Extreme hawser tension assessment for FPSO vessel during offloading operation in Bohai bay

The Floating Production Storage and Offloading Unit (FPSO) is an offshore vessel that produces and stores crude oil prior to tanker transport.Robust prediction of extreme hawser tensions during Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) operation is an important safety concern. Excessive hawser tension may occur during offloading operations, posing an operational risk. In this paper, AQWA has been used to analyze vessel response due to hydrodynamic wave loads, acting on a specific FPSO vessel under actual sea conditions. Experimental validation of numerical results has been discussed as well.This paper advocates methodology for estimating extreme response statistics, based on simulations (or measurements). The modified ACER (averaged conditional exceedance rate) method is presented in brief detail. Proposed methodology provides an accurate extreme value prediction, utilizing all available data efficiently. In this study the estimated return level values, obtained by ACER method, are compared to the corresponding return level values obtained by Gumbel method. Based on the overall performance of the proposed method, it is concluded that the improved ACER method can provide more robust and accurate prediction of the extreme hawser tension.Data declustering issue has been addressed. Paper highlights ability of ACER method to account for a set of varying sea state probabilities, as required in engineering long term statistical analysis.Described approach may be well used at the vessel design stage, while defining optimal vessel parameters that would minimize potential FPSO hawser tension.     

Iterative methodology for response based analysis of an FPSO mooring system

Response based analysis (RBA) has been developed for prediction of extreme N-year return period responses and design metocean conditions of offshore structures. For applying the RBA, the behaviour of the offshore system subjected to a long history of metocean conditions needs to be predicted, and then, the probabilistic analysis is applied to estimate its long-term responses. Due to the large number of analysis cases required, the structural simulation is usually performed either by simplifying the structural model or by using computationally efficient tools, such as frequency-domain (FD) analysis. These approaches usually decrease the accuracy of predictions mainly when they are utilized for nonlinear systems. On the other hand, employing time-domain (TD) simulations leads to more accurate results but it is computationally expensive. Application of RBA for a weathervaning FPSO, which is the subject of the present study, makes TD analysis an essential requirement because of a highly nonlinear behaviour of the system. In the present study, an efficient methodology is proposed that aims at reducing the computational efforts of RBA by joint application of TD and FD simulations in combining the structural and statistical analyses through a single process, such that the number of time-consuming TD simulations is minimized. After initial screening using the results from FD simulations, the methodology identifies the response events (storms) that contribute the most to the N-year response and sets out an iterative process in which only those events that are most important are analysed by fully-coupled TD simulations. Within such events, a similar approach is also applied to intervals (sea states) where only the most contributing intervals are analysed in TD, and the remaining intervals are left for a less accurate FD analysis without sacrificing the overall accuracy. The proposed methodology provides a robust framework for distinguishing between “mild” and “severe” response events, without specifying any predefined limits for the metocean parameters or making a subjective judgement. Although it is developed for the mooring system of a weathervaning FPSO, it should also be applicable to any type of offshore structure and any structural response. This paper is the first part of the study and concentrates on the development of the efficient methodology to optimize the application of RBA to FPSO mooring systems, whilst its detailed application is subject of the second part of the study.     

FPSO关键系统风险分析(英文)

Risk analysis of key systems have become a growing topic late of because of the development of offshore structures. Equipment failures of offloading system and fire accidents were analyzed based on the floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) features. Fault tree analysis (FTA), and failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) methods were examined based on information already researched on modules of relex reliability studio (RRS). Equipment failures were also analyzed qualitatively by establishing a fault tree and Boolean structure function based on the shortage of failure cases, statistical data, and risk control measures examined. Failure modes of fire accident were classified according to the different areas of fire occurrences during the FMEA process, using risk priority number (RPN) methods to evaluate their severity rank. The qualitative analysis of FTA gave the basic insight of forming the failure modes of FPSO offloading, and the fire FMEA gave the priorities and suggested processes. The research has practical importance for the security analysis problems of FPSO.     

