燃气管道不停输带压开孔封堵技术

燃气管道不停输带压开孔封堵技术的特点为作业全程都在密封状态下进行,安全可靠,能保证正常供气,无资源浪费。该技术的核心设备有:开孔机、封堵器、下堵器、夹板阀、管件。文中着重介绍该技术在钢管型燃气管道的应用原理及实际作业中的操作规程,并介绍了其在实际应用中的不足。     

埋地聚乙烯管道安全检验关键技术及工程应用

PE管道具有优良的性价比,广泛应用在能源、燃气等工程中,但因其焊接接头质量难以检测、探查难度大,使PE管道的安全状况难以控制,并导致泄漏等事故。结合国内出台的PE管道规范、标准及钢质管道检验的经验,提出了PE管道的安全检验关键技术,并介绍了部分科研成果,如PE管焊接质量超声相控阵动态聚焦和B扫查成像技术、探地雷达、泄漏检测等。文中提出的检验关键技术在某市PE燃气管网中得到了有效应用,检验出多项安全隐患,为城市燃气的安全提供了保障。     

埋地燃气管道带压开孔技术应用

埋地管道铺建时预留的分支管道接口不合适,需要在管道带压正常运行的状态下进行开孔施工.介绍了埋地燃气管道带压开孔技术的专用设备组成、操作方法、步骤和技术要点.实践证明:这项带压开孔技术的应用会更加广泛.     

低压燃气管道不停输气囊式封堵技术与设备

气囊式封堵是管道不停输封堵技术中的一种新的方式,它适用于城市低压燃气管网管线和供水管道的带压开孔封堵作业。橡胶气囊式封堵的关键技术是气囊的结构形式和被封管道内部气囊所处位置的预先清理,即开孔切削时铁屑散落于管道内腔底部和管道内部原有的沉积物的清理。文中介绍了气囊式封堵的基本原理,设备的构造特点和应用方法。     

城市燃气管道带气封堵技术现状与展望

对城市燃气管道进行带压不停气的维抢修、改造作业时，管道带气封堵是作业中的重要工序。文中介绍了现有燃气管道带气作业的施工流程及盘式封堵、筒式封堵、折叠式封堵、囊式封堵4种常见封堵技术，并从改进现有技术和引进其他目前未应用在城市燃气管道的带气封堵技术两方面对城市燃气管道带气封堵技术的发展进行展望。     

城市燃气管道腐蚀综合检测方法

针对城市燃气管道腐蚀的主要影响因素,分析现有的各种检测方法的技术原理和应用条件,提出了一个科学、合理、全面的城市埋地钢质燃气管道腐蚀检测流程,这对于城市燃气管道的安全运行有着重要的作用和意义.     

天然气长输管道应急封堵技术研究

文中概述了目前国内外天然气长输管道应急封堵技术发展的现状,并通过理论分析与工程实践,对常用的4种管道应急封堵技术从技术原理、施工工艺、施工特点等方面进行了简单对比。而后重点介绍了带压开孔-旁通封堵技术的原理、施工工艺,并通过分析得出结论,带压开孔-旁通封堵技术具有应用范围广、可靠性高、不需停输等优点,适用于天然气长输管道的应急封堵作业。     

不停输开孔封堵设备在管道输送中的应用

介绍了HT型、EXP型开孔封堵设备的结构特点和工作原理,技术参数以及在管道不停输送中施工作业的应用技术。     

非开挖穿插高密度聚乙烯管在线管道修复技术

介绍了HDPE（高密度聚乙烯）管缩径技术、穿插自动复原贴合技术、无法兰特殊接头连接技术、穿插修复施工工艺及其配套设备和工艺。为提高供水、燃气、输油等管线的承压能力以及在非开挖的条件下修复改造管道提供了一种最经济和有效的解决方法。该技术特别适用于市内非开挖地带供水、燃气管线以及油田输油、排污易腐蚀管线的修复和改造，开辟了国内管线防腐和修复的新领域。     

