一种新的海洋平台管节点应力评估方法

海洋工程焊接管节点受应力集中及复杂随机载荷的联合作用,容易发生疲劳破坏。为了提高焊接管节点结构疲劳寿命预测的准确性,文章以管壁厚方向上的一点作为疲劳评估点,提出了一种新的管节点结构应力计算方法。通过与国际上公开发表的疲劳试验数据进行比较,证明了文中方法应用于管节点结构的可行性及考虑壁厚方向应力梯度的有效性。基于数值计算,文中还提出了可用于T型管节点应力集中系数计算的参数公式,并对参数公式的精度进行了验证。     

Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation under superimposed stress histories containing different frequency components with several mean stress conditions

Fatigue crack propagation behavior under superimposed stress histories containing different frequency components with several mean stress conditions was investigated. Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation based on an advanced fracture mechanics approach using the RPG (Re-tensile Plastic zone Generating) stress criterion for fatigue crack propagation was improved to extract the effective part from the applied stress history for fatigue crack propagation. The parameter, which is based on the plastic hysteresis energy consumed in the vicinity of a crack tip, was applied and implemented into the numerical simulation code of fatigue crack propagation. Fatigue crack propagation tests under various superimposed stress conditions with several mean stress conditions were performed and compared with the fatigue crack propagation histories obtained from the improved numerical simulations. These comparisons show the validity of the proposed procedure for extracting the effective stress history from the superimposed stress histories with different frequency components and mean stresses. Additionally, practical fatigue strength evaluations based on the linear cumulative fatigue damage parameter were conducted to investigate the tendency of the fatigue damage value under these stress conditions.     

小水线面双体船典型节点抗疲劳设计

小水线面双体船结构形式特殊,结构疲劳问题突出.针对小水线面双体船特殊的结构形式,利用有限元方法对小水线面双体船典型舱段结构应力分布情况进行研究,得到了舱段结构高应力区域所在的位置;对板厚、结构形式、加强方式等影响船体结构节点应力的相关因素进行了详细的比较分析,提出了小水线面双体船典型节点抗疲劳设计方法;并利用该方法对1 350 t典型小水线面双体船进行节点形式优化设计,为小水线面双体船的抗疲劳设计提供参考依据.     

基于改进子模型技术的TLP平台疲劳分析

研究适用于TLP平台的疲劳分析方法。首先建立TLP平台的整体结构模型,运用基于累积损伤理论的疲劳谱分析法,根据整体分析初步确定TLP平台疲劳关键节点位置,即疲劳敏感部位。然后建立疲劳敏感部位的中间模型与精细子模型,运用改进的子模型技术分析计算得到关键节点的热点应力,并根据疲劳谱分析法计算关键节点的疲劳寿命,并将之与传统子模型技术的计算结果比较。分析表明,改进的子模型技术比传统方法的应力计算结果更加精确,有利于得到更加真实的疲劳寿命计算结果。     

Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation under biaxial tensile loadings with phase differences

Fatigue crack propagation under the biaxial tensile loading, which loading directions are normal and parallel to the initial crack position, is highlighted in this study. Most of in-service structures and vessels are subjected to many types of loading. Generally, these loadings have different axial components with different phases. However, the structural integrities of structures and vessels are evaluated according to design codes based on theoretical and experimental investigations under a uniaxial loading condition. Most of these codes are based on the S–N curves approach. An approach that does not use S–N curves has been favored by researchers, with the fracture mechanics approach preferred for evaluating the fatigue life of structures. An advanced fracture mechanics approach was developed based on the Re-tensile Plastic zone Generating (RPG) stress criterion for fatigue crack propagation. In this study, fatigue crack propagation tests under biaxial loading with six different phase and loading conditions are performed and the effect of the phase difference under biaxial loading is evaluated. A numerical simulation method of fatigue crack propagation based on the RPG stress criterion under different biaxial loading phase conditions is presented and compared to measured data.     

船舶舷侧细节结构的热点应力计算中的不确定性因素研究

疲劳是船舶结构一种重要的失效模式。在过去的十多年间，涌现出了一些不同的疲劳强度的评估方法，其中S－N曲线法在船级社中得到了广泛的应用。但是，仅就S－N曲线法中的热点应力法而言，不同的组织和个人所预报的疲劳寿命通常也存在很大差异，而计算所得的热点应力集中系数的不同是产生这些差异的一个重要影响因素。本文运用有限元比较研究的方法，对某船舶舷侧细节结构的热点应力计算中可能存在的不确定因素进行了综合分析。通过采用不同的单元类型，不同的建模方法以及不同的有限元软件ABAQUS和ANSYS，得出了相关结论，为正确计算此类船舶结构细节的热点应力提供了指导。     

焊接残余应力对疲劳寿命影响的定量研究

在以往的研究中,残余应力对疲劳寿命的影响基本上均局限于定性分析,很少给出定量的研究结果。文章基于双参数统一方法,开展了锥柱结合壳处的残余应力对疲劳寿命的定量计算分析,给出了残余应力对疲劳寿命影响范围,并通过试样疲劳试验进行了验证。通过研究,可以看出残余应力没有改变裂纹的扩展趋势,但明显加快了裂纹扩展的过程,明显降低了耐压结构的疲劳寿命。     

