基于IVE模型的杭州市机动车实际行驶工况下排放因子的研究

首先,利用台架试验对IVE模型中的基础排放率进行地域性差异的修正;然后,利用GPS系统获得杭州市机动车在不同道路类型和时间下的实际行驶工况;最后,应用修正后的IVE模型确定杭州市实际行驶工况下轻型车和出租车的CO和NOx综合排放因子.结果表明,对IVE模型基础排放率的修正能较好地提高模型的模拟精度;在杭州市区高峰期实际行驶工况下,轻型车CO和NOx综合排放因子分别是2.92和1.03g/km,出租车的排放因子分别为轻型车的2.0和1.7倍.     

太原市轻型车实际行驶工况构建

为了构建基于实际情况的太原市轻型车道路行驶工况,采用自主行驶法采集试验数据并从中提取出2 208个有效运动学片段,通过因子分析、K-means聚类分析方法以及相关系数比较最终拟合出长度为1 184 s的太原市轻型车实际行驶工况,将之与国内其他城市以及国际4类标准工况进行对比分析,得出太原市轻型车行驶工况具有加减速比例高、匀速行驶比例低和低速行驶比例高等特点。     

城市机动车污染物排放总量调查

利用先进的GPS技术调查了宁波市不同道路汽车行驶工况,分析了城市机动车排放污染的状况及影响因素,重点讨论了机动车车型和汽车城市道路运行工况对机动车排放污染物的影响。对宁波市主要道路机动车流量进行了连续12h测量,并根据行驶工况和流量调查估算了宁波城市道路污染物排放总量。     

A Study on the Correlation Between VSP and Vehicle Emission Based on On-board Emission Test

搭建车载排放测试试验平台,选择轻型车和中型车进行了实际道路排放测试,建立了排放数据与行驶工况数据对应的数据库.引入比功率的概念比较了机动车排放随比功率和速度的变化关系,分析了轻型车和中型车比功率的分布频率和3种污染物的排放随比功率的变化关系.结果表明,轻型车和中型车比功率集中在-3～7kW/t范围;和速度相比,机动车的排放与比功率有更强的相关性.     

机动车道路排放的实时测试系统开发及试验研究

在OEM-2100基础上开发了一种机动车道路排放实时测试系统,并在实际道路上进行了轻型车的实时排放测试。计算了路段排放因子和排放总量,分析了车辆各行驶工况所占时间和排放量比例以及平均排放率,研究了各工况下机动车尾气污染物的贡献率,为准确测定交通流中单车污染物提供一种可行的方法。该测试系统为建立排放模型提供数据依据,对于评价交通控制改进措施和智能交通系统对排放的影响具有重要的意义。     

合肥市道路汽车行驶工况的开发与研究

阐述了汽车行驶工况的开发程序和测试方法。通过对合肥市道路交通状况的调查,选择五条具有代表性的路段进行合肥市城区的汽车行驶工况的研究,采集了大量合肥城区道路汽车行驶数据资料,运用多元统计学方法进行了道路汽车行驶工况的解析,从而建立合肥市道路汽车行驶工况。     

轻型车(乘用车)城市工况的合成方案

由于目前我国关于轻型车（乘用车）油耗与排放标准中采用的循环工况为欧洲的NEDC工况,不能全面地反映我国道路工况特点。针对这种情况,本文提出一种城市道路工况的解析与合成方案,用到了主成分分析法,聚类分析法,局部模态法等方法。     

轻型车（乘用车）城市工况的合成方案

由于目前我国关于轻型车（乘用车）油耗与排放标准中采用的循环工况为欧洲的NEDC工况,不能全面地反映我国道路工况特点。针对这种情况,文中提出一种城市道路工况的解析与合成方案。用到了主成分分析法、聚类分析法、局部模态法等方法。     

合肥市道路汽车行驶工况的开发与研究

详细阐述了汽车行驶工况的开发程序和测试方法。通过对合肥市道路交通状况的调查，选择5条具有代表性的路段进行合肥市城区的汽车行驶工况的研究，采集了大量合肥城区道路汽车行驶数据资料，运用多元统计学方法进行了道路汽车行驶工况的解析，从而建立适合合肥市道路的汽车行驶工况。     

