玻璃纤维沥青混合料路用性能研究

为研究玻璃纤维对沥青混合料路用性能的影响,文章介绍了路用玻璃纤维的原料选择和表面改性工艺,并通过车辙试验、小梁低温弯曲试验、冻融劈裂试验,研究不同掺量下玻璃纤维对混合料高温稳定性、低温抗裂性、水稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:掺加玻璃纤维可以有效改善混合料的高温稳定性,但是随着掺量增加,改善作用存在上限;掺加玻璃纤维可以提高沥青混合料在低温时的弹性和抗变形能力,但是对弯拉强度没有帮助;玻璃纤维掺量为0.2%时能够显著提升混合料的劈裂强度和水稳定性,但是掺量过多会导致混合料水稳定性显著下降。     

橡胶沥青混合料路用性能评价

为了评价橡胶沥青混合料的路用性能,对橡胶沥青AR-AC13、改性沥青SMA-13及改性沥青混合料AC-13分别进行了车辙试验、低温小梁弯曲试验、冻融劈裂试验及四点弯曲疲劳试验,通过动稳定度、弯拉应变、劈裂强度比及疲劳寿命等指标对比评价它们的高低温、水稳定及疲劳性能。     

高RAP掺量SMC常温改性再生沥青混合料性能研究

为探究高RAP掺量SMC常温改性再生沥青混合料路用性能优劣,文章取定RAP掺量为60%,确定60%RAP掺量的高RAP掺量SMC常温改性再生沥青混合料油石比,采用车辙试验、浸水马歇尔试验、冻融劈裂试验和低温弯曲试验对混合料的高温性能、水稳定性和低温性能进行评价。结果表明:60%RAP掺量下SMC常温改性沥青混合料动稳定度为规范要求限值的近2.3倍,残留稳定度和冻融劈裂强度比略高于规范要求限值,破坏弯拉应变为规范要求限值的1.5倍以上。由此可见,SMC常温改性剂在降低混合料生产拌和温度的同时还具备再生剂效果,掺入SMC常温改性剂后的再生沥青混合料中RAP掺量可提高至60%。     

聚氨酯灌缝材料对沥青混合料路用性能的影响分析

为分析聚氨酯灌缝材料性质变化对修复沥青路面性能的影响规律,文章采用低温劈裂试验、低温弯曲试验、浸水马歇尔试验和冻融劈裂试验,对不同聚氨酯含量的灌缝材料修复沥青混合料试件的性能进行分析。结果显示:聚氨酯灌缝材料对沥青路面裂缝修复具有显著改善作用,随聚氨酯含量的增加,其低温抗裂性能、低温拉伸性能和水稳定性能均显著提高,其中对残留稳定度的改善效果最佳、最大弯拉应变居中、劈裂抗拉强度最差;当聚氨酯含量为20%时,修复后的沥青混合料水稳定性能不满足规范要求,聚氨酯含量40%时,其劈裂抗拉强度、最大弯拉应变、残留稳定度和冻融劈裂强度比恢复率均达到85%以上;聚氨酯灌缝材料中聚氨酯含量适宜范围在40%～50%,对沥青混合料性能改善效果均高于规范要求。     

炉渣沥青混合料配合比设计及其性能研究

生活垃圾焚烧炉渣与沥青混合料用的天然集料有相似的特征,在道路工程中的应用有广阔的前景。炉渣在沥青混合料的成熟应用将有效解决垃圾再利用问题。但目前关于炉渣在沥青混合料中的适用性研究仍在起步阶段,因此有必要进行炉渣沥青混合料的配合比设计研究,探究不同掺量的炉渣对沥青用量及混合料性能的影响。本文通过马歇尔设计试验、冻融劈裂试验、车辙试验和低温弯曲试验,分析不同炉渣替换比例对沥青混合料的最佳油石比、水稳定性、高温稳定性和低温抗裂性的影响。试验结果表明,最佳油石比随着炉渣替换比例的增加而增加,沥青混合料的毛体积密度和稳定度呈下降趋势,矿料间隙率和空隙率呈先减小后增加的趋势,而炉渣对沥青混合料流值的影响不大;添加适当的炉渣能够有效提高沥青混合料的水稳定性,当炉渣替换量为10%时,水稳定性的提升效果最佳;炉渣会降低沥青混合料的高温稳定性,对沥青混合料的低温抗裂性影响不大;为保证沥青混合料具有良好的路用性能,炉渣的替换比例不应超过15%。     

岩沥青对沥青混合料低温抗裂性能的影响研究

文章结合参考文献研究成果,就印尼产Buton岩沥青和新疆产岩沥青对沥青混合料的低温性能的影响进行对比试验研究,结果表明：Buton岩沥青能够有效提高沥青混合料的低温抗裂性,而新疆岩沥青改善作用甚微;可以通过与SBS复合改性、增加沥青用量、采用SMA级配类型等来综合改善新疆岩沥青改性沥青混合料的低温抗裂性能。     

硫磺改性剂对沥青混合料力学性能影响的试验研究

在沥青混合料中添加一定量的硫磺改性剂可以增强混合料的强度及抗变形能力。文章通过抗压试验、劈裂试验、贯入剪切试验、弯曲试验对硫磺改性沥青混合料的强度及抗变形能力进行了研究,并从力学性能角度分析了硫磺改性剂对沥青混合料性能的影响。结果表明:普通沥青混合料添加硫磺改性剂后,强度及抗变形能力增强,抗弯拉强度及抗弯拉变形能力下降,即添加硫磺改性剂的沥青混合料强度、刚度增强,但柔韧性有所下降。     

岩沥青对沥青混合料路用性能的影响研究

文章针对印尼产Buton岩沥青的特性,对不同掺量的岩沥青改性沥青混合料和复合改性沥青混合料SMA-10的水稳定性、高温稳定性和低温抗裂性分别进行室内对比试验研究。结果表明,随着岩沥青掺量的增加,岩沥青改性混合料和复合改性沥青混合料的水稳定性、高温稳定性和低温抗裂性等路用性都能改善明显,其中,以岩沥青掺量为沥青混合料质量的3％时,综合路用性能改善效果最好。     

国产环氧沥青混合料路用性能研究

环氧沥青是混合料结构形成的决定性成分，对沥青混合料的路用性能具有重要影响，特别是A、B组分经过物理和化学反应有很大的变化。文章基于AC-13级配对环氧沥青混合料进行配合比设计，并根据沥青混合料高温车辙试验、浸水马歇尔和冻融劈裂试验，弯曲试验、构造深度试验，渗水试验等对环氧沥青混合料的高温稳定性，水稳定性、低温抗裂性等路用性能进行了系统研究。     

PPA/SBS复合改性沥青及其混合料路用性能研究

为研究PPA(多聚磷酸)/SBS复合型沥青混合料路面性能,文章提出了PPA/SBS复合改性沥青混合料的原材料选择和混合料设计方案,并通过沥青混合料高温、低温及水稳试验分别对比分析了基质沥青混合料、SBS单一改性沥青混合料及PPA/SBS复合改性沥青混合料的路用性能。研究结果表明:相比于基质沥青,单一掺加SBS改性剂均能提高沥青混合料的高温性能、低温性能和水稳定性,而在SBS改性沥青基础上再掺加PPA可以进一步提升沥青混合料的高温稳定性,且在一定范围内随着多聚磷酸掺量的增加其混合料高温稳定性越高,但对混合料的低温性能和水稳定性没有显著影响。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。