散货船舱口围修理改进

<正>散货船舱口盖在舱口围上方反复开关,对舱口围的钢板磨损严重,只修理舱口围可能会导致与舱口盖配合存在间隙,舱口盖无法密封。由于船舶工期紧张,船东不希望舱口盖下地修理。在不修理舱口盖的情况下修理舱口围,通过全站仪等事先对舱口围、舱口盖检测,施工中进行过程控制。     

考虑腐蚀影响与屈曲强度的液压折叠式舱口盖结构优化

液压舱口盖在承受集装箱载荷和风雨载荷过程中起着非常关键的作用.根据液压舱口盖的受力与变形特点,将优化理论应用于液压舱口盖结构优化设计中,建立了液压舱口盖结构优化模型.以液压舱口盖结构重量为目标函数,优化过程中考虑了强度、刚度和心曲等多种约束工况.在多种载荷作用下,优化了液压舱口盖结构,使优化后的液压舱口盖结构不但满足强度和刚度衡准要求,同时也满足屈曲强度要求.     

多用途船舱口盖的结构强度分析与优化

对某多用途船船体舱口盖进行三维有限元强度分析,得到舱口盖在风雨和堆放货物载荷作用下,舱口盖应力与位移的分布情况。计算和分析结果可为今后舱口盖设计提供一些有益依据。     

7200dwt江海直达船舱口盖直接设计

采用MSC软件对一艘7 200dwt江海直达散货船舱口盖结构进行了有限元计算分析,得到舱口盖在设计波浪载荷作用下,舱口盖应力与变形的分布情况,并通过CCS-Tool完成了屈曲强度校核,经加强后使舱口盖结构满足屈服与屈曲强度要求。同时,提出了舱盖直接设计的注意事项,为今后舱口盖设计提供一些参考。     

中小型货船折叠式舱口盖制造技术要求

本文根据目前舱口盖制造中所存在的普遍问题，提出中小型船舶舱口盖制作的工艺技术要求和的质量控制措施。     

箱型舱口盖结构强度直接计算方法研究

舱口盖可以保证货舱保持水密,防止进水。箱型舱口盖构造简单,小型船舶上使用广泛。本文针对箱形舱口盖在风雨载荷作用下的响应进行了直接计算。通过计算发现在约束点外有明显的应力集中现象,由于舱口盖为典型的单跨梁结构,提出把在约束点区域的应力集中隐藏,显示舱口盖的中部应力区域,这样更符合实际情况。为箱型舱口盖的直接计算提供借鉴。     

198TEU多用途集装箱船起吊式舱口盖的设计研究

本文介绍了198TEU多用途集装箱船起吊式舱口盖的研究和设计。其思路可供舱口盖设计及编制装载集装箱舱口盖检验规则时参考。     

大型集装箱船舱口盖一次吊装安装技术研究

主要围绕大型集装箱船舱口盖一次吊装工艺,阐述大型集装箱船舱口盖一次定位方法,涉及货舱精度管理、舱口盖建造管理,以及箱体立柱先于舱口盖安装定位方法,为集装箱船建造工艺优化开拓新的视野。     

基于UG二次开发的折叠式舱口盖参数化设计

文章以折叠式舱口盖为研究对象,结合UG／Open GRIP高效、便捷、交互性能强的编程特点和UG／Open API操作简单、控制用户界面方便的优势,依托UG／Open UIStyler制作灵活、多样的人性化界面和UG／OpenMenuScript生成用户菜单,在对折叠式舱口盖结构分析的基础上,引入UG二次开发技术对折叠式舱口盖进行参数化建模系统设计,达到改变折叠式舱口盖部件参数值输入就能迅速建立新模型的目的。经过对参数化建模系统程序调试,系统能够正确、简便、迅速完成折叠式舱口盖部件参数化建模功能。该系统减少了折叠式舱口盖设计周期,提高了设计效率,为折叠式舱口盖参数化建模设计提供参考依据。     

