深海复合材料悬链线立管基于可靠度的优化设计

研究基于可靠度的方法,对深海复合材料悬链线立管进行优化设计分析。对于正交各向异性层合复合材料结构而言,叠层顺序不同、各层铺角变化以及层间厚度差异等都会影响到结构的承载能力,因此,有必要引进可靠度作为优化设计指标。首先,根据经典层合板理论计算整体模型的等效属性,建立悬链线立管整体分析模型,得到关键截面响应,以此作为局部分析模型的约束;然后,运用试验设计方法构建Kriging近似模型;最后,利用蒙特卡罗撒点方法对比分析确定性优化与可靠性优化的结果。研究表明：优化后的深海复合材料立管在满足应力强度设计的要求下可有效降低结构重量,所提出的基于可靠度的优化设计复合材料悬链线立管具有可行性。     

水下压缩空气储能系统柔性立管响应特性分析（英文）

With the rapid development of marine renewable energy technologies, the demand to mitigate the fluctuation of variable generators with energy storage technologies continues to increase. Offshore compressed air energy storage(OCAES) is a novel flexible-scale energy storage technology that is suitable for marine renewable energy storage in coastal cities, islands, offshore platforms, and offshore renewable energy farms. For deep-water applications, a marine riser is necessary for connecting floating platforms and subsea systems. Thus, the response characteristics of marine risers are of great importance for the stability and safety of the entire OCAES system. In this study, numerical models of two kinds of flexible risers, namely, catenary riser and lazy wave riser, are established in OrcaFlex software. The static and dynamic characteristics of the catenary and the lazy wave risers are analyzed under different environment conditions and internal pressure levels. A sensitivity analysis of the main parameters affecting the lazy wave riser is also conducted. Results show that the structure of the lazy wave riser is more complex than the catenary riser; nevertheless, the former presents better response performance.     

钢悬链式立管涡激振动疲劳损伤参数分析

针对钢悬链式立管的结构特性,采用了简化后的振动模型。先对立管进行了模态分析;再根据立管的模态特性结合环境水流参数,采用模态叠加法对立管进行了涡激振动疲劳损伤分析。分析过程中,通过改变流速大小、立管壁厚、立管外径、内部介质以及抑制立管涡激振动的螺旋列板长度等参数,对立管的涡激振动疲劳损伤进行了相应的参数分析。结果表明:立管疲劳损伤随水流速度的增大、立管外径的增大以及内部介质密度的降低呈现上升趋势,但是壁厚变化对立管疲劳损伤大小影响却不显著。     

钢悬链线立管整体干涉分析研究

深水海洋立管具有柔性,特别是极端海况条件下,相邻立管之间可能发生互相干涉而增大立管的应力,从而影响其疲劳寿命.钢悬链线立管相比顶张力立管,有效张力较小,对环境载荷作用更加敏感,更容易发生碰撞.基于动力学分析软件OrcaFlex建立有限元模型,从允许碰撞的角度出发,对串列布置于张力腿平台上的两根钢悬链线立管进行整体碰撞分析,研究立管间距、尾流模型、拖曳力系数、海流流速和柔性接头刚度对立管碰撞的影响,阐述对碰撞范围、上下游立管相对运动速度、最大碰撞速度和最大碰撞能量的影响规律,为实际工程中立管的空间布置和结构优化设计提供参考.     

考虑内流和海床作用的柔性立管和钢悬链线立管非线性分析(英文)

Flexible risers and steel catenary risers often provide unique riser solutions for today’s deepwater field development. Accurate analysis of these slender structures, in which there are high-speed HP/HT internal flows, is critical to ensure personnel and asset safety. In this study, a special global coordinate-based FEM rod model was adopted to identify and quantify the effects of internal flow and hydrostatic pressure on both flexible and deepwater steel catenary risers, with emphasis on the latter. By incorporating internal flow induced forces into the model, it was found that the internal flow contributes a new term to the effective tension expression. For flexible risers in shallow water, internal flow and hydrostatic pressure made virtually no change to effective tension by merely altering the riser wall tension. In deep water the internal pressure wielded a dominant role in governing the riser effective tension and furthering the static configuration, while the effect of inflow velocity was negligible. With respect to the riser seabed interaction, both the seabed support and friction effect were considered, with the former modeled by a nonlinear quadratic spring, allowing for a consistent derivation of the tangent stiffness matrix. The presented application examples show that the nonlinear quadratic spring is, when using the catenary solution as an initial static profile, an efficient way to model the quasi-Winkler-type elastic seabed foundation in this finite element scheme.     

