CFD中不确定度分析的整个过程和细节,依照ITTC推荐规程,针对SUBOFF潜艇阻力和流场的数值模拟结果,进行了CFD中的不确定度分析和探讨.数值计算中采用了5套网格,网格加细比rc=√2.在此基础上,进行了验证分析,评估了数值误差和数值不确定度,验证过程全部完成.而后进行了确认分析,评估了对比误差和确认不确定度,确认过程全部完成.     

循环水槽船模阻力试验不确定度分析

[目的]采用试验流体力学(EFD)和计算流体力学(CFD)方法研究流体力学,都存在不确定度分析的问题。针对循环水槽船模阻力试验开展不确定度研究,分别分析精度极限、天平标定和数据采集过程中引起的不确定度。[方法]针对循环水槽所特有的、来流不均匀度和湍流强度难以通过EFD方法求解不确定度的敏感系数,根据上海交通大学循环水槽的实际情况建立相关数学模型,采用CFD模拟得到来流不均匀度和湍流强度对总阻力的影响,应用不确定度理论得到相应的不确定度分量,对CFD计算的不确定度进行专门分析。[结果]结果显示:在CFD不确定度分析中,修正和未修正的计算结果均得到了有效确认,表明利用CFD模拟开展研究可行;循环水槽船模阻力试验合成相对不确定度为1.91%,湍流强度对阻力的影响最大,起主导作用,在设计循环水槽时应尽可能降低湍流强度;由不均匀度引起的不确定度分量,以及由精度极限、天平标定和数据采集过程引起的不确定度分量均不大。[结论]采用CFD方法分析EFD不确定度的一些分量,具备可行性和一定的借鉴意义。     

船模阻力数值水池试验不确定度评估

文章针对水面船模阻力数值水池试验,开展了不确定度分析与评估研究。不确定度分析中,验证方法和流程基于正交设计和方差分析方法,确认方法和流程基于统计推断理论。以水面船标模DTMB5415为对象,进行了船模阻力数值水池试验不确定度分析评估的实例计算,给出了对数值试验结果有重要影响的试验因素和交互作用以及各类不确定度分量的大小,并提出了降低船模阻力数值试验不确定度的建议。     

船模阻力CFD结果的不确定度分析

针对船模阻力CFD数值模拟进行不确定度分析,验证和确认(VV)的过程,对比不同近壁面条件的不确定度分析的差异,参考ITTC推荐的相关规程,基于k-ε湍流模型,通过改变近壁面处Y~+值,并在不同的Y~+值下分别设置三套不同的网格密度,分析其不确定度。结果表明,Y~+值的选择对结果有显著影响,通过分析CFD计算结果的不确定度,有助于寻找提升计算结果精度的方法。     

二维平底结构砰击载荷数值计算的不确定度分析

依照ITTC推荐规程,针对二维平底结构入水砰击最大压力系数的数值模拟结果,进行了CFD中的不确定度分析。数值计算中选取中间尺度的时间步长,验证不同粗细三套网格。然后进行了验证分析及确认分析,评估了对比误差和确认不确定度,确认过程全部完成。     

船舶CFD不确定度分析方法述评

船舶CFD技术已越来越显示其"数值水池"的巨大潜力和广阔前景;CFD的不确定度分析也就成为"数值水池"实用化的技术瓶颈之一。以"量值溯源"为基础的测量不确定分析方法体系(如ISO-GUM)并不适用于数值模拟。自AIAA于1998年发布"CFD不确定度分析导则"以来,关于CFD不确定度分析的技术术语和定义已逐步取得统一。2009年ASME发布了"CFD不确定度分析标准"并成为美国标准,必将有力地推动CFD不确定度分析的广泛应用和方法统一。文中首先对AIAA和ASME方法进行了综述,重点评述了"数值计算不确定度"(numerical uncertainty)的评定方法;其后,对ITTC现有规程(2008年修订)以及最新进展进行了简要的总结。文中还对如何将CFD不确定分析与船舶CFD实际应用相结合的问题给出了初步建议。     

水面船形状因子的CFD计算研究

本文介绍了针对水面船形状因子开展的CFD计算研究.为解决计算域中船舶艏部和艉部附近存在的低正交性、高扭曲率的低质量网格对计算精度和稳定性产生不利影响的问题,在CFD求解器中引入了非正交修正和梯度限制器.针对KVLCC2、KCS和"育鹏"轮三种典型船型,开展水面船形状因子CFD计算研究,并对计算结果进行了不确定度分析.结果表明,形状因子CFD计算结果以较高水平通过了不确定度分析的验证和确认,说明求解器较好地解决了关键局部区域低质量网格带来的问题,能够以较高的精度计算水面船形状因子.     

