EPS与SASS的自校正集成控制仿真及试验研究

建立了汽车电动助力转向和半主动悬架集成控制的动力学模型,运用自校正控制理论设计了集成控制器.选择极点配置自校正控制,将闭环系统极点移到需要的位置上,并给出适当的控制律.自主开发出集成控制器,并用改进的可调阻尼减振器代替原车减振器,对某车型装车进行道路试验.仿真结果和试验结果验证了模型的正确性.表明该集成控制方法能够改善车辆的行驶平顺性和操纵稳定性.     

基于汽车嵌入式软件的持续集成和持续测试分析

随着汽车控制器软件迭代速度的加快,其对软件质量提出了更高的要求,故软件集成和测试周期短而频繁。持续集成/持续测试（CI/CT）已被认可是尽早发现缺陷的最佳实践。文章分析了汽车嵌入式软件的开发过程,通过引入持续集成测试方法,基于Jenkins搭建软件持续集成测试平台,该平台支持多种开发语言,可以集成调用编译器、模型在环（MIL）测试、硬件在环（HIL）测试等工具链,从而实现软件集成、测试和缺陷通知完全自动化,将软件工程师从重复冗长的集成测试任务中解放出来。持续集成测试在某混合电动汽车（HEV）整车控制器（VCU）软件项目应用以后,可以节省近90%的软件迭代耗时。     

混合动力汽车整车控制器开发与试验

基于飞思卡尔公司的双核微控制器9S12XDT512开发了一款通用的混合动力汽车（HEV）整车控制器（VehicleControl Unit-VCU）,设计时考虑硬件的通用性,使之能够适用于多种混合动力汽车的整车控制。为验证VCU功能,本文以某款并联混合动力公交车为控制对象,在基于dSPACE的硬件在环仿真系统上进行了一系列仿真试验。试验结果表明：VCU能够准确地控制整车实现混合动力工作状态,进而验证了VCU硬件的有效性。     

EPS与主动悬架系统自适应模糊集成控制的仿真与试验研究

在建立的汽车整车主动悬架和EPS动力学模型(包含转向运动、俯仰运动和侧倾运动等模型)的基础上,运用自适应模糊控制方法,利用车身姿态的变化动态地调节主动悬架控制器和EPS控制器的输出,实现了对EPS和主动悬架系统的集成控制。为了验证控制系统的可行性和有效性,分别进行了仿真和实车道路试验。结果表明,集成控制显著提高了汽车的行驶平顺性和操纵稳定性,整车综合性能明显优于传统的悬架和转向系统。     

分布式驱动电动汽车动力学集成控制研究进展及趋势

分布式驱动电动汽车具有四轮可独立控制和响应速度快等突出优势，对增强车辆操纵稳定性、安全性和经济性具有重要的意义。但车辆是一个非线性、强耦合的系统，需研究解决各个控制器相互耦合、过驱动系统复杂性和不确定性等核心问题，这依赖于多维 （纵向、横向和垂向） 集成控制模式和容错控制。对现有研究进行分类和总结，从传统单一维度控制到多维集成控制，综述分布式驱动电动汽车的关键技术和发展现状，重点归纳了汽车动力学集成控制的多层结构及其应用，特别是集成了纵向-横向-垂向动力学的综合控制。最后对分布式驱动电动汽车动力学控制系统所面临的挑战提出了一些建议。     

汽车电子控制单元（ECU）原理与检修

一、汽车电子控制单元（ECU）原理汽车发动机电控系统由信号输入装置（传感器）、电子控制单元（ECU）和执行器三部分组成（如图1所示）。电子控制单元又称为电子控制器,俗称电脑（一般简写为ECU、发动机控制模块MCU、EEC或者PCM）,     