Fatigue analysis of water intake risers: Hydrodynamic damping effect and a hybrid frequency-time domain method

The fatigue performance is key to the design of water intake risers (WIRs), which is a novel concept used to convey cooling water for liquefaction of natural gas at sea. To estimate the fatigue life, it is crucial to accurately predict the response amplitude of the WIRs, which is dominated by hydrodynamic damping. In operational conditions, the motion amplitudes of WIRs are usually smaller than their diameter, and thus leading to a flow regime of KC < 5. It is found in this flow regime; the hydrodynamic damping largely depends on the motion magnitude of the risers. To consider this coupling effect, a hybrid frequency-time domain fatigue analysis method is proposed, where a nonlinear stress transfer function is adopted. The hybrid method accounts for the coupling effect between the hydrodynamic damping and the structural motion. Significantly reducing the computational cost, this method provides results as accurate as that from a time domain analysis based on the relative velocity model with a constant drag coefficient. Furthermore, recommendations for further simplification of the fatigue analysis recognizing the coupling effect are given.     

VIV response of a flexible cylinder with varied coverage by buoyancy elements and helical strakes

Many significant engineering challenges have emerged as the petroleum industry has moved their field development and production activities into increasingly deeper water depths. The design of deepwater marine risers presents the combined challenges to minimize top tensioning requirements, mitigate any flow-induced vibrations, and if possible to increase the expected fatigue life of these slender structural members. As part of the design process to achieve these goals external buoyancy modules and strakes have been employed. To gain insight into the complex multi-mode response behavior a recent experimental study was performed and the analysis of selected data sets is presented. In the experiments a horizontal cylinder with a length to diameter ratio of 263 was fitted with a variety of strake and buoyancy element configurations. The models were towed at uniform speeds ranging from 0.4 to 2.0 m/s and fiber optic strain gages were used to measure both in-line and cross-flow strain response. The resulting time series information was processed utilizing the method of time domain decomposition formulated for strain data input and the introduction of modal assurance criterion to resolve the modal strain information that included frequency, mode shape, and critical damping ratio information. The pre-tensioned cylinder without appendages was used as a base case and the results were basically consistent with expectations. In the case of 0.8 m/s low-tension test, multiple closely spaced non-overlapping peaks were observed in both in-line and cross-flow directions and were identified as being of the same mode with mode shapes distorted away from purely sinusoidal behavior. The test data for the 100% coverage by helical stakes demonstrated the effectiveness of that suppression device over the range of current velocities investigated. The most interesting case was that of a staggered combination of helical strakes and buoyancy element whose total for each type of coverage was equal. This effective asymmetric VIV suppression approach is presented and discussed in detail.     

Influence of seabed trench formation on fatigue performance of steel catenary risers in touchdown zone

The subsea survey results using remote operating vehicles (ROV) show that trenches with a depth of several riser diameters can be developed underneath the steel catenary risers (SCR). Therefore, an important question in respect of the riser–seabed interaction is, how the trench formation beneath the riser affects the riser fatigue performance in the touchdown zone. A common methodology reported in literature to study the impact of trench formation on riser fatigue life is the insertion of an artificial mathematical expression of the riser profile into the seabed. This study shows that such methodology can be inconsistent and leading to contradictory results. The current paper has employed ABAQUS finite element software and coded a non-linear soil hysteretic model to automatically simulate the variable seabed stiffness and the gradual trench development through the touchdown zone. In this method, the seabed model parameters are initially adjusted to extreme values allowing trench with desired depth to be developed over a moderate number of displacement cycles of the SCR. The design wave scatter diagram is then applied, simulating a generic Spar system, after switching the model parameters to values with normal range. The paper presents the impact of trenches of different depths on the fatigue performance of SCRs in the touchdown zone.     

深水管中管钢悬链线立管的非线性动力分析

立管技术是深水资源开发的关键技术之一。管中管钢悬链线立管具有同心的外管与内管，其外管提供机械保护，内管提供油气通道，内、外管之间按照一定的距离安装扶正器以保护绝热材料，在深水油气开发中具有较大的应用价值。充分考虑在位立管承受的复杂载荷条件泡括动边界、波浪与海流载荷、立管自重、海水浮力、管内外静压力），以及整体和局部非线性因素（包括摩擦、滑移、接触、间隙等），采用时域有限元软件ABAQUS实现管中管钢悬链线立管的建模与非线性动力分析。     

