Combustion characteristics of LPG and biodiesel mixed fuel in two blending ratios under compression ignition in a constant volume chamber

This study aims to investigate the combustion characteristics of mixed fuel of liquefied propane gas (LPG) and biodiesel under compression ignition (CI) in an effort to develop highly efficient and environmentally friendly mixed fuelbased CI engines. Although LPG fuel is known to be eco-friendly due to its low CO₂ emission, LPG has not yet been widely applied for highly efficient CI engines because of its low cetane number and is usually mixed with other types of CI-friendly fuels. In this study, a number of experiments were prepared with a constant volume chamber (CVC) setup to understand the fundamental combustion characteristics of mixed fuel with LPG and biodiesel in two weight-based ratios and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) conditions. The results from the current investigations verify the applicability of mixed fuel of LPG and biodiesel in CI engines with a carefully designed combustion control strategy that maximizes the benefits of the mixed fuel. Based on the results of this study, ignition is improved by increasing the cetane value by using higher blending ratios of biodiesel. As the blending ratios of biodiesel increased, CO and HC decreased and CO₂ and NO_x increases.     

高原环境下油品对柴油机燃烧特性的影响研究

在模拟高原条件下,针对3种不同品质的柴油(十六烷值和馏分)对某增压柴油机的燃烧特性的影响规律进行了研究分析,并据此简要分析在高原运行时出现活塞烧蚀故障与所用油品的关系。结果显示:目前在用柴油由于其十六烷值低,柴油不易被压燃着火,滞燃期长,且初馏温度低,柴油容易蒸发,预混合燃烧期内积累的热量多,造成缸内压力的升高速率增大,燃烧过程粗暴;海拔升高,空气密度下降,柴油的着火时间延长,燃烧速度加快,最大压力升高率增大,由此产生强烈的热负荷和机械负荷冲击,容易造成活塞烧蚀。     

Study of diesel spray combustion and ignition using high-pressure fuel injection and a micro-hole nozzle with a rapid compression machine: improvement of combustion using low cetane number fuel

This study aimed to reduce NO_x and soot by creating a more homogeneous lean fuel distribution in a diesel spray using high-pressure fuel injection and a micro-hole nozzle. This injection system shortened the ignition delay, but a homogeneous lean fuel distribution in the diesel spray was not achieved. Using a lower cetane number fuel, the resulting longer ignition delay made a uniform, lean fuel distribution in the diesel spray possible with this injection system. Ignition and combustion were analyzed by the combustion chamber pressure history, and flame temperatures and KL values were analyzed by the two-color method.     

部分加氢生物柴油改善柴油机的燃烧与排放（双语出版）

部分加氢工艺可显著提升生物柴油的氧化安定性，同时改善燃料的着火性能，是提高生物柴油品质的有效途径。以Raney-Ni为催化剂，异丙醇为供氢体，在85℃的水环境下对大豆生物柴油进行催化转移加氢试验，得到部分加氢生物柴油，并以传统柴油作为参照，分别制备B20（80%传统柴油+20%生物柴油）和PHB20（80%传统柴油+20%加氢生物柴油），在186FA型柴油机上进行发动机性能试验，并使用燃烧分析仪、尾气分析仪和烟度计等仪器探究加氢生物柴油对柴油机燃烧过程及排放性能的影响。研究结果表明：柴油机燃用柴油、B20及PHB20的当量燃油消耗率基本相当；在标定工况下，尽管加氢生物柴油运动黏度略有升高而不利于燃油雾化，但其十六烷值较高更易于燃烧，在燃料特性的综合影响下，与柴油机燃用柴油相比，B20和PHB20的着火时刻依次提前了0.8 °曲轴转角和1.4 °曲轴转角，瞬时放热峰及最大爆发压力亦随之提前，但最大放热率和最大爆发压力依次略有降低；在标定工况下，与燃用柴油相比， B20的HC，CO和烟度排放分别下降了9.9%、9.3%和15.2%，NO_x排放上升了8.5%；而PHB20的HC，CO和烟度排放分别下降了12.4%、13.5%和17.1%，NO_x排放上升了6.7%；综合可见，PHB20改善柴油机燃烧及排放的效果优于B20。     

Predicting auto-ignition characteristics of RCCI combustion using a multi-zone model