通信时延与丢包下智能网联汽车控制性能分析

网联协同控制是智能网联汽车的重要应用场景，而车联网的通信时延与丢包可能导致控制性能下降，甚至影响行车安全。为了分析时延与丢包对网联车辆控制的稳态与瞬态性能的影响，设计了网联控制器，并开展了仿真与实车试验。基于车辆动力学特性，将通信时延与丢包下的网联车辆控制分解为纵向控制与横向控制，进行了统一建模，并设计了控制器进行试验分析；搭建了网联自动驾驶的CarSim-Simulink联合仿真平台，及集成可模拟时延与丢包的LTE-V原理样机的智能网联汽车试验平台；开展了不同时延与丢包率下网联跟车控制与网联路径跟踪控制的仿真试验与实车试验。试验结果显示：时延与丢包对控制误差的影响形态有相似性；时延或丢包率取系统及工况参数有关的小值时，如试验中时延小于200 ms或丢包率小于20%，工况随机因素对控制误差的影响可能超过时延与丢包的影响；在更大的时延或丢包率下，时延与丢包的出现方式（如出现时机等）对控制误差影响更大。研究结果表明：能实现针对网联车辆控制系统通信特性的控制器优化设计，使得当时延与丢包在工况相关阈值内时，系统控制误差有界。所揭露的规律一方面可用于对造成危险控制误差的时延与丢包工况进行预警，另一方面也可用于基于给定的稳态或瞬态控制误差边界，判定对应工况允许的时延与丢包率边界。     

汽车前风挡玻璃性能试验方法探究

现在汽车上常用的玻璃分为两种：夹层玻璃和钢化玻璃。前风挡玻璃主要是夹层玻璃,后挡和侧门玻璃多为钢化玻璃。尤其是前风挡玻璃,和乘员接触最近,保护作用作也最大,它与乘员安全息息相关,所以玻璃的生产前期试验验证就显得尤为重要。文章主要分析了汽车前风窗玻璃的结构,通过对比ISO,欧洲经济委员会（ECE）,中国国家标准（GB）,上海汽车（SAIC）,双龙汽车（Ssangyong）,名爵汽车（MG）,菲亚特汽车（FAIT）等试验标准,研究了前风窗玻璃的试验机理和试验方法,给出了相关的试验步骤和试验限值,对玻璃的质量控制有重大意义。     

汽车主动转向与直接横摆力矩协调控制

为了提高汽车的操纵稳定性和行驶稳定性，分别对主动转向及直接横摆力矩控制进行了研究。根据汽车线性二自由度模型获得汽车稳态工况下的期望横摆角速度和期望质心侧偏角，设计了上层控制器和下层控制器，其中上层控制器为主动转向与直接横摆力矩功能分配的协调控制，下层控制器采用单神经元自适应PID算法设计了主动转向控制器和直接横摆力矩控制器。基于汽车行驶稳定性指标设计了调度参数，以实现主动转向和直接横摆力矩的协调控制。分别选取高附着系数路面和低附着系数路面进行了正弦输入试验和阶跃输入试验，结果表明所设计的控制系统能够很好地提高线控转向汽车的操纵稳定性和行驶稳定性。     

ISG型混合动力汽车发动机起动过程控制仿真分析

发动机自动起停是混合动力汽车节能减排的重要手段,对混合动力汽车的起动性能提出了更高的要求。混合动力汽车的ISG（Integrated Starter Generator）起动相比传统车的起动机起动可以获得更好的油耗、排放、振动和噪声性能。文中结合所研发的ISG型混合动力汽车,通过试验分析现有发动机起动过程的控制效果。为解决现有控制算法存在的转速超调量大的问题,设计了发动机起动过程的转速闭环控制算法,搭建了控制器和被控对象仿真模型。通过仿真分析研究了不同控制参数对起动过程转速控制效果的影响,得出了减少发动机喷油转矩和提高ISG转矩变化率限制可以改善转速控制效果的结论,为后续控制算法的改进和实车控制参数的标定提供了依据。     

Direct tire force generation algorithm based on non-iterative nonlinear inverse tire model

The function of vehicle dynamics control system is adjusting the yaw moment, the longitudinal force and lateral force of a vehicle body through several chassis systems, such as brakes, steering and suspension. Individual systems such as ESC, AFS and 4WD can be used to achieve desired performance by controlling actuator variables. However, integrated chassis control systems that have multiple objectives may not simply achieve the desired performance by controlling the actuators directly. Usually those systems determine the required tire forces in an upper level controller and a lower level controller regulates the tire forces through the actuators. The tire force is controlled in a recursive way based on vehicle state measurement, which may not be sufficient for fast response. For immediate force tracking, we introduce a direct tire force generation method that uses a nonlinear inverse tire model, a pseudo-inverse model of vehicle dynamics and the relationship between longitudinal force and brake pressure.     