Fatigue analysis of ship structures with hinged deck design by finite element method. A case study: Fatigue analysis of the primary supporting members of 4900 PCTC

In the design phase of a 4900 PCTC (Pure Car/Truck Carrier) with hinged deck design, fatigue behavior and fatigue life is investigated for various structural details. The global finite element analysis shows high local stress concentrations at the connections of various details. In this article, the detailed analysis of the investigation of fatigue analysis and fatigue life of the connection between the vertical side web and the main deck (deck 5) of the entire vessel is performed according to Det Norske Veritas (DNV) Rules. In order to achieve more accurate results, three types of finite element analysis (global finite element model, fine-mesh finite element model and stress concentration models) are hierarchically used. The investigation for finite element analysis for fatigue analysis is based on the approach using hot spot stresses.     

疲劳载荷作用下焊接点三维线弹性弯曲裂纹路径预测

利用二阶摄动方法研究了疲劳载荷作用下结构线弹性裂纹的弯曲扩展问题并求解了三维动态应力强度因子.利用二阶摄动方法研究了疲劳载荷作用下裂纹路径预测时的应力准则与能量准则之间的关系.就均匀物质而言,在二阶摄动分析理论的框架内,两种准则指明了相同的三维疲劳弯曲裂纹扩展路径.但在具有非均匀断裂韧度的物质中,能量准则优越于应力准则.作为二阶摄动方法的实际运用,研究了焊接结构中疲劳线弹性裂纹的形态特征和弯曲扩展路径问题,综合考虑了诸如远场动态作用应力、焊接残余应力、局部物质衰变以及不同尺寸的缺陷的存在等因素,绘制出疲劳载荷作用下退化区域中裂纹弯曲扩展的临界轨迹曲线.     

Fatigue crack propagation and computational remaining life assessment of ship structures

The fitness for serviceability of structural members of marine structures in which fatigue cracks might be found during in-service inspection is investigated in order to prevent instantaneous failures of ships, as well as a loss of serviceability such as the oil- and/or watertightness of critical compartments. The essential features of fatigue crack propagation and the remaining life assessment are discussed in the first part of the paper, where the effects of weldment, complicated stress distributions including stress biaxialities at three-dimensional structural joints, structural redundancy, and crack curving are found to be of primary importance. The second part of the paper contains a discussion of an advanced numerical simulation method for the remaining life assessment, in which the above-mentioned effects of fatigue crack propagation are taken into account. The simulated crack paths and the fatigue crack propagation lives are found to be in fairly good agreement with the experimental results.     

等效波的散货船舱口角疲劳评估应力组合方法(英文)

The stress combination method for the fatigue assessment of the hatch corner of a bulk carrier was investigated based on equivalent waves.The principles of the equivalent waves of ship structures were given,including the determination of the dominant load parameter,heading,frequency,and amplitude of the equivalent regular waves.The dominant load parameters of the hatch corner of a bulk carrier were identified by the structural stress response analysis,and then a series of equivalent regular waves were defined based on these parameters.A combination method of the structural stress ranges under the different equivalent waves was developed for the fatigue analysis.The combination factors were obtained by least square regression analysis with the stress ranges derived from spectral fatigue analysis as the target value.The proposed method was applied to the hatch corner of another bulk carrier as an example.This shows that the results from the equivalent wave approach agree well with those from the spectral fatigue analysis.The workload is reduced substantially.This method can be referenced in the fatigue assessment of the hatch corner of a bulk carrier.     

Fatigue analysis of welded joints: state of development

The literature on fatigue analysis of welded joints is reviewed, considering mainly papers and books published during the past 10–15 years. After a short introduction, the different approaches for fatigue analyses are covered, i.e. the nominal stress approach, the structural or hot-spot stress approach, the notch stress and notch intensity approach, the notch strain approach and finally the crack propagation approach. Only seam-welded joints are considered, and not the behaviour of spot-welds, which is a very special field. Due to the vast amount of relevant literature, some specific areas are left for other reviews or only touched, i.e. fatigue testing and evaluation, fatigue loading and variable amplitude effects, environmental effects and fatigue reliability.     

交变载荷下厚板对接焊残余应力的松弛行为

对于承受交变载荷的焊接构件,焊接残余应力的存在对于结构的疲劳寿命影响巨大。由于焊接残余应力形成机理的复杂性,当交变载荷作用时,焊接残余应力的松弛演变具有不确定性,导致该领域的研究难度相当大。迄今为止,鲜有文献就交变载荷下的厚板焊接残余应力松弛行为进行深入报道。采用低周疲劳试验,利用X射线残余应力测试仪,对试件表面焊接残余应力的松弛演变行为进行追踪研究,通过在试件表面近焊缝区布置网状测点,采集测点的横向及纵向焊接残余应力进行数据拟合,在试验对比修正的基础上,最终建立焊接残余应力的松弛演变模型。结果表明：在交变载荷作用下,焊接残余应力会发生松弛,并且,应力松弛量的大小与交变载荷的特征值大小紧密相关。     

