BWELDY700QL4低合金高强钢焊接接头组织与力学性能

通过拉伸、弯曲、冲击、硬度试验以及金相分析等对BWELDY700QL4低合金高强钢焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能进行了研究.结果表明:采用YM80-A焊丝焊接BWELDY700QL4低合金高强钢可以获得拉伸、弯曲和冲击性能均良好的焊接接头;其焊缝组织晶界为先共析铁素体、平行排列的无碳贝氏体从晶界伸向晶内,晶内为针状铁素体与珠光体,个别部位有粒状贝氏体.熔合区及粗晶区组织为板条马氏体和少量M-A组元.正火区组织为粒状贝氏体和少量铁素体.BWELDY700QL4焊接接头的硬度值在264～380 HV之间,焊缝处硬度最高,比母材高48 ～76 HV,热影响区虽有软化现象,但不明显.     

Effects of cooling rates on microstructures and mechanical properties of Nb-Ti microalloyed steel

The mechanical properties and microstructure of as-cast Nb-Ti microalloyed steel at different temperatures and cooling rates are investigated in this paper. The III brittle zone (700?C900°C) is revealed. The reduction of the hot ductility is due to the film-like proeutectoid ferrite or the Nb(C, N) precipitates along the austenitic grain boundaries. In the temperature range of 850?C1 000°C, with the increase of the cooling rate, the hot ductility decreases. However, in the range of 650?C850°C, the appearance of large volume fractions of ferrite on austenite grain boundaries minimizes the effect of cooling rate on hot ductility. When the cooling rate is 10°C/s, austenite transforms more quickly to ferrite and at a lower temperature a larger amount of ferrite nucleates and precipitates in the grain, which leads to a sharper improvement in the hot ductility at 650°C.     

焊接修复对铁素体不锈钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响

通过拉伸、弯曲、冲击、硬度、金相组织分析等试验,对不同焊修次数T4003铁素体不锈钢焊接接头的组织和性能进行研究.试验结果表明:焊修一、二次对T4003铁素体不锈钢焊接接头的抗拉、弯曲和冲击性能均影响不大;不同焊修次数T4003铁素体不锈钢焊缝的显微组织为奥氏体+δ铁素体;熔合区的显微组织为铁素体+马氏体,晶粒粗大;母材的显微组织为块状铁素体,沿轧制方向成条状分布.焊接修复对T4003铁素体不锈钢焊接接头的粗晶区宽度、晶粒度与马氏体含量的影响不大.不同焊修次数T4003铁素体不锈钢焊接接头焊缝的显微硬度相近,母材显微硬度大致相同,热影响区显微硬度的变化不大.     

基于时变边界屋面积雪分布数值模拟

为了预测风作用下屋面积雪的分布,采用Euler-Euler两相流混合模型,结合最新改进的k-ω模型等数值方法开发分析程序,对风致屋面积雪分布进行了数值模拟.模拟中为考虑积雪对屋面绕流的影响,计算区域边界根据雪深变化采用时变边界.对一典型阶梯形屋面积雪分布进行数值模拟,获得了几种不同状态下屋面积雪分布的时间历程.模拟结果表明:随着时间的发展,屋面积雪分布对屋面绕流产生较大影响,屋面积雪沉积率随之发生变化;模拟时长22 h的计算结果与实测结果基本一致,不考虑积雪对屋面绕流的影响将产生较大误差;不同风速比下模拟的屋面雪深分布形态基本一致,但入流风速比越小,雪深分布系数相对越大,达到近似分布的模拟时间就越短.      

静水压力对多孔形状记忆合金相变的影响

通过考虑静水压力的影响,对多孔形状记忆合金（SMA）马氏体相变的过程进行了分析．以12．5％的孔隙率为例,在等温条件下,只受到静水压力作用时,给出了任意静水压力作用下的应力分布情况,分析了各种马氏体相变阶段,计算了任意阶段中的平均马氏体体积分数值,得到了静水压力下多孔SMA的应力一应变关系曲线．结果表明：静水压力能够诱导多孔SMA发生马氏体相变,且在初始相变阶段影响较大,相变后期影响很小,是导致多孔SMA初始相变点低于实体S№的重要因素．     

蠕变抗力恢复热处理对21/4Cr-1Mo钢焊接接头蠕变空洞形态及其分布的影响

本文用光镜(OLM)、扫描电镜(SEM)分析了一段已服役约210000h 的电厂再热蒸汽管道焊接接头蠕变空洞的分布形态;分析了两种恢复热处理工艺(亚临界温度热处理和正回火热处理)对蠕变空洞形态及其分布的影响.试验结果表明,两种恢复热处理工艺都能减少蠕变空洞的数量,改善蠕变空洞的形态及其分布,使蠕变空洞由原来不规则的形状变成球形,使原来主要分布在晶界处的蠕变空洞部分“迁移”到晶内,从而改善了晶界处的应力状态,提高了蠕变抗力.比较两种恢复热处理工艺对减少蠕变空洞的数量,以及对改善螭变空洞的形态及其分布的作用后发现,正回火工艺优于亚临界温度热处理工艺.     