小水线面双体船耐波性能CFD不确定度分析

基于ITTC推荐的CFD不确定度分析规程,开展基于RANS方程的小水线面双体船(SWATH)波浪中纵向运动计算结果的不确定度分析。分别验证计算模型的网格收敛性和时间步长的收敛性,发现相比于网格的疏密,该数值求解模型对于时间步长更为敏感。通过与试验数据进行对比,计算结果基本得到确认,并由此建立了顶浪规则波中SWATH船纵向运动数值计算结果的确认等级。在此基础上,进一步开展了该SWATH船在2个波高多个波长条件下的运动求解,计算结果均与试验结果吻合较好,说明所采用的数值计算模型对于求解SWATH船在波浪中的运动问题具有较好的适用性和可靠性。     

不确定度分析原理在容量计重中的应用

容量计重是对在运输、储存和交接过程中散装液体商品和液化气体商品的一种计量方式,其结果的准确性对贸易双方影响很大。文中介绍了不确定度的分析过程,包括建立不确定度分析模型、对不确定度分量进行A类或B类评定的方法、合成标准不确定度以及扩展不确定度的计算方法等。在此基础上给出了保温立式金属罐的容量计重的不确定度分析模型及评定实例,提出了最后结果的表示方法。计算结果表明影响容量计重结果不确定度的主要因数是液体的体积,在严格按照鉴定规程操作的前提下,要想降低容量计重结果的不确定度的关键是要降低储罐的不确定度。     

舰船上层建筑薄板结构可靠性评估研究

常规船舶可靠性评估主要用于舰船整体的可靠性评估,对单项特定项目的可靠性评估存在不确定度高的不足。为此提出舰船上层建筑薄板结构可靠性评估研究,构建硬件理查德·塞勒结构,基于薄板结构性能计算、疲劳性能计算、长期运行性能计算,建立舰船薄板结构可靠性评估模型;利用模型参数以及兼容端口设计,对薄板结构骨架进行提取分析,确定其加权系数代入评估模型,得出可靠性结论,完成提出的可靠性评估研究。试验数据表明,提出的可靠性研究较常规可靠性评估分析不确定度降低75.6%,精度提高63.3%。     

Assessment of uncertainty in the CFD simulation of the wave-induced loads on a vertical cylinder

The paper addresses different uncertainty analysis methods commonly used for uncertainty quantification in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies and compares a constant Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) number based approach for uncertainty estimation to the ITTC recommended grid and time-independent procedures. Four different uncertainty estimation procedures are presented and discussed. To compare their performance and better understand CFD related uncertainty quantification in wave load simulations on offshore structures, the methods are applied to a case study of the wave loads on a fixed vertical cylinder. The numerical or CFD wave tank is generated using the open-source CFD toolkit OpenFOAM. Uncertainty is assessed for the case study using four different uncertainty estimation procedures for verification and later, validation is attempted by comparing the CFD results with experiments. The study concludes that a constant CFL number based uncertainty study provides more stable results and is better suited for uncertainty estimation in CFD than the ITTC recommended individual grid and time step uncertainty study.     

Computational fluid dynamics-based multiobjective optimization of a surface combatant using a global optimization method

The main objective of this article is to describe the development of two advanced multiobjective optimization methods based on derivative-free techniques and complex computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Alternatives for the geometry and mesh manipulation techniques are also described. Emphasis is on advanced strategies for the use of computer resource-intensive CFD solvers in the optimization process: indeed, two up-to-date free surface-fitting Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation solvers are used as analysis tools for the evaluation of the objective function and functional constraints. The two optimization methods are realized and demonstrated on a real design problem: the optimization of the entire hull form of a surface combatant, the David Taylor Model Basin—Model 5415. Realistic functional and geometrical constraints for preventing unfeasible results and to get a final meaningful design are enforced and discussed. Finally, a recently proposed verification and validation methodology is applied to assess uncertainties and errors in simulation-based optimization, based on the differences between the numerically predicted improvement of the objective function and the actual improvement measured in a dedicated experimental campaign. The optimized model demonstrates improved characteristics beyond the numerical and experimental uncertainty, confirming the validity of the simulation-based design frameworks.     

Uncertainty quantification of Delft catamaran resistance,sinkage and trim for variable Froude number and geometry using metamodels,quadrature and Karhunen–Loève expansion

A framework for assessing convergence and validation of non-intrusive uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods is studied and applied to a complex industrial problem in ship design, namely the high-speed Delft Catamaran advancing in calm water, with variable Froude number and geometry. Relationship between UQ studies and deterministic verification and validation is discussed. Computations are performed using high- (URANS) and low- (potential flow) fidelity simulations. Froude number has expected value and standard deviation equal to 0.5 and 0.05, respectively, on a truncated normal distribution. Geometric uncertainty is related to the research space of a simulation-based design optimization, and assessed through the Karhunen–Loève expansion (KLE). Monte Carlo method with Latin hypercube sampling (MC-LHS) is used to compute expected value, standard deviation, distribution and uncertainty intervals for resistance, sinkage and trim. MC-LHS with CFD is used as a benchmark for validating less costly UQ methods, including MC-LHS with metamodels and standard quadrature formulas. Gaussian quadrature is found the most efficient method; however, MC-LHS with metamodels is preferred since provides with confidence intervals and distributions in a straightforward way and at reasonably small computational cost. UQ results are compared to earlier deterministic single- and multi-objective optimization; reduced-dimensional KLE studies for geometric variability indicate that stochastic optimization would not be of great benefit for the present problem.     

