深水海底管道止屈器设计研究

随着水深的增加,深水海底管道由于外压导致压溃、屈曲及屈曲传播的可能性大大增加.深水海管设计中,通常采用止屈器来控制海管由于较大的外压可能造成的压溃及屈曲传播.止屈器的主要作用是:在管道受外压的条件下,一旦发生压溃屈曲并发生屈曲传播时,将屈曲传播的破坏限制在一定管道长度范围内.该文进行了深水海底管道止屈器设计研究,并基于有限元模型进行了管道的屈曲和屈曲传播分析.     

刚性车架假设下四支腿港口起重机腿压计算方法

基于刚性车架假设，提出自重载荷和风载荷作用下的港口起重机腿压计算公式，并针对角度风推导出自重载荷下重心不超出4个支腿所围成的区域依然会产生负腿压、平行风载荷，其引起的腿压要大于角度风引起的腿压的结论。在此基础上，给出了自重载荷下负腿压发生条件和风载荷下最大腿压发生条件。     

小径厚比深水管道的压溃屈曲研究

深水管道所处的特殊海洋环境极易导致其发生压溃屈曲破坏.通过深入分析不同径厚比深水管道的压溃屈曲特点,并对具有不同径厚比及初始椭圆度的深水管道模型进行了压溃屈曲及后屈曲行为的计算分析.研究发现,压溃屈曲的经典理论公式并不适用于小径厚比深水管道.文章基于经典理论和数值模拟结果,得到了适用于小径厚比深水管道压溃屈曲分析的临界压力修正公式,进而对小径厚比深水管道的压溃屈曲评估提供理论支撑和工程推荐.     

柔性管骨架层湿式压溃非线性数值模拟（英文）

压溃作为海洋柔性管道的一种典型失效形式,对其进行研究具有重要的工程价值。文章考虑了内护套层的影响,建立了包含内护套层的海洋柔性管道骨架层湿式压溃有限元模型,采用弧长法,分别考虑了初始椭圆度、接触非线性和材料非线性的参数影响,进行了骨架层非线性压溃力学性能的数值模拟,并与不含内护套层的单纯骨架层压溃模型进行了对比。研究结果表明,随着初始椭圆度的增加,临界压溃载荷会降低,呈现负相关关系;考虑接触非线性和材料非线性因素会对临界压溃载荷产生较大影响,具体表现为随着摩擦系数和材料屈服应力的增加,临界压溃载荷也会增加,呈现正相关关系;考虑内护套影响后,临界压溃载荷略有增加,说明内护套层在承担外压载荷时也起到了一定作用,但对于计算骨架层临界压溃载荷值影响不大。     

水下接触爆炸载荷作用下舰船防护结构的仿真和实验研究

从数值仿真和实验两方面对接触爆炸载荷作用下舰船防护结构的破坏进行了研究.利用LS-DYNA中的ALE算法对多层防护结构在接触爆炸载荷作用下的破坏情况进行模拟,并在相同的条件下进行了实验研究,分析了不同装药量下钢板破口形状、大小和压力峰值,两者结果相比基本一致,表明数值仿真能很好地模拟实验.最后对数值仿真中钢板的塑性区域范围,以及各层板中心点处的有效应力、速度等动态参数的时间历程进行了分析,为舰船防护设计和武器战斗部设计提供依据.     

循环载荷下AH32钢低周疲劳与累积塑性破坏交互作用试验研究

文章对AH32钢在循环载荷下低周疲劳破坏和累积塑性破坏的交互作用进行了试验研究.试验中分析了平均应力、应力幅值及应力比对低周疲劳裂纹扩展寿命和累积塑性应变的影响.试验结果表明,较大的循环载荷下发生两种失效模式,由裂纹扩展导致的低周疲劳失效和较大的塑性应变导致的累积塑性破坏.在试验结果的基础上,文中提出了考虑低周疲劳破坏和累积塑性破坏交互作用的失效模型,模型结果与试验结果较为吻合,说明其具有一定的可行性.     