The objective of new combustion concepts is to meet emission standards by improving fuel air mixing prior to ignition. Since there is no overlap between injection and ignition, combustion is governed mainly by chemical kinetics and it is challenging to control the phasing of ignition. Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) combustion aims to control combustion phasing by altering the fuel ratios of the high- and low octane fuel and injection timings. In this study the dual fuel blend is prepared with gasoline and diesel fuels. The applied injection timings of the diesel are very early (90 to 60° CA bTDC). In the detailed reaction mechanism, n-heptane and iso-octane represent diesel and gasoline fuel, respectively. A multi-zone model approach is implemented to perform RCCI combustion simulation. Ignition characteristics are analyzed by using CA50 as the main parameter. In the experiments for the early direct injection (DI) timing advancing the injection time results in a later ignition. Qualitatively, the trend effect of the diesel injection timing and the effect of the ratio gasoline/diesel are captured accurately by the multi-zone model.     

发动机燃用生物柴油对NO_x排放影响的试验研究

在一台涡轮增压直喷式柴油机上分别燃用生物柴油、掺混油和石化柴油进行试验,对滞燃期、燃烧始点、燃烧压力、燃烧温度、预混燃烧放热规律和扩散燃烧放热规律等燃烧参数对NOx排放的影响进行了研究。结果表明,随着燃料中生物柴油含量的增加,发动机滞燃期缩短,燃烧始点提前,最高燃烧压力增加,最高燃烧温度上升,预混燃烧累积放热率减小,扩散燃烧累积放热率增大;燃烧参数的变化是造成NOx排放升高的主要原因。     

车用电控LPG发动机爆震控制的研究

为了兼顾不同成分的LPG的爆震特性,研究了一种动态的爆震控制策略。当发动机燃用辛烷值高的LPG时,采用较大的点火提前角;燃用辛烷值低的LPG时,自动减小点火提前角。通过试验验证了在不同点火提前角,不同发动机转速和负荷下的爆震特性。并以3种不同成份的LPG为例验证了此控制策略的有效性。     

天然抗氧化剂对生物柴油燃烧特性的影响研究

针对生物柴油氧化安定性较差的特点,在调和油B20中添加天然抗氧化剂,改善生物柴油的氧化安定性.通过发动机台架试验,测量了标定转速、不同负荷时,分别添加迷迭香与茶多酚两种抗氧化剂的生物柴油K1B20和K2B20的示功图,并与燃用柴油B0、生物柴油B100以及调和油B20进行对比,探讨了抗氧化剂对柴油机燃烧过程的影响.结果表明:低负荷时,与燃用B0相比,燃用B100的最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率升高,瞬时放热率峰值降低,滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续期延长;与燃用B20相比,燃用K1B20和K2B20的压力曲线与瞬时放热率曲线形状以及燃烧特性参数基本相同.全负荷时,随生物柴油掺混比的增加,最高燃烧压力降低;燃用K1B20和K2B20的最高燃烧压力升高,对应的曲轴转角略有延迟,最大压力升高率峰值基本相同,对应曲轴转角延迟.燃用K1B20和K2B20对柴油机的输出功率影响不大,与B20相比,滞燃期与燃烧持续期略有缩短,排气温度有所降低.     

Enhancement of NOx-PM trade-off in a diesel engine adopting bio-ethanol and EGR

For realizing a premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine, the effects of bio-ethanol blend oil and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on PM-NOx trade-off have been investigated in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine with the compression ratio of 17.8. In the present experiment, the ethanol blend ratio and the EGR ratio were varied focusing on ignition delay, premixed combustion, diffusive combustion, smoke, NOx and the thermal efficiency. Very low levels of 1.5 [g/kWh] NOx and 0.02 [g/kWh] PM, which is close to the 2009 emission standards imposed on heavy duty diesel engines in Japan, were achieved without deterioration of the thermal efficiency in the PCCI engine operated with the 50% ethanol blend fuel and the EGR ratio of 0.2. It is found that this improvement can be achieved by formation of the premixed charge condition resulting from a longer ignition delay. A marked increase in ignition delay is due to blending ethanol with low cetane number and large latent heat, and due to lowering in-cylinder gas temperature on compression stroke based on the EGR. It is noticed that smoke can be reduced even by increasing the EGR ratio under a highly premixed condition.     