耐候钢09CuPCrNi拉伸变形行为与组织变化的研究

本文采用标准拉伸试验、光学金相和透射电镜研究了09CuPCrNi 热轧耐候钢的室温拉伸变形行为和组织变化结果表明,由于应力诱发马氏体相变发生及铁素体的加工硬化,引起材料出现锯齿状不连续屈服,应力诱发马氏体岛沿晶界呈连续网状分布及晶界珠光体组织导致塑性降低,马氏体岛由位错板条马氏体组成,变形后铁素体内位错密度升高.     

铁电铁弹材料的自然构形(II)--多晶材料

由于铁电铁弹单晶材料的内能密度函数是变形梯度张量和自极化电位移向量的非凸函数,在自然条件下(即无外力和无外加电场作用)的铁电铁弹多晶材料的自极化稳定构形,一般呈现出一种粗糙的混合构形,即每一晶粒不可能由单一电畴或有限的电畴组成。在这种混合结构中,各电畴的体积比受到位移和电位移场在晶界上必须满足的连续性条件约束。由于材料中可以形成多种形式的孪晶,变形体积比和电畴体积比取决于晶界的取向、两侧晶粒的取向以及孪晶的形式外,电畴体积比还与孪晶区域的形状有关。     

Ti-Ni-Hf基合金薄带的相变行为分析

利用DSC系统研究Cu含量、退火温度、退火时间对Ti-Ni-Hf基薄带相变行为的影响。Cu含量的少量增加仅仅会略微降低Ti—NiHf合金的马氏体相变温度,不改变其相变顺序。退火处理后的Ti35Ni41Hf15Cu8合金薄带中存在2种尺寸差巨大的的晶粒,且在经较高温度退火的薄带中会有明显的（Ti,Hf）2Ni析出相,这些组织的存在对薄带的马氏体相变行为产生影响。     

2．25Cr─1Mo钢焊接接头蠕变断裂时碳化物状态的研究

选择２２５Ｃｒ─１Ｍｏ钢手工电弧多层焊焊接头进行了不同工艺规范的持久强度试验，用透射电镜对蠕变断裂时母材和焊缝碳化物的形态、大小和分布进行了分析，采用选区电子衍射和ＥＤＡＸ能谱分析方法对析出的碳化物类型进行了鉴定．结果表明，试验中出现的碳化物类型分别为Ｆｅ３Ｃ，Ｍｏ２Ｃ和Ｍ２３Ｃ６．在试验时间较长应力较小时，断裂试样中针状Ｍｏ２Ｃ在晶内聚集粗化，块状Ｍ２３Ｃ６在晶界聚集粗化，这种碳化物分布状态是影响蠕变断裂的主要因素．     

Computer modeling and validations of steel gear heat treatment processes using commercial software DANTE

The heat treatment process of a gear made of AISI 9310 carburized steel is modeled using the commercial heat treatment simulation software DANTE. Both carburization and quenching processes affect the residual stress distribution and distortion of heat-treated parts, which are important to service quality and fatigue life. DANTE/VCARB is used to design the boost/diffuse schedule of a vacuum carburization process. Oil quenching is modeled following the vacuum carburization process. Thermal gradient and phase transformation are two main sources of distortion and residual stresses in quenched parts. The relation of the carbon distribution, thermal gradient, and phase transformations during quenching is studied through the gear modeling example. Because of geometry, the residual stress distribution after quenching is non-uniform along the gear surface. In general, the root fillet has higher residual compression than either the root or tooth face locations after traditional oil quenching of carburized gears. The predicted residual stresses from the oil quenching model are imported into a single tooth fatigue bending model. The gear stresses under bending load indicate the possible cracking locations during the bending fatigue test. The importance of heat treatment residual stresses during gear design is pointed out, and it is commonly ignored in the gear design and manufacturing industry.     

工业纯锆焊缝金相组织和力学性能

为了研究工业纯锆在焊缝不同区域的分布、金相组织和力学性能之间的关系,采用TIG方法焊接锆R60702工业纯锆板对接焊缝,采用光学显微镜、电子探针和显微硬度计等仪器,分析焊缝母材区、热影响区、熔合区和焊缝区的金相组织、机械性能和元素分布特性.研究结果表明:对接接头各区域的组织不同,母材区的晶粒为等轴状,呈面织构;不完全重结晶区的晶粒亦为等轴状,而且更细于母材晶粒,因而强度、塑性优良;过热区的晶粒则较粗大;焊缝区组织为铸态晶粒,形状为纤维状;对接接头各区的元素分布较为均匀,没有明显的偏析现象;焊接接头的硬度呈W型分布,最高硬度分布在焊缝区达到290 HV50 g,最低硬度分布在不完全重结晶区,达到162 HV50 g,过热区则介于母材区与焊缝区之间.      