考虑地基影响的压杆稳定直接荷载设计法

通过对不同性质的地基土对压杆的稳定性影响进行分析,确定了压杆欧拉临界力的计算公式,以压杆欧拉临界力计算公式为基础,建立起压杆新的截面设计稳定条件,并考虑残余应力对压杆的实际影响,用直接荷载法对压杆截面尺寸进行设计.     

基于累积塑性破坏的船体缺口板低周疲劳裂纹萌生寿命研究

结合循环应力-应变曲线,获得N次载荷循环后船体缺口板累积塑性应变值,根据Neuber公式和Manson-Coffin方程建立了循环载荷下基于累积递增塑性破坏的船体缺口板低周疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的计算模型。通过有限元计算讨论了循环载荷的平均应力、应力幅值、应力比及尺寸效应的影响;所建立模型的计算结果与已有实验结果基本吻合;对合理预估单轴循环载荷下缺口板的低周疲劳裂纹萌生寿命以及提高船舶安全性有重要意义。     

环境烈度因子在FPSO船体梁强度评估中的应用

由于作业方式不同,用于计算FPSO与不限定航线条件下船舶设计载荷的规范计算公式不一样,如何将现有的关于普通海船的规范用于FPSO的设计评估是FPSO研究中的关键问题.基于现有常规钢质海船规范,文章采用环境烈度因子(ESF)对用于计算运营于无限航区船舶设计载荷的规范公式进行修正,将修正后的公式作为FPSO设计载荷的计算公式.利用所得FPSO载荷计算公式计算某30万吨FPSO设计载荷,并采用薄壁梁理论对船体梁强度进行校核.将校核结果与未经ESF修正的船体梁校核结果进行比较,发现未经ESF修正的船体梁校核结果明显偏大.同时,采用薄壁梁理论进行船体梁剪切强度评估,可以避免建立全船有限元模型.     

含有腐蚀缺陷海底管线失效压力研究

腐蚀是引起海底管线破坏的一种重要原因.采用非线性有限元方法,对含有腐蚀缺陷的海底管线进行了内压作用下的极限承载力分析.研究了腐蚀长度、深度、宽度、径厚比对海底管线的破坏机理和对失效压力的影响,提出了含有腐蚀缺陷的受内压作用的海底管线失效压力计算公式.与试验结果及各种规范和方法进行了对比,证明该方法是有效的,为腐蚀海底管线的评估提供了依据.     

A benchmark study of procedures for analysis of axial crushing of bulbous bows

Simplified methods to estimate mean axial crushing forces of plated structures are reviewed and applied to a series of experimental results for axial crushing of large-scale bulbous bow models. Methods based on intersection unit elements such as L-, T- and X-type elements as well as methods based on plate unit elements are employed in the analyses. The crushing forces and the total absorbed energy obtained by the simplified analyses are compared with those obtained from large-scale bulbous bow experiments. The accuracy and the applicability of these methods are discussed in detail.     

折叠式夹芯层结构耐撞性能研究

折叠结构是将平板按有规律的线系网格进行局部褶皱而得到的立体结构,是一种新颖的夹芯层结构,可以提高结构吸能特性,改善结构的耐撞性能。文章利用非线性软件MSC.Dytran数值仿真分析了折叠式夹芯层结构在碰撞载荷作用下的力学行为,评估其平均压皱强度及吸能特性;研究了结构参数尺寸对耐撞性能的影响。分析表明,折叠式夹芯层结构在碰撞载荷作用下具有良好的吸能特性,是理想的吸能单元;各结构参数对结构耐撞性能产生不同程度的影响,进行结构参数优化研究可进一步提高结构的吸能。     

Simplified analytical method for evaluating web girder crushing during ship collision and grounding