基于SCADA系统的燃气管道泄漏监测系统模型设计

单一的燃气管道泄漏检测系统不经济,SCADA系统不仅能为泄漏检测提供数据源,而且能监控管道运行状况.因此,将检测系统集成到SCADA系统中,不但能充分利用SCADA系统的功能,而且也是管道自动化发展方向.介绍了城市燃气管道现有的监测技术和发展方向、输气管道检漏方法、管道泄漏监测技术的研究方法;设计了城市燃气管道温度、压力、流量的数据采集方案、原理、模型和采集的程序流程;给出了在VB中使用MSComm控件进行串口通信以及实现PC机对下位机的数据采集的方法;给出了用VB进行油气管道数据采集的编程步骤和部分界面.     

Routing and charging locations for electric vehicles for intercity trips

This study addresses two problems in the context of battery electric vehicles (EVs) for intercity trips: the EV routing problem and the EV optimal charging station location problem (CSLP). The paper shows that EV routing on the shortest path subject to range feasibility for one origin–destination (O–D) pair, called the shortest walk problem (SWP), as well as a stronger version of the problem – the p-stop limited SWP – can be reduced to solving the shortest path problem on an auxiliary network. The paper then addresses optimal CSLPs in which EVs are range feasible with and without p-stops. We formulate the models as mixed-integer multi-commodity flow problems on the same auxiliary network without path and relay pattern enumeration. Benders decomposition is used to propose an exact solution approach. Numerical experiments are conducted using the Indiana state network.     

Road pricing for congestion and accident externalities for mixed traffic of motorcycles and automobiles

Motorcycles play an important role in sharing the trip demand with automobiles for commuting, especially in many cities in Asia. However, the accident cost of a trip by motorcycle is higher than that of an automobile. This study analyzes the road pricing for the congestion and accident externalities of mixed traffic of automobiles and motorcycles. A model for equilibrium trips with no taxation and that for optimal trips with taxation are explored. The model is then applied to the Tucheng City–Banciao City–Taipei central business district corridor in Taipei metropolitan area. The findings in this case study show that the tax for accident externality is larger than that for congestion externality.     

Comparing real-world fuel consumption for diesel- and hydrogen-fueled transit buses and implication for emissions

This paper explores the influence of key factors such as speed, acceleration, and road grade on fuel consumption for diesel and hydrogen fuel cell buses under real-world operating conditions. A Vehicle Specific Power-based approach is used for modeling fuel consumption for both types of buses. To evaluate the robustness of the modeling approach, Vehicle Specific Power-based modal average fuel consumption rates are compared for diesel buses in the US and Portugal, and for the Portuguese diesel and hydrogen fuel cell buses that operate on the same route. For diesel buses there is similar intra-vehicle variability in fuel consumption using Vehicle Specific Power modes. For the fuel cell bus, the hydrogen fuel consumption rate was found to be less sensitive to Vehicle Specific Power variations and had smaller variability compared to diesel buses. Relative errors between trip fuel consumption estimates and actual fuel use, based upon predictions for a portion of real-world activity data that were not used to calibrate the models, were generally under 10% for all observations. The Vehicle Specific Power-based modeling approach is recommended for further applications as additional data become available. Emission changes based upon substituting hydrogen versus diesel buses are evaluated.     

Well-to-wheel analysis for electric, diesel and hydrogen traction for railways

This paper derives the energy efficiencies and CO₂ emissions for electric, diesel and hydrogen traction for railway vehicles on a well-to-wheel basis, using the low heating value and high heating value of the enthalpy of oxidation of the fuel. The tank-to-wheel and well-to-tank efficiency are determined. Gaseous hydrogen has a WTW efficiency of 25% low heating value, if produced from methane and used in a fuel cell. This efficiency is similar to diesel and electric traction in the UK, US, and California. A reduction of about 19% in CO₂ is achieved when hydrogen gas is used in a fuel cell compared to diesel traction, and a 3% reduction compared to US electricity.     