大型集装箱船使用非风雨密舱口盖问题分析

以5618TEU集装箱船为例，通过对大型集装箱船上非风雨密舱口盖的分析，阐述了非风雨密舱口盖在大型集装箱船上使用的必要性和合理性。     

大跨度张弦桁架滑移及预应力张拉施工技术分析

张弦桁架是近年来大跨度空间结构领域兴起的一种新的结构类型,以其结构受力合理,跨越能力大且建筑造型优美受到越来越多的关注。文中以北京北站改造工程站台无柱雨棚为例,根据现场条件和工期要求,介绍了大跨度张弦钢桁架滑移施工方法、预应力钢索张拉施工工艺过程中的几个问题与处理方法。     

Physical–biological coupling in spore dispersal of kelp forest macroalgae

The physical–biological linkages controlling the dispersal of spores produced by macroalgae that reside in kelp forests are complicated and laced with feedbacks. Here we discuss the fundamental elements of these interactions. Biological considerations include spore swimming and sinking speeds, their periods of viability in the plankton, and the height of spore release above the seafloor, which together determine the durations over which spores can be swept by horizontal currents before they contact the seafloor. Morphologies and material properties of canopy forming kelps may also influence the drag exerted on passing waters by the kelps, the plants' ability to persist in the face of rapid flows, and thereby the degree to which impinging currents are redirected around, or slowed within, kelp forests. Macroalgal life histories, and the size of spore sources as controlled by the dimensions of kelp forests and the density and fecundity of individuals within them, influence effective dispersal distances as well. Physical considerations encompass the mean speed, direction, and timescales of variability of currents relative to spore suspension times, the interaction of surface gravity waves with currents in producing turbulence in the benthic boundary layer, wind-driven surface mixing, water stratification, and shoreline bathymetry and substratum roughness, all of which can affect the interplay of vertical and horizontal transport of macroalgal spores. Intricate within-forest processes may induce attenuation of current speeds and consequent reductions in seabed shear, along with simultaneous production of small-scale turbulence in kelp wakes. Slower mean currents and smaller eddy scales in turn may attenuate vertical mixing within forests, thus extending spore suspension times. Further complexities likely arise due to changes in the relative rates of horizontal and vertical dispersion, modifications to the overall profiles of vertical mixing, and the creation of fine-scale secondary flows around kelp individuals and substratum features. Under conditions of more rapid currents, submergence of the surface canopy and the establishment of skimming flows at the canopy–fluid interface may introduce additional coherent flow structures that alter rates of fluid exchange to and from the forest. Many of these coupled physical–biological processes are just beginning to be examined in a rigorous fashion in kelp forests, but their potential importance is clear.     

Microphytobenthos biomass at Kerguelen's Land (Subantarctic Indian Ocean): repartition and variability during austral summers

Microphytobenthos biomass has been measured at several coastal sites on the SE of the main island of the Kerguelen Archipelago (Indian Ocean), during several austral summers (1985–1992), using a conventional fluorometric method. Heterogeneity tests, conducted on two different intertidal sites (Port-Aux-Français, PAF; and Port-Raymond, PRA), showed low standard deviations, whereas the mean concentrations were highly different. Pigment concentrations showed a high variability related to the characteristics of the sediments: from low biomass in coarse intertidal sand, submitted to intense scouring (0.32±0.31 μg Chl a g⁻¹ dw, 0.29±0.14 μg Phaeo g⁻¹ dw) to high biomass in intertidal muddy sand in sheltered areas, particularly along estuaries (54 μg Chl a, 15 μg Phaeo g⁻¹ dw at Korrigan). The subtidal muddy sediments under a Macrocystis pyrifera (Linné) and Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso in Choris) belt exhibited high concentrations in phaeopigment (Phaeo) (up to 136±83 μg g⁻¹ dw; PRA), while the concentration of chlorophyll a (Chl a) was relatively low. The dense macroalgal canopy supports an important epiphytic diatom biomass (mainly the genera Cocconeis Ehrenberg and Grammatophora Ehrenberg), which is sedimenting after degradation and is in part responsible of the high levels of Phaeo in all sediments. Macroalgal debris were observed, but diatom frustules were dominant in most surficial subtidal sediments. A circatidal mud, in the Morbihan Bay, made of a sponge spicule mat (50 m deep; 4.96 μg Chl a g⁻¹ dw), showed a very low Chl a/Phaeo ratio (0.1), while it reached up to 6 in intertidal sand. Surprisingly, a penguin rookery beach, at the east side of Courbet Peninsula, was characterized by a very low biomass (0.07±0.04 μg Chl a g⁻¹ dw), while it was nutrient enriched, particularly with nitrates.In comparison with the data at the similar latitude, but in temperate regions from the Northern Hemisphere, the microphytobenthos biomass, recorded at Kerguelen's Land, exhibited relatively high pigment concentrations, particularly the Phaeo, and supported a dense and diversified subtidal macrofauna composed of polychaetes (particularly Thelepus extensus Hutchings and Glasby), sea urchins, mytillids and gammarids. The exuberant macroalgal canopy, coastal indentations and low tidal amplitude must be in part responsible of these large benthic primary and secondary biomasses.     