柴油-含水乙醇乳化燃料配制及理化特性研究

以柴油作为乳化燃料主要成分,配制了含水乙醇质量分数分别为8.9%,16.1%,22.0%和27.3%4种乳化燃料,并对这些乳化燃料和柴油的理化特性、微观分布及结构进行观测和研究。实验结果表明:单一乳化剂Span80乳化效果较好;随着含水乙醇质量分数增大,乳化燃料的密度和运动黏度略有增加,表面张力略有减小,蒸发性变得更好,初始馏出温度明显降低,含氧量增加,十六烷值和低热值逐渐降低;含水乙醇均匀地分散在柴油中,形成油包水型乳化液,分散相液滴平均直径逐渐增大,乳化燃料稳定性逐渐变差。     

不同辛烷值参比燃料HCCI燃烧特性的试验研究

对不同辛烷值基本参比燃料及其混合物在高速4缸柴油机上进行单缸HCCI燃烧试验,研究了燃料辛烷值、发动机冷却水温度、进气温度以及冷EGR率对HCCI发动机燃烧特性和排放特性的影响。结果表明;在同一当量比下,随燃料辛烷值增大,着火时刻推迟,燃烧放热速率降低,HC和CO排放增大。HCCI燃烧随负荷的增大、EGR牢的减小、进气温度和冷卸水温度的升高,着火时刻提前,燃烧放热速率加快。     

辛烷值对发动机性能和燃烧特性影响的研究

通过发动机台架试验,对3种不同辛烷值汽油的燃烧特性、燃油经济性和排放性能进行了研究。试验研究结果表明,汽油辛烷值越低,其着火落后期和燃烧持续期越短,火焰传播速度和燃烧放热越快;燃用低辛烷值的汽油可以提高热效率,改善发动机的燃油消耗率;3种辛烷值汽油的THC,CO和NOx排放相差不大。     

生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

为了改善发动机燃用高比例生物质混合燃料的性能,在中等比例的生物柴油-柴油混合燃料中分别添加5%、10%和20%体积比的乙醇（分别用BD50E5,BD50E10和BD50E20表示）,在一台6缸增压共轨柴油机上,将发动机的转速稳定在1 600 r·min^-1,选择7个不同的负荷点测定不同掺混比生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料的燃烧与排放性能,并将其与柴油进行对比。结果表明：在平均有效压力为0.322 MPa的低负荷条件下,发动机为预喷加主喷喷油策略,在预喷的低温反应阶段生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料产生了大量羟基自由基,因此混合燃料的缸内最大压力和最大瞬时放热率均高于柴油;随着负荷的增大,当平均有效压力为0.805 MPa时,发动机的喷油策略转变为单段喷射,乙醇的热值较低导致生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料的缸内最大压力和最大瞬时放热率低于柴油;随着乙醇掺混比的增大,受乙醇低十六烷值和高汽化潜热的影响,生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料的滞燃期明显延长;强烈的预混燃烧和乙醇的高含氧量使混合燃料的燃烧速度明显加快,乙醇的添加有利于燃料集中放热从而缩短燃烧持续期;与纯柴油相比,BD50E5,BD50E10和BD50E20的NO_x排放量分别升高了10.46%、12.59%和17.52%,碳烟排放量分别降低了37.91%、45.85%和49.25%,CO排放量分别降低了20.24%、36.43%和46.43%,HC排放量分别降低了12.53%、4.40%和0.76%。     

Morphology and oxidation kinetics of CI engine’s biodiesel particulate matters on cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters using TGA

The impact of small compression ignition (CI) engine operation conditions and fuel properties on diesel and biodiesel particulate matters (PMs) quantity using opacity smoke meter is investigated. The biodiesel engine’s PMs are around a half of diesel engine PMs under the same engine operation conditions. Morphology of both engine’s PMs are also studied using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and image processing method. The average primary nanoparticle sizes of diesel and biodiesel engine’s PMs are approximately 34 nm and 32 nm, respectively. The result shows that engine operation condition and fuel property are strongly impact on the quantity and size distribution of primary nanoparticles emission. PM oxidation kinetics on conventional cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) powders by Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) is also successfully studied. The calculated apparent activation energies of biodiesel engine’s PM oxidation on conventional cordierite DPFs powders are lower than that of diesel engine’s PM and carbon black because of unburned oxygenated molecule. The calculated apparent activation energy of biodiesel engine’s PM and diesel engine’s PM oxidize on conventional cordierite DPFs powders with pure air are in the range of 109 ~ 131 kJ/mole and 117 ~ 130 kJ/mole, respectively. It might be expected that smaller primary nanoparticle size of biodiesel engine’s PMs and bio-oxygenate unburned hydrocarbon can promote more PM oxidation rate during vehicle’s DPF regeneration process.     

