“库尔斯克”核潜艇事件引伸的启示

本文概要叙述了要今年在巴伦支海演习中沉没的俄罗斯“库尔斯克”号核潜艇的历史、战术技术资料。对该艇沉没事件引伸出的关于海军装备建设发展战略和指导思想的几个问题作了探讨,提出要正确处理装备发展中高科技与高可靠的关系;分析事故原因中内因和外因的关系;潜艇设计中作战能力与生存能力的关系;核潜艇自身建设与保障体系同步建设的关系。     

“库尔斯克”号核潜艇事件引伸的启示

“库尔斯克”号核潜艇2000年8月在海上演习中艇沉人亡重大事故震惊全球，对其失事原因众说纷纭并跟踪研究，笔者从这一事件中引伸出关于海军装备建设发展战略和指导思想的问题，并从四个方面阐述了看法和体会，即在装备发展中要正确处理高科技与高可靠的关系，在分析事故原因中要正确处理内，外国关系，在设计中要正确处理作战能力与生存能力,在发挥威力与防止事故上正确处理自身建设与保障体系同步建设的关系。     

“库尔斯克”号沉没的内幕

2000年8月12日,俄罗斯的“库尔斯克”号核潜艇在演习当中沉没了,关于沉没的原因,众说纷纭,莫衷一是。对“库尔斯克”号沉没事件的内幕进行分析,也许有助于了解核潜艇沉没的真相。内幕之一:超大型鱼雷是罪魁祸首吗?     

美国海军核潜艇发展过程中的组织管理研究

核潜艇装备研制周期长、涉及部门多、关系复杂,美国海军经过几十年的探索发展,目前已经建立了较为健全、成熟的核潜艇组织管理体系。本文旨在通过对美国核潜艇发展过程中组织管理机构和组织管理过程的深入研究与剖析,为我国核潜艇相关研制部门完善组织管理体系提供参考。     

美国海军核潜艇发展过程中的组织管理研究

核潜艇装备研制周期长、涉及部门多、关系复杂,美国海军经过几十年的探索发展,目前已经建立了较为健全、成熟的核潜艇组织管理体系。本文旨在通过对美国核潜艇发展过程中组织管理机构和组织管理过程的深入研究与剖析,为我国核潜艇相关研制部门完善组织管理体系提供参考。     

潜艇救生装置

潜艇防险救生历来是海军潜艇部队受困扰且急需解决的问题，自“库尔斯克”号导弹核潜艇毁来性地沉没后，引起世界各国海军极大的震惊，进而对潜艇的防险救生问题更为重视和关注。主要论述俄罗斯核潜艇上救生装置的设计观点，研制过程，装备的性能和目前达到的国际先进水平。     

美国『长尾鲨』号核潜艇打捞记

1963年4月10日，美国核潜艇“长尾鲨”号（NO593）在作深潜试验时突然沉没。这是美国发生的第一起核潜艇沉没事故。“长尾鲨”号是美同当时最先进的攻击型核潜艇，于1960年下水，1961年交付海军使用，耗资4500万美元。它的沉没使美国海军当局极为震动。海军当局不惜人力、物力，请来了“超潜蛙人”——“特里斯脱”，企图把它打捞起来，结果没有成功，只捞起几块碎片。     

碧海舞蛟龙——中国核潜艇的技术进步与展望（上）

2013年10月27日起，中国央视媒体连续多天报道了隐秘42年的中国第一支核潜艇部队，使人们对中国核潜艇力量的建设有了一次较为深入的了解和认识。目前世界上只有美、俄、英、法、中、印六国拥有核潜艇，但其中只有前五个国家具备独立研制、批量建造核潜艇的能力。印度虽然已经完成了首艘“歼敌者”号核潜艇的建造，但真正形成战斗力还有很长一段时间。这次中国公开核潜艇部队，说明中国的军事透明度越来越高，具备了更强的军事自信。此外，根据中国军事装备发展和公开的一般规律分析，可以认为中国在核潜艇的技术和发展方面已经有了新的突破和进展。中国核潜艇力量的建设成为国内外关注的焦点，根据国内外媒体报导及相关资料可以推断，中国的核潜艇已经发展到了第二代，并且已经批量装备中国海军。     