深水悬链锚泊系统等效截断水深优化设计

工程中,常用的深水悬链锚泊线通常是由顶部锚链、中部钢索和底部锚链三段复合而成。该文采用分段外推的数值解法,考虑锚泊线所受的重力、张力、流力以及锚泊线的弹性伸长,利用黄金分割算法求解锚泊线顶端张力对应的顶张角,对其进行静力特性分析。基于混合模型试验方法应用,考虑锚泊系统静力特性相似,采用遗传算法编制开发等效截断水深系统优化设计程序。以一座工作水深为1500 m的深水半潜式平台为例,对其悬链式锚泊系统在700 m水深处进行等效截断优化设计计算,为下一步进行混合模型试验提供参考。     

干涉对海洋立管涡激振动影响实验研究

文章进行了干涉对海洋立管涡激振动影响的实验研究,实验分为立管前后排列和并肩排列两部分。立管间距为3~10倍直径,模型材料采用有机玻璃,长1.5 m,外径18 mm,壁厚2 mm,边界条件均为铰接,外流速分别从0.3~0.8 m/s,每级增加0.1 m/s。通过在立管表面粘贴应变计获得动态应变数据,分别从立管的横向动态响应、振幅、频率等方面对前后排列、并肩排列立管以及和单独立管的实验数据进行对比研究。结果表明,当有外流通过时,立管会受到其他立管尾流的影响,漩涡脱落引起的振动由于间距及排列方式的不同而显著不同,使得立管的动力特性、动力响应以及漩涡的脱落形式同单个立管相比均有较大的变化。     

纵向弯矩下材料随机特性对复合材料船体可靠性的影响

The effects of stochastic characteristics of materials on the reliability of ship hulls made of composite materials under longitudinal moment were extensively studied using reliability and sensitivity calculations of a composite ship hull which was sagging.The reliability indices and failure probabilities of the ship in three kinds of failure modes (buckling,material failure,and ultimate collapse) were calculated by the surface response method and JC method.The importance factors of random variables in stochastic models,such as the model errors in predicting the ultimate longitudinal strength of ship and the longitudinal bending moment that the ship withstands,as well as the stochastic characteristics of materials in the models used,were calculated.Then,the effects of these random variables,including the stochastic characteristics of materials on the reliability index and the failure probability of ships which were sagging,were discussed with their importance factors.The results show that the effects of stochastic characteristics of materials on the reliability of ship hulls made of composite materials should be considered during the reliability assessment of composite ships.Finally,some conclusions and recommendations were given for high-speed ship design and safety assessment.     

深水钻井平台定位系统评估

This paper addresses the need for systematic evaluation of the station keeping systems of deepwater drilling semi-submersibles. Based on the selected drilling semi-submersible configuration, the mooring systems were analyzed and designed for a range of water depths using different mooring line materials. These were steel wire rope, polyester rope and HMPE (high modulus poly ethylene). The mooring analysis was carried out using the advanced fully coupled time domain analysis method in the computer software package HARP. Diffraction analysis was first applied to solve the hydrodynamic properties of the vessel and then the motion equations of the complete dynamic system including the drilling rig, the mooring lines and risers were developed and solved in the time domain. Applying the advanced analysis method, a matrix of mooring systems was developed for operating in water depths of 1 000 m, 1 500 m, and 2 000 m using various mooring materials. The development of mooring systems was conducted in accordance with the commonly adopted mooring design code, API RP 2SK and API RP 2SM. Fresh attempts were then made to comparatively evaluate the mooring system’s characteristics and global performance. Useful results have been obtained in terms of mooring materials, water depths, and key parameters of mooring configurations. The results provide in-depth insight for the design and operation of deepwater mooring systems in the South China Sea environment.     

一腱断裂下深水张力腿平台非线性动力响应及系泊特性研究

张力腿平台采用特殊的垂直系泊系统,属于半顺应半刚度式平台,平台主体-系泊系统-立管之间的耦合动力响应是张力腿平台设计的关键,直接影响平台的安全性和可靠性。文中首先采用数值模拟和模型试验相结合的手段对一座工作水深为500m的张力腿平台运动响应和系泊特性进行了对比验证,模型缩尺比为1：40,试验在上海交通大学海洋工程国家重点实验室进行,数值计算采用SESAM软件。在试验验证的基础上重点对一腱断裂的前、后平台水动力性能进行了对比分析,重点关注有义波高、特征周期以及浪向角等因素对六自由度运动响应以及张力腿张力特性的影响。     