FPSO/FSO: State of the art

Floating productions systems have been utilized in remote offshore areas without a pipeline infrastructure for many years. However, they have become even more important with the push by the offshore industry into ever deeper waters. Floating production, storage, and offloading/floating storage and offloading (FPSO/FSO) systems have now become one of most commercially viable concepts for remote or deep-water oilfield developments. In this article, the advantages of FPSO systems are explained, and their present status of maturity and utilization around the world is reviewed. Recent trends in mooring systems, hull construction, safety, and operational issues are summarized from a technical viewpoint. Finally, the technical challenges and future prospects of two significant growth areas, i.e., gas-field development and deep-water development, are discussed. Received: June 24, 2002 / Accepted: July 17, 2002 Address correspondence to: Y. Shimamura (shimamura@modec.co.jp)     

Strain prediction for critical positions of FPSO under different loading of stored oil using GAIFOA-BP neural network

FPSO (floating, production, storage and offloading) units are widely used in the offshore oil and gas industry. Generally, FPSOs have excellent oil storage capacity owing to their huge oil cargo holds. The volume and distribution of stored oil in the cargo holds influence the strain level of hull girder, especially at critical positions of FPSO. However, strain prediction using structural analysis tools is computationally expensive and time consuming. In this study, a prediction tool based on back-propagation (BP) neural network called GAIFOA-BP is proposed to predict the strain values of concerned positions of an FPSO model under different oil storage conditions. The GAIFOA-BP combines BP model and GAIFOA which is a combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and an improved fruit fly optimization algorithm (IFOA). Results from three benchmark tests show that the GAIFOA-BP model has a remarkable performance. Subsequently, a total of 81 sets of training data and 25 sets of testing data are obtained from experiment using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors installed on the surface of an FPSO model. The numerical results show that the GAIFOA-BP is capable of predicting the strain values with higher accuracy as compared with other BP models. Finally, the reserved GAIFOA-BP model is utilized to predict the strain values under the inputs of a 10-day time series of volume and distribution of stored oil. The predicted strain results are further used to calculate the fatigue consumption of measurement points.     

浮式生产储油系统的水池模型试验研究

浮式生产储油系统(FPSO系统)问世二十多年来,已成为当今海洋石油开发的主流设施,在我国也有广泛应用.海洋工程水池模型试验是当今研究FPSO系统水动力性能最为可靠的办法.本文针对FPSO系统模型试验的作用与目的,以及海洋工程水池模型试验中的几个关键问题,包括试验海况的选择、模型缩尺比的选择、试验持续时间的选取、系泊系统和立管系统的模拟及尺度效应问题等,进行了阐述,供FPSO系统设计和研究时参考.     

FPSO外输系统维修策略研究

浮式生产储油轮(FPSO)是当今海洋石油天然气开发的主要设备之一。针对外输系统作为FPSO重要的一个子系统,但其传统维修策略过于依赖经验的缺陷,从可靠度角度出发,通过对失效模式和失效概率的分析从而确定较为合理的检修周期和大修周期。采取失效模式和效果分析（FMEA）方法确定主要失效模式及其关系,再利用动态故障树分析（DFTA）方法获得最小割集及相应故障时间,最后通过成组维修理论从全局最优化,经济性角度确定大修周期约为3.23年。经过与工程实际数据的对比,验证了该方法的可行性和适用性。     

30万吨FPSO单点系泊系统整体吊装技术研究

FPSO是集油气处理加工、发电、供热、原油产品的储存和外输、人员居住和生产功能于一体的浮式生产储油装置.FPSO通过特殊的系泊系统长期系泊在海上,20年不解脱,能抵御百年一遇的环境条件.通过有限元技术对渤海二期蓬莱19-3油田30万吨FPSO单点系泊系统进行整体吊装仿真分析,从而确定整体吊装方案,实现该特殊结构一次性吊装就位.     