柴油/GTL混合燃料特性及对柴油机排放的影响

研究了不同比例的柴油与天然气合成油(GTL)混合燃料的主要理化特性,采用ECER49十三工况法测试了一台增压柴油机燃用各种混合燃料的有害排放。结果显示:随GTL比例的增加,混合燃料的密度、硫和芳烃含量逐渐减小,黏度、十六烷值和低热值逐步增大,以70%馏出率为界,GTL馏程从大于变为小于柴油的馏程;与柴油相比,GTL能降低所有常规排放,且随GTL比例增加,降低趋势愈明显。     

Effect of cetane enhancer on spray and combustion characteristics of compressed ignition type LPG fuel

This research investigated the spray and combustion characteristics of compressed ignition type LPG fuel when a cetane number enhancing additive was applied to a constant volume chamber. Because LPG has a lower cetane number, DTBP and alpha olefin were added to the LPG (100% butane) to enhance the cetane number and viscosity. By adding the cetane enhancer, stable combustion over the wide range of the ambient conditions was possible as well. According to the blending rates of DTBP and alpha olefin, various proportions of LPG blended fuels were obtained. In a constant volume chamber, a high speed digital camera was also employed to visualize the combustion characteristics of LPG fuel. The combustion pressures and heat-release rates of the LPG blends were also compared at various ambient pressures. As the results of measurements of exhaust emissions, CO and HC were reduced considerably, but CO₂ was increased by blending LPG with DTBP and alpha olefin.     

F-T柴油与正丁醇混合燃料的燃烧和排放特性研究

F-T柴油具有十六烷值高、几乎不含硫和芳香烃的特点,正丁醇是能量密度较高的可再生的生物质燃料。在增压中冷4缸柴油机上对比研究了0号柴油、F-T柴油和F-T柴油-正丁醇混合燃料的燃烧、排放特性。结果表明:与柴油相比,掺混丁醇后缸内压力峰值、压力升高率降低;燃用F-T柴油-正丁醇混合燃料可同时降低炭烟和NO_x排放,随着正丁醇掺混比例的提高炭烟排放显著降低,F-T柴油掺混20%正丁醇的炭烟排放降幅高达67.8%,NO_x排放降幅达20.9%。     

GTL柴油作为柴油机清洁代用燃料可行性分析

综述了GTL柴油的特性及其对排放的影响,并就GTL柴油和常规柴油在柴油机中的燃烧和排放特性进行了比较。同时指出GTL柴油在发动机中应用时的润滑性和对橡胶的适应性等方面存在的问题,并探讨了解决途径。     

Instantaneous 2-D visualization of spray combustion and flame luminosity of GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel blend under quiescent ambient conditions

An experimental study has been performed on spray combustion and two-dimensional soot concentration in diesel (ULSD), GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel jets under high-pressure, high-temperature quiescent conditions. Instantaneous images of the fuel jets were obtained with a high-speed camera. It was confirmed that by blending GTL with 20% rapeseed biodiesel, certain fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, surface tension, volatility, lower heating value and others may be designed and improved to be more like those of conventional diesel fuel but with considerable decrease in the amount of sulfur, PAH, cold filter plugging point, etc. The results showed that the spray tip penetration increased and the spray cone angle decreased when 20% biodiesel fuel was added to GTL fuel. Autoignition of the GTL-biodiesel blend occurred slightly earlier than that of diesel fuel. Experiments under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions showed that higher injection pressure induced a lower soot formation rate. The integrated flame luminosity, which serves as an indicator of soot concentration in the fuel jet, was slightly higher for the GTL-biodiesel blend than for pure GTL fuel due to the slightly higher sulfur content of pure biodiesel fuel.     

柴油添加剂功效判断的非台架试验方法研究

研究开发出一种评价柴油添加剂功效好坏的非台架试验判断法———灰色相关分析法。通过测定加入待测添加剂后的柴油样品的物理性质和加入已知功效较好的柴油添加剂的柴油样品的物理性质,做出灰色相关分析,综合关联顺序以评定其功效好坏。应用这个方法,可以推断出柴油样品的表面张力是影响燃烧的主要因素,其次是黏度、十六烷值和燃点。从而,比较准确地判断柴油添加剂功效的高低。