The paper presents a simplified analytical method to examine the crushing resistance of web girders subjected to local static or dynamic in-plane loads. A new theoretical model, inspired by existing simplified approaches, is developed to describe the progressive plastic deformation behaviour of web girders. It is of considerable practical importance to estimate the extent of structural deformation within ship web girders during collision and grounding accidents. In this paper, new formulae to evaluate this crushing force are proposed on the basis of a new folding deformation mode. The folding deformation of web girders is divided into two parts, plastic deformation and elastic buckling zones, which are not taken into account for in the existing models. Thus, the proposed formulae can well express the crushing deformation behaviour of the first and subsequent folds. They are validated with experimental results of web girder found in literature and actual numerical simulations performed by the explicit LS-DYNA finite element solver. The elastic buckling zone, which absorbs almost zero energy, is captured and confirmed by the numerical results. In addition, the analytical method derives expressions to estimate the average strain rate of the web girders during the impact process and evaluates the material strain rate sensitivity with the Cowper-Symonds constitutive model. These adopted formulae, validated with an existing drop weight impact test, can well capture the dynamic effect of web girders.     

Dynamic ice loads for offshore wind support structure design

For offshore wind farms which are planned in sub-arctic regions like the Baltic Sea and Bohai Bay, support structure design has to account for load effects from dynamic ice-structure interaction. There is relatively high uncertainty related to dynamic ice loads as little to no load- and response data of offshore wind turbines exposed to drifting ice exists. In the present study the potential for the development of ice-induced vibrations for an offshore wind turbine on monopile foundation is experimentally investigated. The experiments aimed to reproduce at scale the interaction of an idling and operational 14 MW turbine with ice representative of 50-year return period Southern Baltic Sea conditions. A real-time hybrid test setup was used to allow the incorporation of the specific modal properties of an offshore wind turbine at the ice action point, as well as virtual wind loading. The experiments showed that all known regimes of ice-induced vibrations develop depending on the magnitude of the ice drift speed. At low speed this is intermittent crushing and at intermediate speeds is ‘frequency lock-in’ in the second global bending mode of the turbine. For high ice speeds continuous brittle crushing was found. A new finding is the development of an interaction regime with a strongly amplified non-harmonic first-mode response of the structure, combined with higher modes after moments of global ice failure. The regime develops between speeds where intermittent crushing and frequency lock-in in the second global bending mode develop. The development of this regime can be related to the specific modal properties of the wind turbine, for which the second and third global bending mode can be easily excited at the ice action point. Preliminary numerical simulations with a phenomenological ice model coupled to a full wind turbine model show that intermittent crushing and the new regime result in the largest bending moments for a large part of the support structure. Frequency lock-in and continuous brittle crushing result in significantly smaller bending moments throughout the structure.     

Analysis of S–N data for new and corroded mooring chains at varying mean load levels using a hierarchical linear model

Results from full scale fatigue tests of offshore mooring chains are analyzed. The data set includes new and used chains, tested at a variety of mean load levels. The used chains have been retrieved after operation offshore and include samples with varying surface conditions, ranging from as-new to heavily corroded. Based on a parameterized S–N curve intercept parameter, the effects of mean load and chain condition are estimated empirically by regression analysis. A hierarchical linear model is used, to account for and quantify correlations within subsets of the data. The choice of grouping criterion for the hierarchical model is discussed, and assessed based on the current data. Results show that the mean load and corrosion effects are both significant. Differences in the fatigue performance of new versus used chains are quantified and discussed.     

大型邮轮餐厨垃圾处理装置的研究与设计

针对豪华邮轮在每次航行中每餐都会产生大量的餐厨垃圾,设计一款餐厨垃圾处理系统。该系统研究了一种新型的斜齿圆柱齿轮磨辊粉碎方式和微波干燥脱水方式相结合而成的餐厨垃圾粉碎脱水一体机,并对脱水后的处理工艺压缩储存进行研究。应用CATIA软件对邮轮用餐厨垃圾粉碎脱水一体机和压缩装置进行三维建模并基于Workbench软件对粉碎装置的齿轮磨辊进行接触分析和自由模态分析,验证此设计的可行性。     

