影响应变测量精度的主要因素及解决办法

应变测量技术是非电量电测量技术一个重要组成部分。应变测量精度受到多种因素的影响,主要有环境由各种干扰因素引起的误差简称干扰误差;测量对象上存在的非被测量引起的误差;温度变化引起的误差。本文对出现这三种误差的原因及其解决办法分别进行了比较详细论述,为消除或抑制这三种影响因素提供了理论依据。     

液气耦合式结构竖向位移测量系统精度及误差分析

为实现桥梁挠度等结构竖向位移的精确、快速测量,研发了一种基于液气耦合连通管的结构竖向位移测量系统,以液体为水的系统为例,对其测量精度及误差的参数影响性进行理论分析。理论分析表明:系统理论测量精度可达0.01mm;当水的温度在0~60℃变化时,其密度变化使位移测量值与实际值产生偏差,最大相对误差为1.678%;密闭气体的温度变化与其导致的位移测量误差之间呈非线性关系,位移测量误差随温差增加而增大,随密闭气体体积的增大而增大,随基准温度升高而减小;在我国范围内,纬度变化引起的系统测量最大相对误差为0.094%;当海拔高度在1 000m范围内,由海拔变化引起的系统测量最大相对误差为0.031 4%。试验和某千米级悬索桥工程应用实例表明:在短期测试时该系统具有0.1mm级的精度,可连续实时测量且操作便捷。     

电控汽油喷射发动机瞬态过程空燃比控制

在发动机台架上对EQ491i电控汽油喷射发动机的加、减载瞬态过程的空燃比进行了测量 ,对引起瞬态过程空燃比变化的原因进行了分析 ,并通过试验研究了相应的修正控制项对空燃比的影响。研究结果表明 ,以线性表格为基础的修正方式不能完全控制瞬态过程空燃比的偏移 ,初始阶段的空燃比偏移脉冲难以避免。     

基于摄像测量原理的公路隧道快速检测系统应用与发展

为满足运营隧道高效检测需求,基于摄像测量原理的公路隧道快速检测系统应运而生。结合现场应用,将该检测系统与人工检测技术进行对比分析,发现该系统:1)检测效率高、可识别一定程度的病害; 2)存在检查项目有限、桩号及病害定位误差、病害识别失真等缺陷。     

超声纵波法测量索夹螺杆轴力的误差分析

超声纵波法是目前悬索桥索夹螺杆轴力测量常用的方法，但该方法在实际工程应用中常因各种因素的影响而产生现场测量误差过大的问题。针对该问题，考虑超声纵波法的测量全过程，分别从耦合剂厚度、探头位置、测试温度、螺杆应力不均匀分布以及纵波张拉法拟合过程等5个方面对测量误差进行分析，通过试验研究和有限元模拟，分析上述因素对测量结果的影响程度。分析结果表明，耦合剂厚度及螺杆应力不均匀分布对索夹螺杆轴力测量结果的影响较小，并非引起误差的主要原因；螺杆表面粗糙度或螺杆细微弯曲对探头位置的影响、温度变化以及纵波张拉法本身的拟合误差对螺杆轴力测量结果的影响较大，需要在现场检测中加以避免。     

基于一维直接线性变换的视频中车辆运动状态重建

为克服传统车辆运动状态重建方法不能全面反映视频图像中车辆运动状态,且使用条件受限较大的问题,基于近景摄影测量中的直接线性变换原理,结合车身外廓特征信息,提出一种完整重建视频中车辆运动状态的有效方法。该方法中的特征标定信息全部取自目标车辆的外廓特征,不受路面和环境标定条件影响,扩大了使用范围;标定区域覆盖车辆在视频中的整个运动过程,最大限度地保证了车辆行驶轨迹的空间完整性;方法中每相邻2帧之间车辆行驶距离、行驶速度及加速度的解算均独立,避免产生累计误差。最后,使用该方法分别对车辆处于低速、中高速或减速3种运动状态下,摄像方向与车辆行驶方向呈90°或30°夹角的6种组合试验中车辆的相关运动状态参数进行解算,并与试验中采集的实际运动状态参数进行分析对比。研究结果表明:当车辆分别处于低速、中高速或减速3种运动状态时,在90°摄像视角下,计算所得车速值与记录值误差在1.5%以内,行驶距离值误差在3%以内,加速度值误差在7%以内;在30°摄像视角下,计算所得车速值误差在4%以内,行驶距离值误差在5%以内,加速度值误差在9%以内;该方法计算的视频中车辆的车速和行驶距离精度较高,加速度精度满足相关行业应用要求,证明该方法用于重建视频中车辆的运动状态有效、可行。     

水泥混凝土路面板角弯沉的测点偏移影响及修正

为了分析弯沉测量结果上的差异,以水泥混凝土路面常见的2种弯沉测试方法为例,分析了板角弯沉测试时测点偏移对弯沉测试结果的影响,引入了测点偏移影响系数的概念,建立了允许偏移范围内实测弯沉的修正方法。结果表明,测点偏移对弯沉测试结果影响非常显著;测点向板内侧偏移时,2种测试方法均可引入测点纵向和横向偏移影响系数用来修正实测弯沉值,影响系数与荷载向板内移动的距离以及地基板相对刚度半径有关。因此,可以将测点偏移情况下的弯沉测试值转换为标准测点位置的弯沉值,方便了实测数据的统计处理,拓展了弯沉测试方法的应用范围,提高了弯沉测试的效率。     