浅水超大型FPSO振动声学分析

对浅水超大型浮式生产储油船(FPSO,F loating Production Storage and O ffload ing)高频域振动声学数值分析问题进行了研究。探讨了基于MSC/NASTRAN软件的结构分析模型与基于ESI/AUTOSEA2004软件的声学分析模型间的转换建模方法,进而快速建立了浅水超大型浮式生产储油船声学统计能量分析模型。与声学有限元和边界元方法相比,统计能量分析方法(SEA,statistical energy analysis)适合于解决高频域复杂系统动力学问题,尤其是含有高模态密度的弱耦合动力学问题。数值计算了全船与典型舱室声压分布,为FPSO声学设计和噪声控制提供依据。     

单点系泊系统将军柱疲劳分析

渤海某FPSO的单点系泊装置固定塔架由导管架、将军柱和上部组块构成,其中将军柱是系泊力的主要承受构件之一,其结构安全至关重要。由于系泊力是典型的交变载荷,作用在结构上会产生疲劳损伤,因此有必要对将军柱进行在位期间的疲劳分析。本文提出一种长期海况下海上固定装置疲劳计算方法,通过AQWA软件建立单点系泊系统的多体耦合水动力模型模型,根据渤海的海况环境资料计算出FPSO运动时域内所受到的的系泊力;基于S-N曲线方法与Miner线性累计损伤理论,通过nCode Designlife疲劳计算软件计算将军柱结构的疲劳寿命和管节点的疲劳损伤;评估结构的疲劳强度,分析易发生疲劳的关键节点位置,并给出增加管节点疲劳寿命的建议及设计方法,为相同类型的海上固定式结构物的结构设计及疲劳分析提供有益的参考及借鉴。     

两种不同系泊系统的风险对比

随着FPSO在海洋石油开发中的广泛应用，以及其系泊技术逐步趋向成熟，各种系泊方式的应用和研究也相对比较深入。对不同系泊方式进行全面风险分析，相互比较，对于以后选择系泊系统形式和避免现有系泊系统的一些风险是非常重要。基于上述考虑，进行散射系泊方式与转塔式系泊方式的风险对比，乃是极其必要的。     

FPSO货油系统管系应力及泵口载荷的分析改进

货油系统作为FPSO最重要的系统之一,一旦出现故障,会使整个海上油田的生产作业陷入停顿或瘫痪的状态,将造成巨大的经济损失,对其进行应力分析,指导管系布置十分必要。本文以30万吨通用型FPSO货油系统为研究对象,应用CAESARII管道应力分析软件建立分析模型,考虑极端工况的加速度、船体变形和风载荷等,对其管系一次应力、二次应力和泵口载荷进行了分析,并对管系的布置进行了优化,提高了管系布置的效率和准确性,为FPSO其他管路系统及其他船型的管系布置提供参考依据。     

并行计算求解运动船体上的甲板上浪问题

甲板上浪是危害海洋浮式结构物的重要因素.文章采用模型试验方法对一艘FPSO的甲板上浪现象进行了考察.结合模型试验的结果,采用大规模并行计算技术成功再现了甲板上浪这一非线性极强的物理现象,有效地克服了计算时间的限制.数值模拟中对与上浪密切相关的物理参数如水体流动,船体的运动,冲击载荷进行了记录.为了保证数值模拟的精确性,文中开展了网格试验和时间步长试验,得到了适合甲板上浪模拟的网格划分方案和时间步长.由数值模拟得到的上浪细节相当详尽,如由VOF方法进行液面捕捉得到的波浪沿船艏爬升、变形、最后冲击船艏结构物破碎的过程与试验相比很为接近.计算实践表明采用大规模并行计算是解决上浪等非线性问题的町靠的、高效的途径.     