Identification of ice loads on shell structure of ice-going vessel with Green kernel and regularization method

Ice loads are important environmental loads that can influence the structural safety of ships during navigation in ice-covered waters. The identification of ice loads on ship hulls is the core of ice load monitoring. In this study, a new ice load identification model based on Green kernel and regularization methods is established. First, the forward model for ice load identification is developed through the discretised convolution integral of ice loads. Next, three commonly used regularization methods, including Tikhonov, truncated singular value decomposition, and least square QR-factorization (LSQR) are adopted to reduce solution errors. The LSQR method is thereafter selected as the optimal regularization operator, and its regular property is proved by numerical cases with ice-induced strains that contain noise. Finally, two load identification cases are conducted on an experimental rig to evaluate the feasibility of the model in ice load identification. The identified loads can determine the signal features of applied loads in the time domain with good accuracy. This identification model provides new insights for full-scale ice load monitoring.     

两级交变载荷下船体结构典型节点疲劳试验研究

江海直达船属于浅吃水大型宽船,往复航经江段和海段,其疲劳问题不容忽视。将江段和海段载荷简化为小和大2级交变载荷,选取较为典型的船底纵骨贯穿横舱壁节点,通过对比试验探讨2级交变载荷对该船疲劳寿命的影响。试验结果表明,在试验工况下,变幅载荷中的大载荷是导致裂纹扩展的主要因素,小载荷的参与会降低大载荷作用下裂纹扩展的速率。采用等效应力法对变幅载荷下节点的疲劳寿命进行评估,发现采用Miner准则所得结果偏保守,采用均方根法所得结果偏危险,采用修正的Miner准则所得结果精度较高,推荐采用该方法评估2级交变载荷下船体结构典型节点的疲劳寿命。     

Drift-wood collision load on bow structure of high-speed vessels

Impact load estimation of drift-wood hitting against the bow structure of high-speed vessels has been investigated. It may be difficult for the craft operator to detect in advance a drift-wood floating just below the ocean surface and to avoid the collision with it. It is particularly difficult for operators of the high-speed vessels in night cruising mode. The probability of the accident may be higher than that of the collision with rocks or other ships because of the difficulties of early detection of the floating object. Impact loads are estimated for drift-wood of different sizes and craft speed considering whipping motion and local crushing of the wood at the hitting region. A simplified formula for the load estimation is proposed based on the modal approach and the energy balance. Predicted impact loads can be applied to the initial design of the bow structure and collision bulkhead of the craft to secure the structural safety against a possible accident.     

A tri-axial ice model for simulating ice-stiffened panel impact: Experiments and numerical modeling

The interaction of ice with a polar ship is complex, which may involve several ice failure mechanisms such as local crushing, tensile, cracking, bending, shearing, sliding and the ship structures could attain permanent deformations. A reasonable modeling of ice behavior is, therefore, critical to the analysis of ship-ice interactions. This paper reports an experimental and numerical study on the behavior of stiffened panels subject to the impact of a wedge-shaped ice block/indenter. The tested stiffened panel was mounted to a Falling Weight Impact Tester, and measurements were taken to help understand the dynamic responses of the structure and the ice, and also the permanent deformations. Finite element analyses using ABAQUS/EXPLICIT were also performed for the lab tests. The proposed ice model features a multi-surface yield function, empirical failure criteria for a few ice failure modes, and a representation of the remaining load carrying capacity of crushed ice. This ice model is implemented in a user-defined subroutine VUMAT and uses the cohesive element in a numerical solution. The predicted and measured impact force and structural deformation compared very well with the tests, indicating that the proposed ice model coded in VUMAT is reasonable. A series of parametric studies was then carried out to identify the key parameters of this new ice model that would have major effects on the prediction of ice impacts. The paper intends to provide test data that may be useful in understanding the complex ice-ship interaction and to introduce a numerical solution with a new ice model that improves the simulation of high-energy ice-ship impacts.