举世瞩目的巴拿马运河扩建

1914年正式建成通航的巴拿马运河位于中美洲巴拿马共和国中部的巴拿马地峡上，是沟通太平洋和大西洋的重要航运要道。巴拿马运河西北起加勒比海利蒙湾之滨的克里斯托波港，东南至太平洋沿岸的巴尔博亚港，全长83．33公里（约51英里），水深13米～15米不等，河宽150米至304米，是一条水闸式运河。由于运河近一半的航程是利用巴拿马地峡上的加通湖，     

巴拿马运何扩建在即 美东群港磨砺以待

巴拿马选民以压倒性的选票决定修建巴拿马运河第三套船闸，这套船闸将有55米宽、427米长、18．3米深，这使得整个航运界的前景更为宽广。扩建巴拿马运河使得从蓬塔阿雷纳斯到哈利法克斯的美国东海岸各个港口面临着新的挑战，各港迫切想要抓住运河扩建带来的机遇。     

访巴拿马运河

通过介绍巴拿马运河的简况及ACP的现代化计划，论述可资借鉴之处。     

Panama Canal expansion: alleviating global climate change

This paper quantifies likely changes in greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to anthropogenic climate change, resulting from the expansion of the Panama Canal and the consequent increase in ship-borne commercial transportation from east Asia to the US east coast. Ocean transportation offers higher fuel economy and lower pollutant emissions compared with land transport. Additionally, truck and train transportation of cargo along the US land bridge threatens to overwhelm existing highway and rail systems and limit economic growth. The alternate transportation route for easterly transit of the Panama Canal will reduce overland traffic congestion and enhance economic development by maintaining freight flow efficiency.     

Maritime economics in a Post-Expansion Panama Canal Era

Government recently introduced the Transport Law Reform Bill, which if passed by Parliament, will allow foreign vessels to uplift and discharge cargoes and passengers along the coast of New Zealand. Coastal shipping is part of the domestic transport industry, which has benefitted from deregulation and considerable restructuring over the last decade. This paper provides a brief review of the coastal shipping industry in New Zealand and an overview of international cabotage laws. An alternative open coast shipping policy proposed by the New Zealand Shipping Federation, which is based on ‘level playing fields’ principles, is presented. The scope of cost benefit analysis is outlined and the potential costs and the potential costs and benefits of the Government's open coast shipping policy are summarized. Despite the potential costs to New Zealand of an open coast policy appearing to be considerably greater than the potential benefits. Government officials have not undertaken an empirical cost benefit analysis. The paperr concludes that hte clauses of the Transport Law Reform Bill relating to an open coast policy should be withdrawn and a full empirical cost benefit analysis should be undertaken to determine the best coastal shipping policy for New Zealand.     

Panama Canal And Maritime Industry：An International Perspective

2007年6月13日，巴拿马运河管理局在上海浦东香格里拉大酒店举办“巴拿马海运日”，巴拿马运河管理局国际顾问委员会主席、国际海事组织（IMO）前秘书长威廉·A·奥尼尔先生在开幕仪式上发表了演讲。奥尼尔先生的讲话着重强调海运在当代经济和社会发展中不可替代的巨大作用，集装箱化又是影响最大的因素之一，而且在可持续发展大趋势下，     

超大型船舶通过新巴拿马运河操纵

巴拿马新运河投入运营后,超大型船舶经巴拿马运河运输货物的便利性显著增强。但因船舶尺寸大、巴拿马运河宽度受限、运河本身存在诸多不安全因素,通航难度较大。如未提前掌握通航方法,船舶在通过运河时易因各种意外情况而造成船体受损。因此,必须积极分析各类不利因素,对超大型船舶通过巴拿马运河的操纵及注意事项进行研究。     

Panama Canal expansion: fuel economy and logistical risk

Since cargo capacity increases faster than fuel consumption, the significantly larger capacity fleets which will accompany expansion of the Panama Canal will introduce additional fuel economies and cost savings. Enabling larger, more fuel-efficient vessels to carry cargo the entire distance from Asia to US east-coast ports allows vessel operators to realize significant and meaningful savings compared with the alternatives of using smaller Panamax vessels for the whole distance, or sending the cargo over the US land bridge by train or truck. Fuel savings are quantified along with the monetary savings based on various assumptions for the price of fuel. These savings are dramatic and will increase directly with the price of crude petroleum. Finally, microeconomic theory is deployed to determine how cost savings will be distributed between shipping customers and vessel operators.     

从全球角度透视巴拿马运河扩建及海运业的发展(英文)

2007年6月13日,巴拿马运河管理局在上海浦东香格里拉大酒店举办“巴拿马海运日”,巴拿马运河管理局国际顾问委员会主席、国际海事组织(IMO)前秘书长威廉·A·奥尼尔先生在开幕仪式上发表了演讲。奥尼尔先生的讲话着重强调海运在当代经济和社会发展中不可替代的巨大作用,集装箱化又是影响最大的因素之一,而且在可持续发展大趋势下,海运又是能效最高、对生态环境最友好的运输方式。演讲还指出海运事业广泛的国际性以及各国政府在政策法规等方面合作和协调对发展全球海运业的重要意义。奥尼尔先生高度赞扬巴拿马运河回归后的出色管理,以及运河在21世纪,尤其是在扩建计划完成后,对世界航运业的重大贡献。应本刊之约,讲演稿由作者修改后发表如下。     

金融危机对巴拿马运河扩建工程的影响

投资总额高达52．5亿美元的巴拿马运河扩建工程于当地时间2006年10月22日进行公民投票时,以巴拿马前总统豪尔赫·伊柳埃卡为代表的反对派就扩建的资金来源、成本上升、按时完工等问题提出质疑。尽管最终运河扩建计划得以顺利通过,但针对扩建工程的各种质疑声从未间断,特别是2007年2月美国次贷危机显露并进一步演化成席卷全球的金融危机,运河扩建工程能否顺利实施更加受到关注。     

巴拿马运河避碰规则的特殊规定

概述现行《巴拿马运河避碰规则》的特殊规定和要求,比较其与《1972年国际海上避碰规则》中相应规定的差异之处,便于航行在巴拿马运河水域中的船舶掌握和遵守当地的特殊避碰规定。     

巴拿马运河提高通行费集装箱班轮经营人头痛

2004年底,正当全球集装箱班轮经营人生意红火、日子好过时,巴拿马运河当局宣布将在未来两年中分三次提高对集装箱货船征收的运河通行费。粗略一算,涨幅竟达65%。这一下,全球集装箱班轮经营人头痛起来。头痛管头痛,运河还得过,而最倒霉的还是付运费的托运人。