轻型车低温下冷起动后排放规律的试验探讨

文中按照轻型车欧洲Ⅲ号排放法规98/69/EC“MotorVehicleEmissions”,进行了轻型车在-7℃低环境温度下冷起动后的排放试验,讨论分析了试验中HC、CO和NOx排气浓度随运转工况的变化规律,为控制轻型车在低温下冷起动后的排放提供了很好的参考。     

在南京地铁洞外平面首级控制网复测中的应用

介绍了将GPS静态测量技术应用于地铁首级控制测量中,能够达到高精度、高效益、大大提高作业效率及降低劳动强度等目的,对整条地铁线路的正确贯通提供了强有力的保障。     

铁路长大隧道GPS洞外平面控制测量技术浅析

铁路隧道工程项目往往地处深山,地势起伏大,植被茂密,地形复杂,使得测量工作难度增大。对于长大隧道,GPS测量方法成为首选方案,然而由于地形条件限制,GPS控制点的选择与控制网的布设很难满足相应规范要求。以新建东北东部铁路荒沟隧道GPS控制测量为实例,重点介绍在困难地理环境中铁路长大隧道的GPS控制网建立、观测方案确定、过程实施与后期数据处理、成果检验分析及成果应用一完整过程,最终保证隧道高精度贯通,可为以后的类似工程提供参考。     

Measuring Truck Travel Time Reliability Using Truck Probe GPS Data

Truck probe data collected by global positioning system (GPS) devices has gained increased attention as a source of truck mobility data, including measuring truck travel time reliability. Most reliability studies that apply GPS data are based on travel time observations retrieved from GPS data. The major challenges to using GPS data are small, nonrandom observation sets and low reading frequency. In contrast, using GPS spot speed (instantaneous speed recorded by GPS devices) directly can address these concerns. However, a recently introduced GPS spot-speed-based reliability metric that uses speed distribution does not provide a numerical value that would allow for a quantitative evaluation. In light of this, the research described in this article improves the current GPS spot speed distribution-based reliability approach by calculating the speed distribution coefficient of variation. An empirical investigation of truck travel time reliability on Interstate 5 in Seattle, WA, is performed. In addition, correlations are provided between the improved approach and a number of commonly used reliability measures. The reliability measures are not highly correlated, demonstrating that different measures provide different conclusions for the same underlying data and traffic conditions. The advantages and disadvantages of each measure are discussed and recommendations of the appropriate measures for different applications are presented.     

考虑拥堵成本的机场路网可靠性测算方法

为解决传统行程时间可靠性测算算法应用于机场路网的不足,即未考虑实际路网运行情况以及机场旅客出行成本问题,分别引入路段拥堵修正因子以及成本因子,构建机场路网行程时间可靠性测算模型,并且引入路网标准速度,用最小误差平方和的方法对改进后的测算方法进行验证.以南京禄口国际机场集疏运路网为例,改进后的路网行程时间可靠性测算结果与实际路网标准速度的最小误差平方和,即LSE的值为0.57,比传统的测算结果小0.03,说明改进后的测算结果更接近实际路网行程时间可靠性.测算出南京禄口机场集疏运公路路段行程时间可靠性在0.69~0.89内,路网行程时间可靠性测算结果在0.65~0.78内,机场集疏运路网行程时间可靠性存在分布不均,核心路段行程时间可靠性低等现象.改进的测算方法,在一定程度上解决传统路网行程时间可靠性测算算法与实际路况脱节的问题.      

Neural-network multiple models filter (NMM)-based position estimation system for autonomous vehicles

A highly accurate and reliable vehicle position estimation system is an important component of an autonomous driving system. In generally, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver is employed for the vehicle position estimation of autonomous vehicles. However, a stand-alone GPS does not always provide accurate and reliable information of the vehicle position due to frequent GPS blockages and multipath errors. In order to overcome these problems, a sensor fusion scheme that combines the data from the GPS receiver and several on-board sensors has been studied. In previous researches, a single model filter-based sensor fusion algorithm was used to integrate information from the GPS and on-board sensors. However, an estimate obtained from a single model is difficult to cover the various driving environments, including urban areas, off-road areas, and highways. Thus, a multiple models filter (MMF) has been introduced to address this limitation by adapting multiple models to a wide range of driving conditions. An adaptation of the multiple model is achieved through the use of the model probability. The MMF combines several vehicle models using the model probabilities, which indicate the suitability of the current driving condition. In this paper, we propose a vehicle position estimation algorithm for an autonomous vehicle that is based on a neural network (NN)-based MMF. The model probabilities are determined through the NN. The proposed position estimation system was evaluated through simulations and experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed position estimation algorithm is suitable for application in an autonomous driving system over a wide range of driving conditions.     