碧海舞蛟龙——中国核潜艇的技术进步与展望（下）

2013年10月27日起，中国央视媒体连续多天报道了隐秘42年的中国第一支核潜艇部队，使人们对中国核潜艇力量的建设有了一次较为深入的了解和认识。目前世界上只有美、俄、英、法、中、印六国拥有核潜艇，但其中只有前五个国家具备独立研制、批量建造核潜艇的能力。印度虽然已经完成了首艘“歼敌者”号核潜艇的建造，但距离真正形成战斗力还有很长一段时间。这次中国公开核潜艇部队，说明中国的军事透明度越来越高，具备了更强的军事自信。此外，根据中国军事装备发展和公开的一般规律分析，可以认为中国在核潜艇的技术和发展方而已经有了新的突破和进展。中国核潜艇力量的建设成为国内外关注的焦点，根据国内外媒体报导及相关资料可以推断，中国的核潜艇已经发展到了第二代，并且已经批量装备中国海军。     

“库尔斯克”号核潜艇事故的启迪与教训

本文阐述俄罗斯海军“库尔斯克”号核潜艇沉没事故对潜艇设计、运行和管理等方面的影响，并且从俄罗斯潜艇设计的指导思想、设计原则以及潜艇可靠性、抗沉性等方面对“库尔斯克”号核潜艇事故的教训和启发作了分析和探讨。     

In Political Seas: Engaging with Political Ecology in the Ocean and Coastal Environment

The world’s oceans and coasts are awash in a sea of politics. The marine environment is increasingly busy, changing, and a site of degradation, marginalization, injustice, contestation and conflict over declining resources and occupied spaces at local to global scales. Themes of political ecology, such as power and politics, narratives and knowledge, scale and history, environmental justice and equity, are thus salient issues to understand in ocean and coastal governance and management. This subject review examines research on these themes of political ecology in the ocean and coastal environment and reflects on how the insights gained might be applied to governance and management. Political ecology provides important insights into: the influence of power in ocean management and governance processes; the manner in which narratives, knowledge, and scale are used to legitimize and shape policies and management efforts; the effects of historical trajectories on present circumstances, options, and practices; and the nature of inequities and environmental injustices that can occur in the marine environment. Moreover, ocean and coastal researchers, practitioners, and decision makers ought to engage with the political processes and injustices occurring in the ocean. Moving from critical insights to constructive engagements will ensure that political ecology helps to plant seeds of hope in the Anthropocene ocean.     

设计模式在设备故障红外智能诊断软件中的应用

诊断软件由于其诊断对象的复杂性和诊断策略的多样性,为设计模式的使用提供了较大空间.将设计模式引入船用机电设备故障红外智能诊断软件的开发,并具体讨论了一些常见的模式如Adapter、Bridge、Strategy和Observer等在软件各个模块和环节中的应用.实验证明,设计模式的使用,简化、明晰了软件的结构,加强了软件的通用性、稳定性和灵活性,提高了软件的可理解性和可维护性,并使得丰富红外诊断软件的接口和功能变得更为容易,进一步拓宽了软件的使用范围.     

探路、开路、筑路——为创立世界修船业共生时代再出发

中国修船业在国家改革开放的浪潮中,经历了三十多年的快速发展,如今已稳居世界修船大国的国际地位,而中国修船企业正在引领世界绿色修船科技的进步,也引起了国际修船业的高度关注.然而,在人类社会生态环境面临严峻挑战的当下,作为世界贸易和港口经济重要组成部分的修船产业,如何形成发展新格局,从生态层面推进绿色、低碳、数字"一体化"...     