ABS齿圈节距误差与超差齿定位测试系统

建立了ABS齿圈节距数学方程,通过分析节距误差产生的原因,提出将齿圈节距测量转化为脉冲电信号进行测量的方法,并设计了ABS齿圈节距误差与超差齿定位的测试系统。介绍了测试系统的结构、数据采集及软件设计等,分析了不同测试参数对测试精度的影响。试验结果表明,该测试方法解决了机械与投影等方法无法对ABS齿圈进行准确测量的问题,利用该测试系统可准确得到ABS齿圈单齿误差与累计误差,同时可对超差齿位置进行定位。     

大跨度钢箱系杆拱桥温差变形的规律与控制技术研究

随着我国桥梁建设迅猛发展,对系杆拱桥研究及应用也越来越多。以成都某钢箱系杆拱桥为对象,采用自动测温系统进行大桥主梁温度场的测试,根据钢箱梁顶板、顶板加劲肋、底板、底板加劲肋、腹板等实测温度变化,分析了钢箱梁温差变形对主梁线形控制和墩部温差变形对线形控制的影响,研究表明,由于温差的作用,主梁在横桥向发生的变化非常大,离梁部悬臂端部越近,横桥向变形与竖向挠度变形差值变化值越大,最大值分别为51.2、74.1 mm;钢箱梁两个壁墩间因日照温差,整个结构倾斜于温度较低的一侧。在顺桥的方向,钢箱梁壁墩向阴凉侧偏移距离为34.3 mm,主梁整体偏移约38 mm的距离;在横桥方向,墩顶偏移的距离为67.1 mm,主梁横向偏移约85 mm的距离。最后提出消除温度变形影响误差的控制措施为白天进行吊装定位、钢箱梁安装,晚上进行节点焊接和张拉索力施工等工序,早上进行主梁拱肋偏位、应力、标高等复测。     

基于ADAMS/CAR的某轻型载货汽车前悬架仿真分析

利用Adams/Car软件建立了某轻型载货汽车双横臂独立前悬架系统动力学模型,并选取双轮同向激振工况进行了仿真,分析了车轮跳动过程中参数变化对悬架性能的影响.结果表明,前悬架的主销横向偏移距偏大,容易发生制动跑偏,前束变化不合理;车轮跳动过程中轮距变化较大,会引起两侧轮胎方向相反的侧偏运动,导致轮胎磨损,同时影响汽车的操纵稳定性.     

基于计算机视觉的结构位移监测综述

梳理基于计算机视觉的结构位移监测方法的研究和应用进展,从系统组成、计算方法、影响因素和实际应用4个方面进行综述,探讨计算机视觉结构位移监测目前存在的研究不足并给出合理建议。在系统组成方面,介绍各种相机、镜头和标志物选择的标准及优缺点,给出相机和镜头的选择建议以及是否需要人工标志物的应用场合。在计算方法方面,介绍相机标定、特征提取、目标追踪和位移计算4个方面的实现方法,分析镜头畸变带来的测量误差和相机标定的必要性,介绍2种实用相机标定的简化方法。在影响因素方面,从硬件因素、图像处理算法和环境影响3个方面分析引起系统测量误差的来源,阐述减小系统误差的解决方案。在实际应用方面,介绍计算机视觉结构位移监测在结构状态评估中的应用,包括结构受力行为分析、承载力评估、模态参数识别、模型更新、损伤识别和索力估计。     

基于车载式视频图像的车辆行驶速度鉴定

文章论述了基于车载式视频图像鉴定道路交通事故中目标车辆行驶速度的基本原理,提出一种依据射影几何学中的交比不变性原理测算目标车辆行驶距离的算法。该算法可以避免因车辆运动轨迹与视频摄录设备镜头光学轴线不垂直而产生的误差,从而提高了目标车辆行驶速度鉴定的精确度。最后根据一个真实案例,探讨了用车载式视频图像进行车辆行驶速度鉴定的方法、步骤以及主要注意事项,可为评价这一鉴定方法的准确性和科学性提供参考。     

Measurement of roof deformation caused by vehicle rollover

A vehicle rollover is a critical accident that could have many causes. This paper describes a novel vision-based system for measuring vehicle roof deformation due to a rollover accident. A vision-based measurement system offers an overall view of structural deformation simply at low cost. Our measurement system was constructed using a Kinect camera from Microsoft, a battery, and a remote-controlled recording computer. Color images and distance maps can be obtained using two sensors embedded in the Kinect along with customized software, and the distance from the camera lens to a specific object can be calculated with a simple equation. To test our proposed approach, actual vehicle rollover experiments were conducted and the resulting roof deformations were compared to those indicated by our system. Moreover, cross-sectional image of Apillar was analyzed to calculate bending moment of inertia. From the research results, it was able to show that deformation errors were within 13 mm, and roof deformation was correlated with vehicle type, or vehicle curb weight.     