In Political Seas: Engaging with Political Ecology in the Ocean and Coastal Environment

The world’s oceans and coasts are awash in a sea of politics. The marine environment is increasingly busy, changing, and a site of degradation, marginalization, injustice, contestation and conflict over declining resources and occupied spaces at local to global scales. Themes of political ecology, such as power and politics, narratives and knowledge, scale and history, environmental justice and equity, are thus salient issues to understand in ocean and coastal governance and management. This subject review examines research on these themes of political ecology in the ocean and coastal environment and reflects on how the insights gained might be applied to governance and management. Political ecology provides important insights into: the influence of power in ocean management and governance processes; the manner in which narratives, knowledge, and scale are used to legitimize and shape policies and management efforts; the effects of historical trajectories on present circumstances, options, and practices; and the nature of inequities and environmental injustices that can occur in the marine environment. Moreover, ocean and coastal researchers, practitioners, and decision makers ought to engage with the political processes and injustices occurring in the ocean. Moving from critical insights to constructive engagements will ensure that political ecology helps to plant seeds of hope in the Anthropocene ocean.     

设计模式在设备故障红外智能诊断软件中的应用

诊断软件由于其诊断对象的复杂性和诊断策略的多样性,为设计模式的使用提供了较大空间.将设计模式引入船用机电设备故障红外智能诊断软件的开发,并具体讨论了一些常见的模式如Adapter、Bridge、Strategy和Observer等在软件各个模块和环节中的应用.实验证明,设计模式的使用,简化、明晰了软件的结构,加强了软件的通用性、稳定性和灵活性,提高了软件的可理解性和可维护性,并使得丰富红外诊断软件的接口和功能变得更为容易,进一步拓宽了软件的使用范围.     

探路、开路、筑路——为创立世界修船业共生时代再出发

中国修船业在国家改革开放的浪潮中,经历了三十多年的快速发展,如今已稳居世界修船大国的国际地位,而中国修船企业正在引领世界绿色修船科技的进步,也引起了国际修船业的高度关注.然而,在人类社会生态环境面临严峻挑战的当下,作为世界贸易和港口经济重要组成部分的修船产业,如何形成发展新格局,从生态层面推进绿色、低碳、数字"一体化"...     

高扬程升船机不同壁厚塔柱结构的抗震性能分析

基于200米级高扬程升船机固定壁厚塔柱结构形式,以混凝土用量一致为原则,拟定变壁厚塔柱结构形式。采用有限元软件ABAQUS,分别建立了固定壁厚和变壁厚两种塔柱结构模型,对塔柱结构的动力响应进行对比分析。结果表明:1)在自重荷载、风荷载和8度地震作用下,固定壁厚塔柱结构和变壁厚塔柱结构的顶部最大位移分别为38. 5、34. 7 cm,均满足规范限值。2) 3条地震波作用下,两种塔柱结构的顶部加速度比底部加速度都大,呈现加速度放大效应,放大2倍左右。3)筏形基础与塔柱结构交界面出现了压应力集中,筏形基础左右、中间部分及筒体内部区域出现了拉应力集中。塔柱截面和挡土墙交界处易发生应力集中。4)变壁厚塔柱结构的顶部最大位移,筏形基础的最大拉、压应力,截面最大等效应力,均比固定壁厚要小较多。变壁厚塔柱结构形式更优。     