A quadratic programming model for designing and evaluating distance-based and zone fares for urban transit

A microcomputer based system for designing and evaluating distance-based and zone fares for transit properties is described. At the heart of the system is an optimization model that finds the fixed charge, mileage charge, and transfer charge that maximize gross revenue subject to constraints on ridership and the form of the fare equation. A linear approximation to the demand curve at the base case values results in a quadratic programming problem. Three alternative modes of using the model system are demonstrated using selected data from the Chicago Transit Authority. Model extensions and proposed future work are outlined.     

Roadway and traffic characteristics for bicycling

The promotion of bicycle transportation includes the provision of suitable infrastructure for cyclists. In order to determine if a road is suitable for bicycling or not, and what improvements need to be made to increase the level of service for bicycles on specific situations, it is important to know how cyclists perceive the characteristics that define the roadway environment. The present paper describes research developed to define which roadway and traffic characteristics are prioritized by users and potential users in the evaluation of quality of roads for bicycling in urban areas of Brazilian medium-sized cities. A focus group discussion identified 14 attributes representing characteristics that describe the quality of roads for bicycling in Brazilian cities. In addition, an attitude survey was applied with individuals to assess their perception on the attributes, along with the importance given to each one of them. The results were analyzed through the Method of Successive Intervals Analysis, which allows the transformation of categorical data into an interval scale. The analysis suggests that both the roadway and traffic characteristics related to segments and those related to intersections are important to the survey respondents. The five most important attributes, in their opinion, are: (1) lane width; (2) motor vehicle speed; (3) visibility at intersections; (4) presence of intersections; and (5) street trees (shading). Therefore, the research suggests that to promote bicycle use in Brazilian medium-sized cities, these attributes must be prioritized.     

Planning for economic and environmental resilience

Climate protection will require major reductions in GHG emissions from all sectors of the economy, including the transportation sector. Slowing growth in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) will be necessary for reducing transportation GHG emissions, even with major breakthroughs in vehicle technologies and low-carbon fuels (Winkelman et al., 2009). The Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP) supports market-based policy approaches that minimize costs and maximize benefits. Our research indicates that significant GHG reductions can be achieved through smart growth and travel efficiency measures that increase accessibility, improve travel choices and make optimum use of existing infrastructure. Moreover, we find such measures can deliver compelling economic benefits, including avoided infrastructure costs, leveraged private investment, increased local tax revenues and consumer vehicle ownership and operating cost savings (Winkelman et al., 2009).As a society, what we build – where and how – has a tremendous impact on our carbon footprint, from building design to transportation infrastructure and land-use patterns. The empirical and modeling evidence is clear – people drive less in locations with efficient land use patterns, high quality travel choices and reinforcing policies and incentives (Ewing et al., 2008). It is also clear that there is growing and unmet market demand for walkable communities, reinforced by demographic shifts and higher fuel prices (Leinberger, 2006, Nelson, 2007). Transportation policy in the United States must rise to meet this demand for more travel choices and more livable communities.The academic, ideological and political debates about the level of GHG reductions and penetration rates that can or should be achieved via smart growth and pricing on the one hand, or measures such as ‘eco-driving’ and signal optimization on the other, have served their purpose: we know which policies are ‘directionally correct’ – policies that reduce GHG emissions even though we may not know the scope of those reductions. Now is the time to implement directionally correct policies, assess what works best where, and refine policy based on the results. It is a framework that CCAP calls “Do. Measure. Learn.”The Federal government is poised to spend $500 billion on transportation (Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, 2009). CCAP encourages Congress to “Ask the Climate Question” – will our transportation investments help reduce GHG emissions or exacerbate the problem? Will they help increase our resilience to climate change impacts or increase our vulnerability? And, while we’re at it, will our investment foster energy security, livable communities and a vibrant economy? Federal transportation and climate policies should empower communities to implement locally-determined travel efficiency solutions by providing appropriate funding, tools and technical support.