高扬程升船机不同壁厚塔柱结构的抗震性能分析

基于200米级高扬程升船机固定壁厚塔柱结构形式,以混凝土用量一致为原则,拟定变壁厚塔柱结构形式。采用有限元软件ABAQUS,分别建立了固定壁厚和变壁厚两种塔柱结构模型,对塔柱结构的动力响应进行对比分析。结果表明:1)在自重荷载、风荷载和8度地震作用下,固定壁厚塔柱结构和变壁厚塔柱结构的顶部最大位移分别为38. 5、34. 7 cm,均满足规范限值。2) 3条地震波作用下,两种塔柱结构的顶部加速度比底部加速度都大,呈现加速度放大效应,放大2倍左右。3)筏形基础与塔柱结构交界面出现了压应力集中,筏形基础左右、中间部分及筒体内部区域出现了拉应力集中。塔柱截面和挡土墙交界处易发生应力集中。4)变壁厚塔柱结构的顶部最大位移,筏形基础的最大拉、压应力,截面最大等效应力,均比固定壁厚要小较多。变壁厚塔柱结构形式更优。     

船舶自动化电站模拟器系统

阐述了最新研制开发的船舶自动化电站模拟器主要组成及功能原理。其基本功能是:操作控制的模拟功能,机组的安全保护功能,电站、拖动系统仿真功能,教学考评功能,与整个轮机模拟器联网的扩展功能。电站监控系统具有配电屏面监视、机舱监控、电力系统实时监视及控制4部分功能,并有运行参数动态监视,报警的记录及打印功能。     

Part I: Externalities and economic policies in road transport

Road transport imposes negative externalities on society. These externalities include environmental and road damage, accidents, congestion, and oil dependence. The cost of these externalities to society is in general not reflected in the current market prices in the road transport sector.An efficient mobility model for the future must take into account the true costs of transport and its regulatory framework will need to create incentives for people to make sustainable transport choices. This paper discusses the use of economic instruments to correct road transport externalities, but gives relatively more weight to the problem of carbon emissions from road transport, as this is particularly challenging, given its global and long-term nature.Economics offers two types of instruments for addressing the problem of transport externalities: command-and-control and incentive-based policies.Command-and-control policies are government regulations which force consumers and producers to change their behaviour. They are the most widely used policy instruments. Examples include vehicle emission and fuel standards in the US as well as driving or parking restrictions in Singapore. The implementation cost of these instruments to the government is small. Although from an economic perspective these policies often fail to achieve an efficient market outcome, the presence of political constraints often make them the preferred option, in terms of feasibility and effectiveness.Economic theory shows how policies, which affect consumption and production incentives, can be used to achieve the optimal outcome in the presence of externalities. Incentive-based policies function within a new or an altered market. We first examine incentive-based policies, which cap the aggregate amount of the externality, such as carbon emissions, by allocating permits or rights to the emitters. The emitters are then free to trade their permits amongst them. The permit allocation mechanism is important-although market efficiency would be satisfied by an auction, political influences usually favour a proportional allocation based on historic emissions. We discuss EU ETS as an example of a cap-and-trade system, however, no such policy for CO₂ emissions in road transport has been implemented anywhere in the world to date.Fiscal instruments are, like command-and-control, widely used in road transport, because they are relatively cheap and simple to implement. They include the use of taxes and charges in order to bridge the gap between private and the social costs and, in principle, can lead to an efficient market solution. Registration, ownership, fuel, emissions, usage taxes, and parking and congestion charges have been implemented in many countries around the world. On the other side of the spectrum, subsidies can be given to those scrapping old cars and buying fuel-efficient vehicles. Some cities, such as London, have implemented congestion charges and many states in the United States have introduced high occupancy lanes. Other interesting possibilities include pay-as-you-drive insurance and other usage charges. However, the size and scope of taxes and subsidies are determined by governments, and because of their imperfect knowledge of the market the outcome is still likely to be inefficient.Governments have many effective economic instruments to create a sustainable road transport model. These instruments can be used separately or together, but their implementation will be necessary in the nearest future.     

High-resolution surveys of the biogeochemistry of the New England shelfbreak front during Summer, 2002