振荡来流下柔性立管涡激振动响应特性试验研究

在顶部浮体的带动下,悬链线立管的动力响应会诱发其周围产生相对来流,而这种振荡来流将激励立管悬垂段产生“间歇性”的涡激振动。文章在海洋工程水池中对不同最大约化速度URmax、KC数组合下的振荡来流作用下的柔性立管开展模型试验研究,利用光纤应变片测量模型的涡激振动响应。结合模态分析与小波变换对试验数据进行分析,讨论并总结了最大约化速度URmax以及KC数对涡激振动位移幅值响应特性的影响规律。文中进一步分析发现振荡来流下的涡激振动响应还存在“迟滞”及“高阶谐频”现象。     

Experimental investigation into the effects of air pockets on wave-in-deck loads of offshore structures

In this paper, air entrapment during slamming is an investigation subjected to an experimental method of inquiry, analysed alongside a theoretical approach obtained from previous attempts to address similar matters. The experiment consisted of assembling three different sizes and depths of artificially created pockets underneath the 1:75 deck model of a 76 m × 76 m prototype to encourage air entrapment and study how this entrapped air affects local and global loads. A parametric study is ultimately conducted on the geometry of the pocket, altering area and depth to observe the response to the pressure. Air entrapment effects were observed to reduce the magnitudes of impact pressure inside the pocket while slightly altering the force time histories in x and z-directions. Force magnitudes for global forces are significantly close to the smooth deck results. However, horizontal force data are slightly higher than their corresponding smooth deck due to additional surfaces inside the pocket. In addition, a parametric study of the depth and size of the pocket reveals that pocket depth is the dominant parameter that affects the impact pressure inside a pocket.     

Catenary riser sliding and rolling on seabed during induced lateral movement

Catenary risers have an interaction zone with the seabed, usually referenced as flowline. Movements in this region can be induced by sea currents and large offsets in floating unit, leading to touchdown position changes and affecting internal loads along riser length. In this work the contact flowline-seabed is modeled including sliding and rolling friction. Case studies involving large offsets in floating unit and lateral sea currents are solved to better understand the consequences of possible rolling and large sliding. The riser is modeled using a geometrically-exact finite element beam model. The contact is addressed with a new technique to include rotation movements from underlying beam models. This leads to global riser models including complex kinematics, being able to represent scenarios with alternating sliding/rolling and its consequences on internal loads of riser structure. A parametric study is performed to measure the influence of the friction coefficient in tension and torsion along typical flexible pipe and steel pipe catenary risers.     

两自由度不同截面形式柱体涡激振动的CFD数值模拟

文章采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法,结合SST k-棕湍流模型,对低质量比柱体进行两自由度涡激振动数值模拟,得到了柱体升力、曳力系数的时程曲线,并观察了柱体进入锁振状态的幅值变化,研究了不同截面形式柱体在外流速处于0.1-1.0 m/s范围内的振动响应。将圆柱体在不同流速下两向振动的CFD数值模拟与实验数据进行比较,得到了较为满意的结果。通过分析不同截面柱体在不同外流速下的振动幅值发现,带有抑振装置的柱体截面形式能够有效地减小涡激振动,其中,板状截面柱体抑振效果较好。     

Dynamic characteristics of an 8.6 m lightweight FRP tower supporting mass on its top

The paper presents the results of an extensive experimental dynamic testing and numerical modelling conducted on the bottom segment of an 81 m glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) guyed tower. The 8.6 m bottom segment was made up of four 2.15 m sections, each of which consisted of three composite cells. The cells were inter-connected using sleeve joints and were bonded together to form an equilateral triangle having sides of 450 mm. The guyed tower was tested under dynamic loadings with and with out carrying a mass on its top to evaluate its vibration performance. A modal analysis was also carried out on the tower with and without mass on top. The damped natural frequency of the flexural mode obtained from finite element without mass on top had a frequency of 6.1 Hz. The natural frequency obtained from testing was 5.50 Hz. The difference of 10.9% happened due to the loss of pre-stress in the cables indicates a good agreement of the natural frequency obtained from the analysis and from the vibration tests. The natural frequency without having mass was 10.67% higher than with mass on the top. The results confirmed the validity of the developed theoretical model.     

Reliability analysis of ship hulls made of composite materials under sagging moments

An approach is presented to assess the reliability of ship hulls made of composite materials under sagging moments. Buckling, first-ply failure, and ultimate collapse are regarded as the three possible failure modes of ship hulls of composite materials under sagging moments. Reliability estimates were carried out by a combination of the first-order second-moment method and the response surface methodology. A ship hull of composite materials under sagging moments was evaluated and the results showed that the effects on reliability estimates of the model uncertainty in the longitudinal strength of the ship hull, the model uncertainty of the sagging moments, and the sagging moments were significant, whereas the influences of the stochastic characteristics of material elastic moduli were relatively unimportant.