A regression and beam theory based approach for fatigue assessment of containership structures including bending and torsion contributions

Container shipping has been expanding dramatically during the last decade. Due to their special structural characteristics, such as the wide breadth and large hatch openings, horizontal bending and torsion play an important role to the fatigue safety of containerships. In this study the fatigue contributions from vertical bending, horizontal bending and torsion are investigated using full-scale measurements of strain records on two containerships. Further, these contributions are compared to results from direct calculations where a nonlinear 3D panel method is used to compute wave loads in time domain. It is concluded that both bending and torsion have significant impacts on the fatigue assessment of containerships. The stresses caused by these loads could be correctly computed by full-ship finite element analysis. However, this requires large computational effort, since for fatigue assessment purposes the FE analysis needs to be carried out for all encountered sea states and operational conditions with sufficient time steps for each condition. In this paper, a new procedure is proposed to run the structure finite element analysis under only one sea condition for only a few time steps. Then, these results are used to obtain a relationship between wave loads and structural stresses through a linear regression analysis. This relation can be further used to compute stresses for arbitrary sea states and operational conditions using the computed wave loads (bending and torsion moments) as input. Based on this proposed method for structure stress analysis, an efficient procedure is formulated and found to be in very good agreement with the full-ship finite element analysis. In addition it is several orders of magnitude more time efficient for fatigue assessment of containership structures.     

耐压船体结构典型接点疲劳寿命评估

潜艇在潜浮过程中,由于静水外压引起的工作应力与焊接残余应力叠加,形成拉压循环应力,导致耐压船体的局部结构可能出现低周疲劳裂纹.一般情况下,高强度钢在抗拉强度提高的同时往往伴随着材料塑性储备和断裂韧性的下降,因此分析高强度钢潜艇结构的低周疲劳寿命非常重要.本文基于断裂力学和Paris公式建立了潜艇耐压结构低周疲劳寿命的工程估算方法,根据裂纹无损检测的概率统计和含裂纹圆柱壳极限应力分析,给出了初始裂纹和裂纹临界状态的建议值.应用本文的简化方法分析了某潜艇结构和锥柱结合壳模型的低周疲劳寿命,锥柱结合壳模型的数值算例表明本文的计算结果与试验测试结果相吻合.     

船舶结构疲劳评估设计波法

以散货船船舯内底与底边舱斜板折角处节点为例,对船舶结构疲劳评估的设计波法进行研究.论述了设计波法的基本原理,给出了确定设计波的流程。通过分析该节点的受力情况,确定5个控制载荷参数及设计波参数。以谱分析法得到的参考应力范围为目标值,对5个控制载荷参数对应的设计波作用下的节点应力范围结果进行回归分析,从而得到了用于疲劳评估的设计波组合,并利用该方法对1艘散货船的船舯内底与底边舱斜板折角处的节点进行了计算。结果显示,设计波法与谱分析法的结果吻合较好,计算量大幅减少。     

基于奇异强度理论的疲劳特性评估方法

疲劳是海洋结构物破坏的重要因素,为简化舰船结构疲劳评估方法,基于线弹性断裂力学和切口应力强度理论,针对典型薄板结构研究拐角节点处的应力强度,分析结构形式,利用ANSYS有限元模拟和MathCAD函数拟合,分别给出计算应力强度因子的＂奇异权函数法＂和＂奇异等效裂纹法＂的研究方法,同时给出简便算法和经验公式。进而应用Paris裂纹扩展法则进行结构奇异强度疲劳特性评估,并结合S-N曲线分析拐角节点处的应力集中,得到与结构尺寸相关的＂奇异应力集中系数＂函数。最后,针对切口应力,提出有限元分析所需要的＂奇异应力等效取值点＂的参考位置。希望能将奇异强度理论纳入船舶结构疲劳强度校核规范中做参考。     

等效热点应力法结合临界面法评估焊接接头多轴疲劳强度研究

基于焊缝本身引起的非线性分布应力自平衡的性质,在板厚方向应力峰值零点位置定义等效热点应力,结合基于临界面法的MWCM法建立评估复杂焊接接头多轴疲劳强度的方法。采用数值计算分析零点位置的变化规律,建立零点位置拟合方程。利用公开发表的试验数据以及现有的热点应力法有限元计算结果对等效热点应力法进行精度验证。结果表明,等效热点应力法和现有的热点应力法具有很好的一致性,能在一定程度上考虑厚度效应对疲劳强度的影响,可以评估多轴疲劳强度。     

在非线性波浪载荷作用下计及多种应力组合时船体总纵弯曲累积损伤计算

在时域内计算计及非线性时的船体总纵弯曲应力,与船体局部弯曲应力迭加后,可得纵向构件中合成应力的时历.对该应力时历进行雨流计数,经统计分析获得应力范围的长期分布,进而算出船体总纵弯曲时纵向构件在多种应力成份组合下的疲劳损伤.为方便此时的计算,本文提出了基于等效规则波概念的简化方法.数例表明按严格方法与按简化方法所得的结果比较接近.