船舶自动化电站模拟器系统

阐述了最新研制开发的船舶自动化电站模拟器主要组成及功能原理。其基本功能是:操作控制的模拟功能,机组的安全保护功能,电站、拖动系统仿真功能,教学考评功能,与整个轮机模拟器联网的扩展功能。电站监控系统具有配电屏面监视、机舱监控、电力系统实时监视及控制4部分功能,并有运行参数动态监视,报警的记录及打印功能。     

Part I: Externalities and economic policies in road transport

Road transport imposes negative externalities on society. These externalities include environmental and road damage, accidents, congestion, and oil dependence. The cost of these externalities to society is in general not reflected in the current market prices in the road transport sector.An efficient mobility model for the future must take into account the true costs of transport and its regulatory framework will need to create incentives for people to make sustainable transport choices. This paper discusses the use of economic instruments to correct road transport externalities, but gives relatively more weight to the problem of carbon emissions from road transport, as this is particularly challenging, given its global and long-term nature.Economics offers two types of instruments for addressing the problem of transport externalities: command-and-control and incentive-based policies.Command-and-control policies are government regulations which force consumers and producers to change their behaviour. They are the most widely used policy instruments. Examples include vehicle emission and fuel standards in the US as well as driving or parking restrictions in Singapore. The implementation cost of these instruments to the government is small. Although from an economic perspective these policies often fail to achieve an efficient market outcome, the presence of political constraints often make them the preferred option, in terms of feasibility and effectiveness.Economic theory shows how policies, which affect consumption and production incentives, can be used to achieve the optimal outcome in the presence of externalities. Incentive-based policies function within a new or an altered market. We first examine incentive-based policies, which cap the aggregate amount of the externality, such as carbon emissions, by allocating permits or rights to the emitters. The emitters are then free to trade their permits amongst them. The permit allocation mechanism is important-although market efficiency would be satisfied by an auction, political influences usually favour a proportional allocation based on historic emissions. We discuss EU ETS as an example of a cap-and-trade system, however, no such policy for CO₂ emissions in road transport has been implemented anywhere in the world to date.Fiscal instruments are, like command-and-control, widely used in road transport, because they are relatively cheap and simple to implement. They include the use of taxes and charges in order to bridge the gap between private and the social costs and, in principle, can lead to an efficient market solution. Registration, ownership, fuel, emissions, usage taxes, and parking and congestion charges have been implemented in many countries around the world. On the other side of the spectrum, subsidies can be given to those scrapping old cars and buying fuel-efficient vehicles. Some cities, such as London, have implemented congestion charges and many states in the United States have introduced high occupancy lanes. Other interesting possibilities include pay-as-you-drive insurance and other usage charges. However, the size and scope of taxes and subsidies are determined by governments, and because of their imperfect knowledge of the market the outcome is still likely to be inefficient.Governments have many effective economic instruments to create a sustainable road transport model. These instruments can be used separately or together, but their implementation will be necessary in the nearest future.     

双鱼岛陆域高程确定的要素分析

双鱼岛作为离岸式城市综合开发类人工岛,岛上陆域高程是一个独立的系统,陆域高程的确定关系到规划、安全、护岸、景观、土方量和造价、防洪排涝、亲水性等。对人工岛填海造地期和使用期高程确定的主要因素进行论述,并整体介绍双鱼岛高程的变化趋势,对不同部位的高程确定进行分析,同时对工程安全性与景观的平衡、高程与上部规划的关系、高程与土方量及最优造价进行研究。研究成果可供类似工程的高程确定提供思路及参考。