两种柴油机过滤器过滤效果对比研究

采用自行设计安装的柴油机微粒取样系统在5个工况下对袋滤器和陶瓷微粒过滤器过滤后的微粒进行采集:一部分样品用于过滤效率的对比,另外一部分样品利用气相色谱—质谱技术(GC—MS)用于排气微粒中可溶有机成分(SOF)的分析。通过对过滤效率、微粒成分相对质量和微粒中SOF与IOF所占比例的分析对比可以看出,袋滤器是一种较好的柴油机微粒过滤器。     

缸内直喷汽油机微粒排放特性的试验研究

试验研究了缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机的负荷、过量空气系数、点火时刻等参数对于三效催化器(TWC)后的颗粒(PM)排放特性的影响。试验在在2台GDI汽油机上进行,用气相质谱-色谱(GC-MS)联用方法,分析了TWC后微粒中可溶有机成分(SOF)。结果表明:随着负荷增加,微粒质量和数量排放增加,在满负荷工况下,微粒排放大幅增加;TWC后的SOF和核态微粒数量明显降低;随着过量空气系数的增加和点火时刻的推迟,微粒排放呈减少趋势;核态粒径峰值为10~20 nm,积聚态粒径峰值为50~70 nm。负荷、过量空气系数和点火提前角等参数和TWC对微粒粒径范围的影响小。     

负荷对柴油机微粒排放特性及其组分的影响

分析了柴油机排气微粒 (PM)的组分及其生成机理 ,并通过试验研究了负荷对PM的排放特性及其组分的影响 ,指出了负荷与PM流量之间的指数函数关系以及PM中可溶性组分 (SOF)和不可溶性组分 (IOF)的含量随负荷的变化趋势     

铈基 FB C添加剂对柴油机颗粒物组分及热重特性的影响

选取环烷酸铈溶液作为燃油催化再生添加剂（FBC）进行发动机台架试验,铈（Ce）元素按质量分数150 mg／kg的比例添加到纯柴油中,配制出 F150燃油。研究了铈基 FBC对柴油机排气烟度和颗粒组分的影响。结果表明,在标定转速25％,50％,75％和100％负荷下,燃用 F150燃油时的滤纸烟度相对于纯柴油分别降低了34．9％,44．2％,50．4％和30．2％。采用X‐射线能量色谱仪（EDS ）对F150燃油颗粒物样品进行元素分析,Ce元素在颗粒物中的质量分数为1．23％。采用气相色谱质谱（GC‐M S ）联用技术研究了铈基FBC对颗粒物中可溶性有机组分（SOF）的影响,同时运用热重分析法（TGA）研究铈基FBC添加剂对颗粒物中SOF含量以及炭烟氧化特性的影响。与纯柴油相比,F150颗粒物的SOF组分中各类烷烃和多环芳香烃的质量分数分别减小至40．2％和1．73％,有机酸酯的质量分数增大至51．6％。在热重试验中,F150颗粒物样品中SOF所占比重相对于柴油增加4．7％;F150燃油燃烧炭烟样品的起始燃烧温度降低,其燃烧炭烟峰值失重率所对应的温度降低。     

用稀土催化剂净化柴油机排气的研究

介绍了所研制的用于柴油机排气净化的新型稀土钙钛矿型复合金属氧化物催化剂LaMnO3／γ-Al2O3。通过发动机试验的方法研究其净化效果，并与γ-Al2O3，颗粒、贵金属催化剂Pd／γ-Al2O3进行了比较。结果表明，LaM-nO3／γ-Al2O3对CO、HC、微粒及微粒中的有机组分SOF均有化学催化净化效果，尤其是对SOF净化效果明显。     

热重法测量柴油机排气微粒中有机可溶成分的研究

研究了热重分析中不同升温速率对柴油机排气微粒中SOF和无定型碳的热反应温度区间的影响，提出了热重分析柴油机微粒中SOF的方法及条件。试验表明，该方法和测量条件可准确测定柴油机排气微粒中SOF的含量。     

柴油机微粒捕集器再生技术

与汽油机相比,柴油机产生的有害气体H C、CO排放量相当低,一般只有汽油机的几十分之一,柴油机NOx排放量和汽油机处于同一数量级,但柴油机微粒排放约为汽油机的30～80倍.因此,微粒排放是柴油机的显著特点.研究已经证实排气微粒能引起慢性肺炎,并加重支气管炎.美国环保局(EPA)的试验证明,吸附在微粒表面的可溶性有机物(SOF)具有诱变作用,其组分的90%以上为致癌物质.绝大多数排气微粒的粒径在0.01～0.1μm之间,能长时间悬浮在大气中,很容易通过呼吸系统进入肺泡中并沉积下来,较小的微粒甚至可以进入血液中,对人体健康的威胁更大.     

EGR率对燃用生物柴油的重型柴油机排放特性影响

研究了EGR率对燃用生物柴油的重型柴油机排放特性影响,并用气相色谱-质谱仪分析了燃用柴油和生物柴油时的SOF成份的差异。研究结果表明:燃用生物柴油结合EGR技术可以同时大幅度降低PM和NOx排放,未出现一般柴油机中NOx和PM之间此消彼长的关系;生物柴油同柴油的SOF组分无本质区别,主要成分均为烷烃,但生物柴油SOF中的酯类物质多一些。为进一步降低碳烟,在生物柴油的基础上配制了一种含氧混合燃料,结合采用EGR技术,在不使用排气后处理装置的情况下达到了我国重型柴油车第Ⅳ阶段排放法规的要求。     