Modeling and control of an anti-lock brake and steering system for cooperative control on split-mu surfaces

The brake and steering systems in vehicles are the most effective actuators that directly affect the vehicle dynamics. In general, the brake system affects the longitudinal dynamics and the steering system affects the lateral dynamics; however, their effects are coupled when the vehicle is braking on a non-homogenous surface, such as a split-mu road. The yaw moment compensation of the steering control on a split-mu road is one of the basic functions of integrated or coordinated chassis control systems and has been demonstrated by several chassis suppliers. However, the disturbance yaw moment is generally compensated for using the yaw rate feedback or using wheel brake pressure measurement. Access to the wheel brake pressure through physical sensors is not cost effective; therefore, we modeled the hydraulic brake system to avoid using physical sensors and to estimate the brake pressure. The steering angle controller was designed to mitigate the non-symmetric braking force effect and to stabilize the yaw rate dynamics of the vehicle. An H-infinity design synthesis was used to take the system model and the estimation errors into account, and the designed controller was evaluated using vehicle tests.     

Selection of Actuator Combination in Integrated Chassis Control Using Taguchi Method

This paper presents a method to select the actuator combination in integrated chassis control using Taguchi method. Electronic stability control (ESC), active front and rear steering (AFS/ARS) are used as an actuator, which is needed to generate a control tire force. After computing the control yaw moment in the upper-level controller, it is distributed into the control tire forces, generated by ESC, AFS and ARS in the lower-level controller. In this paper, the weighted pseudo-inverse control allocation (WPCA) with variable weights is used to determine the control tire forces of each actuator. Taguchi method is adopted for sensitivity analysis on variable weights of WPCA in terms of the control performances such as the maneuverability and the lateral stability. For sensitivity analysis, simulation is performed on a vehicle simulation package, CarSim. From sensitivity analysis, the most effective actuator combination is selected.     

汽车底盘控制系统总线的应用现状研究

简述了汽车底盘控制系统总线的种类及技术特点,给出先进的汽车车载网络拓扑结构。详细论述了在汽车控制领域得到广泛应用的控制器局域网和最具发展潜力的线控技术及其通讯特点,特别针对CAN总线介绍了SAE J1939、CANopen、DeviceNet 3种基于CAN的主流应用层协议。最后就我国车载网络的发展进行了探讨。     

Integrated chassis control for a three-axle electric bus with distributed driving motors and active rear steering system

This paper describes an integrated chassis control framework for a novel three-axle electric bus with active rear steering (ARS) axle and four motors at the middle and rear wheels. The proposed integrated framework consists of four parts: (1) an active speed limiting controller is designed for anti-body slip control and rollover prevention; (2) an ARS controller is designed for coordinating the tyre wear between the driving wheels; (3) an inter-axle torque distribution controller is designed for optimal torque distribution between the axles, considering anti-wheel slip and battery power limitations and (4) a data acquisition and estimation module for collecting the measured and estimated vehicle states. To verify the performances, a simulation platform is established in Trucksim software combined with Simulink. Three test cases are particularly designed to show the performances. The proposed algorithm is compared with a simple even control algorithm. The test results show satisfactory lateral stability and rollover prevention performances under severe steering conditions. The desired tyre wear coordinating performance is also realised, and the wheel slip ratios are restricted within stable region during intensive driving and emergency braking with complicated road conditions.     

