垃圾填埋场建设的新理念及其工程应用

系统总结了传统垃圾填埋技术应用中存在的突出问题,结合近年来国内、外垃圾填埋处理技术的新进展,提出填埋场建设的新理念,并以唐山市生活垃圾卫生填埋场工程为例,介绍其工程应用。与传统的填埋场相比,可有效提高资金利用率、降低运营管理费用、节省土地资源和有效保护周围水环境。     

垃圾填埋场渗沥液回灌及沼气收集利用

垃圾渗沥液和填埋气是垃圾填埋过程中的两种主要产物,具有很强的二次污染性.该文结合工程实例,阐述了渗沥液回灌与沼气收集利用发电相结合,不但可以实现渗沥液减量化,降低渗沥液处理成本,同时可以促进垃圾分解沼气的产生,并进行沼气收集利用发电.     

道路工程以建筑垃圾置换生活垃圾基层的技术要点

该文介绍了高速公路穿越生活垃圾场路段,采用建筑垃圾置换生活垃圾填埋层的填料控制及辗压工艺,通过试验段实测以掌握合理的辗压工艺,有关技术要点可供相关专业人员参考.     

国产最具影响模型之一：陕汽“SX2190”军卡车模

最近五十年,国内出了不少很有代表性的汽车模型,这辆“SX2190”军卡模型的原型是陕西汽车集团有限公司1990年开发的7吨军用越野车的改型产品。SX2190大量采用了斯太尔的技术。它所使用的WD615．77废汽涡轮增压水冷柴油发动机,属斯太尔WD615系列,在我国军用汽车首次采用;     

基于参数化技术的内燃机数字原型系统研究

数字原型系统可以完成内燃机的快速变结构设计,是内燃机概念设计阶段的重要工具,而参数化技术是内燃机数字原型系统的关键技术。采用参数化设计方法建立了能够快速设计内燃机的数字原型系统,并阐述该系统在内燃机零部件设计中的实施步骤,最后通过内燃机零部件设计实例,说明如何利用数字原型系统实现内燃机零部件的快速设计。该系统可以大大缩短内燃机及其零部件设计开发周期,提高企业的产品应变能力和新产品开发能力。     

用于提高发动机部件效率的摩擦催化Mo-X-N涂层系统

采用表面涂层是减少内燃机摩擦损失的有效措施之一。在配气机构中,优化挺柱和凸轮轴之间的摩擦接触具有较高的技术潜力。Schaeffler公司提出了1种采用纳米结构的摩擦催化物理气相沉积(PVD)涂层系统,可在受应力作用的表面形成保护性摩擦膜。     

内燃机扭振数字化测试系统及其应用

针对当前内燃机行业对高精度扭振测试设备的需求,结合现有传感器技术、单片机开发以及信号处理技术,充分利用微机的高效处理能力,采用硬件高频计数测时原理,开发研制了内燃机曲轴轴系高精度扭振数字化测试系统。     

与凸轮轴说再见!——改变内燃机配气控制的新技术

电气化在汽车行业俨然成为极具争议的“流行词”。一方面电动汽车动力系统开发的必然趋势似乎在向传统内燃机宣告“死刑”；而另一方面，从内燃机传统部件的推陈出新，到全面利用电气化系统来填补机械驱动带来的低效劣势充分减少了热损失、提高了效率、实现了更好的驾驶性能。现在大部分新型的发动机都配装了大量的电子元件和电子控制系统，也保留着传统内燃机的一些结构，比如凸轮轴配气机构，尽管众多厂家对发动机的配气系统进行了优化，但对可变气门技术的应用也还是要依靠凸轮轴控制气门的开启和关闭，这也在不断消耗着曲轴的动力，影响着发动机的工作效率。     

强夯处理深垃圾坑作为道路路基的应用

对深垃圾坑进行强夯作为道路路基是解决建筑垃圾与日俱增的有效措施.通过采用强夯桩式置换的方式,对西康铁路两侧垃圾填埋段进行处理,并对处理后的地基承载力、沉降观测及回弹模量进行了现场试验,结果表明该方法处理的路基能够满足设计要求.同时对施工过程中技术参数的选用、施工要求以及注意事项提出了建议.希望给强夯处理深垃圾坑作为道路路基提供些参考意见.     