Improvements of elevated temperature strength and creep resistance of Mg-12Zn-4Al based alloy with calcium addition

A series of Mg-12Zn-4Al-0.3Mn (ZA124) based alloys with additions of calcium have been prepared and their microstructure and properties have been investigated. The results show that Mg-12Zn-4Al-0.3Mn alloy consists of the ??-Mg matrix and block quasicrystal and exhibits excellent creep resistance compared to commonly used AZ91 alloy. A small amount of calcium addition to the ZA124 based alloys increased the yield strenghth at both ambient and elevated temperatures as well as creep resistance, although the ductility decreased slightly. Microanalysis indicated that the addition of calcium decreased the quasicrystalline phase and caused the formation of some lamellar precipitates of Al₂Mg₅Zn₂ with orthorhombic crystal structure. This Ca-containing Al₂Mg₅Zn₂ phase with high stability straddled the grain boundaries and strengthened grain boundaries by inhibiting crack propagation during creep tests at elevated temperature.     

Prediction of Welding Residual Stress in 2. 25Cr-1Mo Steel Pipe

Introduction2.25Cr-1Mo-steel is widely used in thepetroleum industry and in steam power generatingof both nuclear and conventional power plants be-cause of its excellent high-temperature strength,corrosion resistibility,and resistance to high-tem-perature hydrogen attack.Because several alloy el-ements are added into2.25Cr-1Mo-steel,marten-site is prone to form after welding.It has been rec-ognized that phase transformation can radically af-fect the development of residual stresses[1-2].Inor…     

Causality of future and spot grain prices between China and the US: Evidence from soybean and corn markets against the surging import pressure

As the boom of the world grain market phases out, the challenge for Chinese government has gradually moved from retarding grain exports to restraining imports. This study tries to examine the causalities of soybean and corn price movement among the United States (US) future market, Chinese domestic future market and Chinese spot markets. We find that the daily prices of all these three types of grains belong to I(1) series, and there are long-run integrations. Also Chinese soybean future prices adjust more quickly than its spot prices, while Chinese corn future prices adjust slower. This paper finds that the soybean price movement originates from the US future market, then passes through Chinese future market, and finally reaches Chinese spot market, while the corn price movement starts in Chinese spot market, then spreads to the future markets in both China and the US. Finally, this paper also provides some policy implications on how to release the pressure from the grain imports.     

车道荷载作用下公路多主梁桥剪力计算方法

考虑荷载横向分布系数m沿桥跨方向的变化,采用积分法对车道均布荷载引起的支点最大剪力进行了计算.其次根据函数极值原理推导了车道集中荷载引起的支点最大剪力计算公式及相应最不利荷载布置;提出了采用支点最大剪力计算判别式进行简便、准确计算支点最大剪力的方法.最后结合我国2004年公路桥规,以公路桥涵标准设计为算例,对本文计算方法和传统经验方法的结果进行了误差分析,说明本文提出的方法对桥涵设计及结构分析具有一定的指导意义.     

Calculation of Transient Stress Field During Laser Transformation Hardening Process

IntroductionHighpowerCOzlaserssdsetransformationhardeningtechniquehasbeensuccessfullyusedinindusnyforWYears.BecausethetemPeratUrefleldislocalizedinmaterialdurllglasertransfonnationhMngProcess,highthermstrCsswillgenerateinmatgrialduringlasertfansformationhardeningProcess.Therisalsohighresidualstressinmaterial,bothintCnsionandcomPression['-'].ComPressresidualstressishelptoincreasethefatigueldrimeofthelasertreatedmaterial,butthetensilestresswillshortenthefatiguelifetmeofthelasertreatedmator…     

Formation of nanometer coherent structures during spinodal decomposition and ordering coexistence phase transformation in Fe-24Al alloys

The nanometer coherent structure evolution of spinodal decomposition and ordering coexistence phase transformation in Fe-24Al alloys is investigated by the microscopic phase field kinetic model. The results show that the concentration and long-range order parameters all continuously change towards to their equilibrium values during phase transformation. With the increase of elastic interaction energy, the anisotropy along [01] or [10] elastic soft direction is more obvious and the time reaching equilibrium state is also shortened. According to the results, the formation of nanometer coherent structures during phase transformation is composed of the initial decreasing stage of order degree stage, the incubation stage, the continuous increasing stage of concentration order parameter and long-range order parameter, and the later stable stage. The spinodal decomposition and ordering is interaction; the initial ordering stage is a necessary condition of the coexistence phase transformation. The nanometer coherent structures are not found to grow during the whole phase transformation. The simulation results are in accordance with the results in experiment obtained by the aging treatment in Fe-24Al alloys.     

Finite Element Method Analysis of Stress Field Considering Thermal Coupled Force During Laser Process

IntroductionLaserphasetransformationhardeningisanewtechnologyduringwhichlaserheatresourceactsdirectlyonsurfaceofmaterialandcompositionscharacteristicofmaterialischanged.Thetechnologyproce8sesacharacterofrapidheatvelocity,highheattempelatureandquickcoolingspeed(l0'col0'aC/s).Thecompositionandcharacteristicofmaterialvariedwithvariousinnertemperaturewillleadtothermalresidualstress.Itiswellknownthattheresidualstressaffectssignificantlyoncharacteristicofmaterial,suchasimProvingstrengthoffatigUere…