Intelligent Electronic Systems in Commercial Vehicles for Enhanced Traffic Safety

Looking at the future trends of the road traffic, one will recognize that the commercial vehicle participation will not decrease, although it is required from the environmental and social viewpoints. The reason is that the other means of freight transport (water, railway, air) do not provide the same flexibility as the road transport, and direct business interest of those companies, who are using this transport form is larger than the eventual loss caused by the penalties to be paid (taxes, compensation of higher axle load). This conflict is hard to solve, but the effect can be minimized. The commercial vehicle industry attempts to introduce systems to the vehicles, which are targeting on reduction of the environmental impacts caused by heavy vehicles. These systems, which are named generally as “intelligent chassis systems”, electronically control the operation of the chassis subsystems (engine, transmission, brake, suspension) and co-ordinate their operation on a higher level (vehicle controller, intelligent control systems, such as adaptive cruise control, video camera based lane change recognition system, etc.). This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of the commercial vehicle chassis systems, and tries to project their future development.     

车辆半主动悬架与助力转向集成控制的仿真研究

为协调车辆操纵稳定性和行驶平顺性,基于底盘系统动力学原理,建立了半主动悬架和电动助力转向的综合模型,对半主动悬架和电动助力转向系统进行集成控制.运用二次反馈法和PID策略分别对悬架的可调阻尼和转向系统的助力进行控制.仿真结果表明,在集成控制情况下,车辆的操纵稳定性和平顺性均优于悬架或转向单独控制的效果.     

A novel integrated chassis controller for full drive-by-wire vehicles

In this paper, a systematic design with multiple hierarchical layers is adopted in the integrated chassis controller for full drive-by-wire vehicles. A reference model and the optimal preview acceleration driver model are utilised in the driver control layer to describe and realise the driver's anticipation of the vehicle's handling characteristics, respectively. Both the sliding mode control and terminal sliding mode control techniques are employed in the vehicle motion control (MC) layer to determine the MC efforts such that better tracking performance can be attained. In the tyre force allocation layer, a polygonal simplification method is proposed to deal with the constraints of the tyre adhesive limits efficiently and effectively, whereby the load transfer due to both roll and pitch is also taken into account which directly affects the constraints. By calculating the motor torque and steering angle of each wheel in the executive layer, the total workload of four wheels is minimised during normal driving, whereas the MC efforts are maximised in extreme handling conditions. The proposed controller is validated through simulation to improve vehicle stability and handling performance in both open- and closed-loop manoeuvres.     

Coordinated control of ESC and AFS with adaptive algorithms

This paper presents a coordinated control of electronic stability control (ESC) and active front steering (AFS) with adaptive algorithms for yaw moment distribution in integrated chassis control (ICC). In order to distribute a control yaw moment into control tire forcres of ESC and AFS, and to coordinate the relative usage of ESC to AFS, a LMS/Newton algorithm (LMSN) is adopted. To make the control tire forces zero in applying LMS and LMSN, the zero-attracting mechanism is adopted. Simulations on vehicle simulation software, CarSim®, show that the proposed algorithm is effective for yaw moment distribution in integrated chassis control.     

Intelligent Electronic Systems in Commercial Vehicles for Enhanced Traffic Safety

Looking at the future trends of the road traffic, one will recognize that the commercial vehicle participation will not decrease, although it is required from the environmental and social viewpoints. The reason is that the other means of freight transport (water, railway, air) do not provide the same flexibility as the road transport, and direct business interest of those companies, who are using this transport form is larger than the eventual loss caused by the penalties to be paid (taxes, compensation of higher axle load). This conflict is hard to solve, but the effect can be minimized. The commercial vehicle industry attempts to introduce systems to the vehicles, which are targeting on reduction of the environmental impacts caused by heavy vehicles. These systems, which are named generally as “intelligent chassis systems”, electronically control the operation of the chassis subsystems (engine, transmission, brake, suspension) and co-ordinate their operation on a higher level (vehicle controller, intelligent control systems, such as adaptive cruise control, video camera based lane change recognition system, etc.). This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of the commercial vehicle chassis systems, and tries to project their future development.