科泰KC300垃圾压实机

科泰KC300垃圾压实机是城市垃圾卫生填埋场压实设备，是一种用来提高填埋场垃圾库存容量、实现卫生填埋的专用工程机械，是现代城市垃圾卫生填埋场的重要设备．该机具有对垃圾推平、挤碎、压实的功能，有利于节约土地、保护环境，延长填埋场的使用寿命。     

Combustion stabilization of a spark ignition natural gas engine

Natural gas is very different from liquid fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel, in ignition characteristics, mixture formation process, combustion speed and so on. These characteristics greatly influence the cycle variation in the engine. The influence on lean-burn combustion is larger than that on stoichiometric combustion and the influence has not yet been sufficiently studied. In this paper, several factors for the stabilization of combustion of spark ignition natural gas lean-burn engines are clarified by means of experimental investigations using such parameters as ignition condition, swirl and compression ratio.     

容弹实验装置的混合气配制及点火系统

定容燃烧弹主要模拟活塞在上止点附近内燃机的燃烧，其特点是能较方便地改变热力参数、湍流参数以及点火参数。设计了一种可变湍流参数定容燃烧弹实验装置，以用于预混燃烧的研究，详细介绍了该实验装置的混合气配制和主点火系统的设计原理、组成及其特点。     

内燃机脉冲电晕放电点火研究现状与发展方向

介绍了内燃机点火技术的研究进展,阐述了内燃机脉冲电晕放电点火新技术所涉及的点火能量、点火效率、燃烧时间和相关化学反应等问题。研究表明,脉冲电晕等离子体点火比传统火花塞点火的效率高12倍,且可在燃烧室内瞬间产生多个大尺度放电通道,实现可燃混合气的多源高效点火;同时,脉冲电晕点火还可诱发产生较火花塞点火多得多的化学反应活性基,从而加速燃烧反应。最后,指出了内燃机脉冲电晕等离子体点火研究的发展方向。     

Numerical analysis of the effect of inhomogeneous pre-mixture on the pressure rise rate in an HCCI engine using multi-zone chemical kinetics

The HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engine is an internal combustion engine under development, which is capable of providing both high diesel-like efficiency and very low NO_x and particulate emissions. However, several technical issues must be resolved before the HCCI engine is ready for widespread application. One issue is that its operating range is limited by an excessive pressure rise rate which is caused by the excessive heat release from its selfaccelerated combustion reaction and the resulting engine knock in high-load conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of thermal and fuel stratification for reducing the pressure rise rate in HCCI engines. The NO_x and CO concentrations in the exhaust gas were also evaluated to confirm combustion completeness and NO_x emissions. The computational work was conducted using a multi-zone code with detailed chemical kinetics, including the effects of thermal and fuel stratification on the onset of ignition and the rate of combustion. The engine was fueled with dimethyl ether (DME) which has a unique two-stage heat release, and methane which has a one-stage heat release.     

二甲醚/甲醇混合燃料燃烧数值模拟研究

均质充量压缩着火燃烧(HCCI)技术的提出为内燃机的发展开辟了一种更为节能高效、绿色环保的新模式,着火性能差异较大的两种燃料掺混是实现均质混合压燃着火控制的有效方法。文章利用CHEMKIN化学反应动力学模拟软件对二甲醚(DME)/甲醇混合燃料均质混合压燃燃烧过程进行了数值模拟研究,重点分析了燃料掺混比、过量空气系数、发动机转速以及进气温度对HCCI发动机燃烧特性的影响规律。     

排放分析在电喷发动机起动故障诊断中的应用

简述了燃油供给系统、点火系统和电控系统导致电喷发动机起动故障的原因及传统的诊断方法.阐述了喷油器工作状况可由HC含量的变化来反映,以及缸内燃烧状况及火花塞点火状况可由CO、NOx含量的变化来反映等排放分析诊断起动故障的机理.指出采用废气分析仪进行发动机起动故障诊断具有相当重要的实用价值,并通过试验得到了验证.     