车载导航系统陀螺的自适应校正方法

分析了低成本压电振动陀螺误差及其影响因素,在实验的基础上得出采用温度补偿陀螺误差的可行性。建立了联合卡尔曼滤波方程融合GPS和INS信息,估计定位信息和陀螺误差。提出车载GPS/INS组合导航系统中陀螺零漂误差和标度因子误差的校正过程启动条件,当条件满足时,以估计的陀螺误差为输入,采用温度误差校正表学习算法对陀螺误差模型进行训练。用道路实验数据对提出的陀螺校正算法进行验证,结果表明该算法精度高、收敛快、可操作性好。     

城市公交线路模态工况构建方法研究

采用GPS设备对西安城市公交典型线路的运行工况进行实测,分别运用瞬态转模态方法和多目标优化法构建出城市客车模态工况。以8个特征参数相对误差为标准,对两种方法的精度进行了对比研究。研究表明,两种方法均能有效地完成工况构建,其中多目标优化法精度最高,瞬态转模态方法简单快捷,从而为工况构建方法的选取提供了思路和数据验证。     

A weight-based map-matching algorithm for vehicle navigation in complex urban networks

A map-matching algorithm is an integral part of every navigation system and reconciles raw and inaccurate positional data (usually from a global positioning system [GPS]) with digital road network data. Since both performance (speed) and accuracy are equally important in real-time map-matching, an accurate and efficient map-matching algorithm is presented in this article. The proposed algorithm has three steps: initialization, same-segment, and next-segment. Distance between the GPS point and road segments, difference between the heading of the GPS point and direction of road segments, and difference between the direction of consecutive GPS points and direction of road segments are used to identify the best segment among candidates near intersections. In contrast to constant weights applied in existing algorithms, the weight of each criterion in this algorithm is dynamic. The weights of criteria are calculated for each GPS point based on its: (a) positional accuracy, (b) speed, and (c) traveled distance from previous GPS point. The algorithm considers a confidence level on the assigned segment to each GPS point, which is calculated based on the density and complexity of roads around the GPS point. The evaluation results indicate 95.34% correct segment identification and 92.19% correct segment assignment. The most important feature of our algorithm is that the high correct segment identification percentage achieved in urban areas is through a simple and efficient weight-based method that does not depend on any additional data or positioning sensors other than digital road network and GPS.     

地铁盾构下穿浅基础太平北路石拱桥施工技术

盾构在市区交通流量繁忙地段穿越浅基础石拱桥,经分析需要对石拱桥进行加固才能满足盾构顺利通过,在传统加固桥梁过程中地面道路不具备交通导改条件(分流通过桥梁车辆),进而影响对桥梁加固,通过对桥梁进行增加内拱圆箱加固及优化盾构掘进参数,确保盾构掘进施工质量和管片施工质量,在满足桥梁安全情况下保证盾构顺利通过了石拱桥,并节约了施工成本。     

基于GPS/GIS/GSM的公路隧道运营管理系统研究

为了提高长大公路隧道的运营管理水平,通过分析长大公路隧道的运营特征,追踪GPS、GIS、GSM的最新技术,提出了采用基于GPS/GIS/GSM的公路隧道运营管理模式,实现长大公路隧道的现代远程监控与管理。论述了基于GPS/GIS/GSM的公路隧道运营管理系统的两大组成子系统,即基于GIS的隧道机电管理系统和基于GPS/GIS/GSM的车辆调度系统的功能与组成,同时采用软件系统设计的方法对该两大子系统进行了系统分析与设计。运用企业成本核算法进行了系统经济性分析,论证了基于GPS/GIS/GSM的公路隧道运营管理模式的可行性和科学性。