基于PWBS的FPSO建造精细化作业分解

针对深水型浮式生产储卸油装置(Floating Production Storage and Offloading, FPSO)建造面临的问题,以产品导向型作业分解结构(Product-oriented Work Breakdown Structure, PWBS)理论为基础,提出面向任务包(Work Package, WP)和派工单(Work Order, WO)的精细化作业分解方法,并建立以中间产品为对象按作业类型和工种划分的分解结构。以某深水型FPSO为例,以作业阶段为主线对其建造作业进行分解,形成面向FPSO的通用性作业分解系统,为实现FPSO的精益建造提供可行性。     

超大型FPSO原油质量分布模拟与水弹性响应研究

FPSO在近海油气田开发中得到了越来越广泛的应用.大多数在渤海海域服役的FPSO工作在浅水海域.主尺度大与水深吃水小,直接导致FPSO水动力特性与深水条件下船舶的水动力特性有较大区别,因此采用水弹性理论研究超大型FPSO在浅水中的运动与波浪诱导载荷响应具有重要意义.浅水超大型FPSO满载时原油重量将近占载重量的80%,因此如何正确模拟原油重量分布对干结构的固有频率、广义质量和振型的计算非常重要.本文建立了基于三维水弹性理论的数值模型,开发了有限水深复合格林函数的数值计算程序模块,对一艘300K DWT FPSO在特定水深海况下的运动与波浪载荷响应进行了研究;同时采用三种方法模拟了原油质量分布.计算结果表明,不同的原油质量分布模拟方法对水弹性计算分析影响很大.     

FPSO上部模块结构的批量建造方法

随着我国海洋工程在深度和广度上的发展，FPSO上部模块将成为海洋工程单位的重要产品之一。以一些在建的FPSO上部模块建造项目为例，描述了FPSO上部模块结构建造的一般特点，介绍了FPSO上部模块结构的批量建造方法，并简要分析了批量建造方法的实施对生产成本、建造周期、产品质量带来的影响。     

油气泄漏灾害下海洋平台风险评估及安全措施研究

油气泄漏引起的火灾和爆炸事故是海洋平台主要风险之一。为了提高海洋平台作业环境的安全性,以辽河1号海洋平台为研究背景,用事件树(Event Tree)方法和ALARP(As Low As Reasonable Practicable)评价标准为依据,以挪威船级社(DNV)风险分析软件SAFETI为计算工具,对油气泄漏灾害下海洋平台进行定量风险评估,并对影响事故风险的因素进行了研究,提出了火灾和爆炸灾害下海洋平台危险区域的防护措施,得到了较好的效果。     

FPSO船体建造工艺与应用

通过对比浮式生产储卸油装置(Floating Production Storage and Offloading, FPSO)与常规船体的不同,对船体主甲板结构提出新要求,同时新增加模块支墩、单点舱等结构。结合FPSO建造技术要求,对船体分段进行有限元分析、合理确定分段缝,对单点舱区域坞墩进行布置设计,并针对单点舱、模块支墩等特殊结构进行专项施工工艺分析,制订可行性工艺方案及精度控制措施。通过工程实践,关键结构单点舱、模块支墩均满足建造精度要求,此工艺可为后续类似海洋结构建造提供参考。     

干式井口半潜式平台技术的发展

随着海上油气生产逐步向深海发展,现有的干式井口支持平台TLP和Spar平台渐渐表现出其局限性,于是提出了将干式井口用于半潜平台的设想。文章介绍了几种新型干式井口半潜平台的设计理念,并指出新型结构设计所面临的新问题,对南海油气开发具有一定的参考意义。     

Quantitative assessment of hydrocarbon explosion and fire risks in offshore installations

A risk-based design framework should involve both risk assessment and risk management. This article introduces and describes a number of procedures for the quantitative assessment and management of fire and gas explosion risks in offshore installations. These procedures were developed in a joint industry project on the explosion and fire engineering of floating, production, storage and off-loading units (the EFEF JIP), which was led by the authors. The present article reports partial results, focussing on defining the frequency of fires and explosions in offshore installations. Examples of the aforementioned procedures’ application to a hypothetical floating, production, storage, and off-loading unit (FPSO) are presented. A framework for the quantitative risk assessment of fires and explosions requires the definition of both the frequency and consequences of such events. These procedures can be efficiently applied in offshore development projects, and the application includes the assessment of design explosion and fire loads as well as the quantification of effects of risk control options (RCO) such as platform layout, location and number of gas detectors, isolation of ignition sources etc.