Combustion characteristics of LPG and biodiesel mixed fuel in two blending ratios under compression ignition in a constant volume chamber

This study aims to investigate the combustion characteristics of mixed fuel of liquefied propane gas (LPG) and biodiesel under compression ignition (CI) in an effort to develop highly efficient and environmentally friendly mixed fuelbased CI engines. Although LPG fuel is known to be eco-friendly due to its low CO₂ emission, LPG has not yet been widely applied for highly efficient CI engines because of its low cetane number and is usually mixed with other types of CI-friendly fuels. In this study, a number of experiments were prepared with a constant volume chamber (CVC) setup to understand the fundamental combustion characteristics of mixed fuel with LPG and biodiesel in two weight-based ratios and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) conditions. The results from the current investigations verify the applicability of mixed fuel of LPG and biodiesel in CI engines with a carefully designed combustion control strategy that maximizes the benefits of the mixed fuel. Based on the results of this study, ignition is improved by increasing the cetane value by using higher blending ratios of biodiesel. As the blending ratios of biodiesel increased, CO and HC decreased and CO₂ and NO_x increases.     

Development of an on-line model to predict the in-cylinder residual gas fraction by using the measured intake/exhaust and cylinder pressures

The in-cylinder RGF (residual gas fraction) of internal combustion engines for new combustion concepts, such as CAI (controlled auto ignition) or HCCI (homogenous charged compression ignition), is a major parameter that affects the combustion characteristics. Thus, measurement or prediction of the cycle-by-cycle RGF and investigation into the relation between the RGF and the combustion phenomena are critical issues. However, on-line prediction of the cycle-by-cycle RGF during engine testing is not always practical due to the requirement of expensive, fast response exhaust-gas analyzers and/or theoretical models that are just too slow for application. In this study, an on-line model that can predict the RGF of each engine cycle and cylinder during the experiment in the test cell has been developed. This enhanced model can predict the in-cylinder charge conditions of each engine cycle during the test in three seconds by using the measured dynamic pressures of the intake, exhaust, and cylinder as the boundary conditions. A Fortran77 code was generated to solve the 1-D MOC (method of characteristics). This code was linked to Labview DAQ as a form of DLL (dynamic link library) to obtain three boundary pressures for each cycle. The model was verified at various speeds and valve timings under the CAI mode by comparing the results with those of the commercial code, GT-Power.     

Exhaust emissions and its control methods in compression ignition engines: A review

Extensive usage of automobiles has certain disadvantages and one of them is its negative effect on environment. Carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO_x), sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and particulate matter (PM) come out as harmful products during incomplete combustion from internal combustion (IC) engines. As these substances affect human health, regulatory bodies impose increasingly stringent restrictions on the level of emissions coming out from IC engines. This trend suggests the urgent need for the investigation of all aspects relevant to emissions. It is required to modify existing engine technologies and to develop a better after-treatment system to achieve the upcoming emission norms. Diesel engines are generally preferred over gasoline engines due to their undisputed benefit of fuel economy and higher torque output. However, diesel engines produce higher emissions, particularly NO_x and PM. Aftertreatment systems are costly and occupy more space, hence, in-cylinder solutions are preferred in reducing emissions. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology has been utilized previously to reduce NO_x. Though it is quite successful for small engines, problem persists with large bore engines and with high rate of EGR. EGR helps in reducing NO_x, but increases particulate emissions and fuel consumption. Many in-cylinder solutions such as lower compression ratios, modified injection characteristics, improved air intake system etc. are required along with EGR to accomplish the future emission norms. Modern combustion techniques such as low temperature combustion (LTC), homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) etc. would be helpful for reducing the exhaust emissions and improving the engine performance. However, controlling of autoignition timing and achieving wider operating range are the major challenges with these techniques. A comprehensive review of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics is given in this paper.     

稀燃快燃点火电路研究

在电容储能点火系统的基础上,利用火花能量转换原理和能量叠加原理,提出了一种有别于传统发动机点火系的"稀燃快燃点火系"。简要介绍和分析了该点火系的组成及工作原理,对其进行了设计研究,通过试验验证了稀燃快燃点火系比传统点火系具有的优越性。结果表明:该点火系统能够提高点火线圈的次级电压,增加火花持续时间,有效提高点火能量的利用率,改善发动机点火性能。该点火系在进行适当匹配后不仅适用于现代高速、稀燃、高压缩比发动机,而且也适用于传统点燃式发动机。