潜艇非稳态流场计算流体力学不确定度分析

依照ITTC推荐规程对美国DARPA潜艇模型SUBOFF光体在不考虑自由表面情况下的CFD计算进行不确定度分析。选取中间尺度的时间步长，验证中采用细、中、粗三套网格。在最精细的网格上进行不同时间步长的研究。最后对潜艇表面压力计算进行确认。     

EFD and CFD for KCS heaving and pitching in regular head waves

The KCS container ship was investigated in calm water and regular head seas by means of EFD and CFD. The experimental study was conducted in FORCE Technology’s towing tank in Denmark, and the CFD study was conducted using the URANS codes CFDSHIP-IOWA and Star-CCM+ plus the potential theory code AEGIR. Three speeds were covered and the wave conditions were chosen in order to study the ship’s response in waves under resonance and maximum exciting conditions. In the experiment, the heave and pitch motions and the resistance were measured together with wave elevation of the incoming wave. The model test was designed and conducted in order to enable UA assessment of the measured data. The results show that the ship responds strongly when the resonance and maximum exciting conditions are met. With respect to experimental uncertainty, the level for calm water is comparable to PMM uncertainties for maneuvering testing while the level is higher in waves. Concerning the CFD results, the computation shows a very complex and time-varying flow pattern. For the integral quantities, a comparison between EFD and CFD shows that the computed motions and resistance in calm water is in fair agreement with the measurement. In waves, the motions are still in fair agreement with measured data, but larger differences are observed for the resistance. The mean resistance is reasonable, but the first order amplitude of the resistance time history is underpredicted by CFD. Finally, it seems that the URANS codes are in closer agreement with the measurements compared to the potential theory.     

基于SPH法的径向滑动轴承动压润滑研究

为了研究润滑油膜的粒子性对流体动压润滑的影响,该文提出利用SPH方法（光滑粒子动力学方法）分析径向滑动轴承流体动压润滑,模拟结果通过计算流体动力学（CFD）软件FLUENT分析结果和润滑理论提供的解析解进行了比较验证。同CFD 法一样,SPH法的压力分布结果揭示了润滑理论忽略掉的流体惯性效应。三种方法速度场分析结果略有不同。因此,SPH模型由于反映了流体的粒子性,可成为求解滑动轴承中的复杂流体润滑问题的有效工具。     

喷水推进器推力预报的两种不同方法比较

概述了喷水推进器推力预报方法,研究了理论分析和CFD两种预报喷水推进器推力的方法.理论分析方法把喷水推进船整体分解成部件进行研究,从数学上描述了船底边界层对进流管道进口动量和动能的影响;结合经验系数建立了推力计算的函数关系式.CFD计算采用壁面积分的方法求取推力.文中所用的这两种方法的计算结果和厂商提供的推力特性曲线都能很好地吻合.文章最后比较了两种方法的优缺点.     

Measurements of hydrodynamic forces, surface pressure, and wake for obliquely towed tanker model and uncertainty analysis for CFD validation

This article presents hydrodynamic forces and moments, surface pressures, estimated side force distributions, and wakes under oblique towing conditions for a practical tanker model (model KVLCC2M), which was designed by the Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO). Ship offset data is readily available and can be obtained from the Internet. The model ship has no appendages and no rudder. Trim and sinkage were adjusted to zero in the static condition and the model ship was constrained against any motion. Although the drift angle β was primarily set to 0°, 6°, and 12°, other settings were used in some experiments. All experimental results were processed using uncertainty analysis. The uncertainty analyzing method follows the ANSI/ASME Performance Test Code (PTC19.1-1985) and the AIAA Standard S-071-1995. Only a few error components were considered here and they were empirically chosen because they had a heavy weighting when used in the uncertainty calculation. The results of these towing tank experiments will contribute to the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) research in ship hydrodynamics.     

大侧斜桨敞水性能及流场数值研究

针对库存大侧斜桨,基于商用RANS代码,利用结构化网格技术和流道计算模型开展了大侧斜桨敞水水动力和流场的数值分析.在进速系数J ε[0.33,0.95]范围内,文中计算得到的敞水螺旋桨水动力与试验结果差异在3%以内.通过敞水螺旋桨流场计算和计及粘性影响鼓动盘计算结果比较可知,螺旋桨对桨前流场影响主要是抽吸作用;对桨后近场区域XIDP<4流场影响主要是滑流,轴向速度周向均值沿径向分布主要受桨叶负荷分布控制;到中问区域415,螺旋桨尾流变成了单一的剪切流.