国外某桥梁工程坐标系建立的过程分析

以国外某大型桥梁的建设为案例,通过地图投影的变形值计算,分析了使用UTM投影坐标系带来的精度误差,由此阐述了UTM投影和横轴墨卡托投影在工程中的适用性,重点说明了建立工程坐标系的步骤、方法以及精度验证过程,同时给出了工程坐标系与UTM坐标系的坐标转换方法,供国外类似的工程项目参考.     

基于视频图像处理的车辆排队长度检测

综合灰度检测和边缘检测的优点，提出了一种将灰度与边缘检测相结合的方法来检测队列长度，采用帧平均法来处理视频流，可以减小由于摄像头抖动或背景微小变化而产生的误差。提出的队列检测算法包含运动检测和车辆存在检测，通过合理分配使用这两种操作，节省了运算时间。实验结果表明，此方法实现简单，能够获得较满意的检测结果。     

高速公路作业区限速标志下车速选择模型研究

为建立高速公路作业区限速标志下的车速选择模型,文中利用VISSIM仿真数据、实测数据分别对模型进行标定和验证,模型的相对误差小于5.0%。结果显示,驾驶人经过限速标志后车速降低,但限速效果与限速值的大小有关,限速值差别较小时限速效果好。因此,可以在作业区内每隔一段距离依次设置数值递减的限速标志,以提升限速效果。     

MPC-BASED steering control for backward-driving vehicle using stereo vision

We propose a steering control algorithm for autonomous backward driving in a narrow corridor. Passable spaces are detected using a stereo camera, and the steering angle is controlled by a model predictive controller (MPC). For passable space detection, an UV-disparity map is calculated from the original disparity map. Information regarding passable spaces collected by the stereo camera is used in steering control. Backward driving requires the driver’s preemptive actions, which can be learned by experience because of the non-intuitive responses (the initial motion of the vehicle is opposite to the driver’s steering angle input). This occurs because a backward-driving vehicle is a non-minimum phase system. One of the most popular steering control algorithms is Stanley method, which is based on the feedback of lateral displacement error and heading angle error. The method is very intuitive and works well for forward driving, but it exhibits significant undershoot for backward driving cases. Furthermore, the method does not explicitly consider any constraints on control inputs and states. We designed a steering controller based on the MPC technique that requires future information but can handle constraints explicitly. Because we have near-future information from the stereo camera under limited passable spaces, MPC can be effectively implemented. We performed several simulations and experiments to show the performance and superiority of the suggested method over a simple feedback-based control algorithm.     

Intelligent Electronic Systems in Commercial Vehicles for Enhanced Traffic Safety

Looking at the future trends of the road traffic, one will recognize that the commercial vehicle participation will not decrease, although it is required from the environmental and social viewpoints. The reason is that the other means of freight transport (water, railway, air) do not provide the same flexibility as the road transport, and direct business interest of those companies, who are using this transport form is larger than the eventual loss caused by the penalties to be paid (taxes, compensation of higher axle load). This conflict is hard to solve, but the effect can be minimized. The commercial vehicle industry attempts to introduce systems to the vehicles, which are targeting on reduction of the environmental impacts caused by heavy vehicles. These systems, which are named generally as “intelligent chassis systems”, electronically control the operation of the chassis subsystems (engine, transmission, brake, suspension) and co-ordinate their operation on a higher level (vehicle controller, intelligent control systems, such as adaptive cruise control, video camera based lane change recognition system, etc.). This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of the commercial vehicle chassis systems, and tries to project their future development.     

Intelligent Electronic Systems in Commercial Vehicles for Enhanced Traffic Safety

Looking at the future trends of the road traffic, one will recognize that the commercial vehicle participation will not decrease, although it is required from the environmental and social viewpoints. The reason is that the other means of freight transport (water, railway, air) do not provide the same flexibility as the road transport, and direct business interest of those companies, who are using this transport form is larger than the eventual loss caused by the penalties to be paid (taxes, compensation of higher axle load). This conflict is hard to solve, but the effect can be minimized. The commercial vehicle industry attempts to introduce systems to the vehicles, which are targeting on reduction of the environmental impacts caused by heavy vehicles. These systems, which are named generally as “intelligent chassis systems”, electronically control the operation of the chassis subsystems (engine, transmission, brake, suspension) and co-ordinate their operation on a higher level (vehicle controller, intelligent control systems, such as adaptive cruise control, video camera based lane change recognition system, etc.). This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of the commercial vehicle chassis systems, and tries to project their future development.     

轴重-制动复合试验台对轴重检测的影响及其解决方法

汽车在轴重-制动复合试验台上进行轴重检测时,由于汽车的被检轴低于非检测轴,使之形成一个倾角。本文根据GB/T11798.7-2001所规定的检定精度要求,通过分析得出轴重-制动复合试验台检测大型车时由倾角所引起的误差可以忽略,检测小型车时由倾角所引起的误差不能忽略的结论,并提出误差的解决方法。