We present the observations from a pair of field experiments at the New England shelfbreak front in June and August of 2002, each consisting of 14 cross-frontal surveys using the Lamont Pumping SeaSoar. Measurements of the front's physical, chemical, and bio-optical characteristics were made at high spatial and temporal resolution. The front, based on water-column hydrographic distributions, was found within a few km of the 200 m isobath during both cruises. We present here composite sections, based on averages of individual sections shifted in space to a common frontal location, of the cross-frontal distributions of these properties as a measure of the mean state of the front in both June and August. The observations show the familiar temperature, salinity, and density distributions of the summertime front, dominated by surface thermal heating. Nutrient and bio-optical distributions show the combined effects of water-mass exchange and biological processes. T, S, silicate, and phosphate distributions are suggestive of cross-frontal exchange of slope- and shelf waters, although transport mechanisms and pathways are not apparent. These properties, along with nitrate and optical measures of the suspended particle distributions, show vertical displacements of isopleths as the front is approached: property contours slope upwards toward the front from the shoreward side, and downwards toward the front from the seaward side. Again, actual water-movement pathways are not constrained by these suggestive patterns. Bio-optical distributions show elevated indicators of photosynthetic efficiency both seaward and shoreward of the front, but the front itself is a minimum in biomass. Accumulation of photosynthetic biomass appears to be controlled primarily by nitrate scarcity in waters within and above the pycnocline. At the base of the pycnocline, light limitation appears to be the controlling factor, although the base of the euphotic zone is deeper than the biomass maxima and the base of the pycnocline. Mechanisms explaining this phenomenon are unclear, but tenuous evidence suggests low stratification at the depth of the 1% light level may not allow phytoplankton to optimize for the low-light, high-nutrient conditions at depth. Cross-frontal differences in nutrient and bio-optical parameters, particularly in August, suggest distinct phytoplankton assemblages, and the presence of calcite-forming or nitrogen fixing groups to the community structure, especially in very shallow waters across the front and in pycnocline waters seaward of the front.     

双鱼岛陆域高程确定的要素分析

双鱼岛作为离岸式城市综合开发类人工岛,岛上陆域高程是一个独立的系统,陆域高程的确定关系到规划、安全、护岸、景观、土方量和造价、防洪排涝、亲水性等。对人工岛填海造地期和使用期高程确定的主要因素进行论述,并整体介绍双鱼岛高程的变化趋势,对不同部位的高程确定进行分析,同时对工程安全性与景观的平衡、高程与上部规划的关系、高程与土方量及最优造价进行研究。研究成果可供类似工程的高程确定提供思路及参考。     

齿轮齿条爬升式升船机驱动系统运行可靠性分析

针对升船机运行可靠性问题,以齿轮齿条爬升式升船机驱动系统为研究对象,根据可靠性理论,在统计驱动系统运行维护数据的基础上,综合分析停机故障次数和故障检修停航时间对运行可靠性的影响,计算得出驱动系统及其部件的运行可靠度,提出提高驱动系统运行可靠性的建议:应高度重视驱动齿轮托架机构、电气传动设备、传感检测装置等机电设备的维护检修和优化完善,充分考虑设备检修的便利性;基于停机故障次数和故障检修停航时间的运行可靠度计算分析方法,能准确反映升船机的运行可靠性。     

The Indian dry ports sector, pricing policies and opportunities for public-private partnerships

At the time of writing (2010), the world is witnessing the aftermath of the most severe financial sector meltdown in modern economic history caused by the real estate bubble in the United States. Its consequences on the real economy, especially in Europe, are yet to be fathomed, and this of course includes the longer-term impacts on international ocean transportation, ports and the distribution of global production.The economic recession has left the international shipping and port sectors with substantial overcapacity. This has resulted in drastic cost cutting measures on the one hand, and voluntary, often consensual, and coordinated reduction of supply on the other. These measures, together with a noticeable recovery in demand, are gradually leading again to improvement in prices charged by carriers and other transport service providers.In view of the country’s expanse; size of population; and regional inequalities, India’s dry ports (inland cargo consolidation and distribution centres) are seen by the government as a pivot of export-led growth and economic development (Haralambides & Gujar, 2011). Moreover, public and private sectors alike see the coordinated development of dry ports as the only way forward in terms of easing pressures at congested coastal ports, thus improving supply chain efficiency. In spite of this, dry port development and operations are still dominated by the public sector, under prices, capacity, land acquisition policies and other conditions that make private sector participation risky and comparatively unattractive. In order to rationalize dry port capacity and prices, this paper argues in favour of greater devolution through competition-enhancing Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). The paper puts forward recommendations for the necessary legal, regulatory and general economic policy interventions based on international best practice, while keeping Indian specificities in the right perspective.