不同路线国Ⅴ车用重型柴油机微粒物中SOF和PAHs的对比研究

采用AVL全流采样(CVS)系统,对2台国Ⅴ车用重型柴油机进行了ESC和ETC循环试验,并利用气相色谱—质谱联用仪等设备对颗粒物中的可溶性有机物(SOF)和多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析。通过对比采用DOC+DPF和SCR两种技术路线柴油机的SOF和PAHs及其组分,对它们的排放特性进行了研究。研究发现,无论是ESC循环下还是ETC循环下,DOC+DPF路线发动机PM排放中SOF含量以及PAHs排放总浓度都要明显低于SCR路线发动机,PM中菲和芘的浓度会降低一半以上。     

柴油机排放微粒物的特性

柴油机排放的微粒物可分为燃油SOF（硫化物），润滑油SOF（硫化物）和SOOT（碳烟（）三大类，采用热量分析法和CO2（二氧化碳）浓度转换法并通过排气系统及采样装置可对微粒物进行试验分析，排出了的微粒物的剩余质量不受温度上升速度的影响；发动机载荷和发动机转速对于SOF的质量降低率影响非常小；70％－90％的SOF是由发动机润滑油产生的；氧化反应可使SOOT的质量降低；SOOT相对于温度变化的质量降低特性可用一直直线来表示，试验结果指出，燃油SOF，润滑油SOF和SOOT的数值之比辚20％，23．4％和74％。     

车用直喷柴油机稳定工况下排气微粒与烟度的关系

本文通过测量一台车用直喷柴油机５０个工况下的微粒排放和烟度，得出了排气微粒及其干组份与滤纸烟度之间的关系以及微粒的可溶组份与排气中气排气中气态总碳氢 之间的关系，并且回归成经验公式 。     

车用直喷式柴油机排气微粒与消光式烟度的关系

通过测量两台典型车用柴油机48个工况下的微粒排放与消光式烟度，得出了排气微粒、微粒干组份以及微粒的可溶组份与消光式烟度之间的关系，并回归成经验公式。     

Morphology and oxidation kinetics of CI engine’s biodiesel particulate matters on cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters using TGA

The impact of small compression ignition (CI) engine operation conditions and fuel properties on diesel and biodiesel particulate matters (PMs) quantity using opacity smoke meter is investigated. The biodiesel engine’s PMs are around a half of diesel engine PMs under the same engine operation conditions. Morphology of both engine’s PMs are also studied using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and image processing method. The average primary nanoparticle sizes of diesel and biodiesel engine’s PMs are approximately 34 nm and 32 nm, respectively. The result shows that engine operation condition and fuel property are strongly impact on the quantity and size distribution of primary nanoparticles emission. PM oxidation kinetics on conventional cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) powders by Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) is also successfully studied. The calculated apparent activation energies of biodiesel engine’s PM oxidation on conventional cordierite DPFs powders are lower than that of diesel engine’s PM and carbon black because of unburned oxygenated molecule. The calculated apparent activation energy of biodiesel engine’s PM and diesel engine’s PM oxidize on conventional cordierite DPFs powders with pure air are in the range of 109 ~ 131 kJ/mole and 117 ~ 130 kJ/mole, respectively. It might be expected that smaller primary nanoparticle size of biodiesel engine’s PMs and bio-oxygenate unburned hydrocarbon can promote more PM oxidation rate during vehicle’s DPF regeneration process.     

柴油机颗粒排放物中可溶性有机物的成分分析

通过微孔均匀沉积冲击器对柴油机不同负荷工况下排气中的颗粒物进行取样,采用索氏萃取法对颗粒物样品中的可溶性有机物有效提取,并结合气相色谱‐质谱联用仪对可溶性有机物的成分进行分析。结果表明：在柴油机不同工况条件下,可溶性有机物主要由烷烃类、酚类、酯类及酸类等成分组成。随着负荷的增加,各成分所占比例发生明显变化,在部分工况下,有少量的芳香烃及其衍生物（萘、菲等）出现;可溶性有机物成分中的碳原子数大致分布在C10～C35,其中C14,C16和C19所占比例较高。在高负荷工况下,可溶性有机物成分中出现了高碳链烷烃,主要来自未完全燃烧的机油或燃油添加剂。     

Model based burnt gas fraction controller design of diesel engine with VGT/Dual loop EGR system

-Recently, regulation of NOx and PM emission in diesel engines has become stricter and the EGR system has been expanded into a dual loop EGR system to increase EGR rate as well as to utilize exhaust gas strategically. In terms of engine combustion characteristics, burnt gas fraction is becoming an important factor of solving the NOx and PM emission reduction problem more efficiently but conventional controller focused only pressure and air flow rate targets. Unlike the previous studies, this paper describes a model based burnt gas fraction control structure for a diesel engine with a dual loop EGR and a turbocharger. Feedforward control inputs based on burnt gas fraction states aids in the precise control of diesel engines, especially in transient states by considering coupled behavior within the system. For the controller validation, a control oriented reduced order model of a diesel engine air management system is established to simplify the control input computation and its stability is proved by analysing the internal dynamics stability. Then, a sliding mode controller is designed and controller robustness at certain operating points is validated using an HiLS bench.     

Physical-chemical properties of ethanol-diesel blend fuel and its effect on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged diesel engine

This paper deals with the main physical-chemical properties of ethanol-diesel blend and the effects of ethanoldiesel blends (up to 15% volume) on engine performance (full load torque vs. engine speed, BSEC vs. torque at 1400 r/min and 2300 r/min, and effect of start of injection angle) and emissions in ECE R49 tests (steady 13 points) using a 6.6 L inline 6-cylinder turbocharged direct injection diesel engine. The results show that an increase in ethanol fraction results in decreased viscosity of the blend fuel and very high distillation characteristics in the low temperature range. Solvents can improve the solubility of ethanol-diesel blends. The engine power was degraded proportional to the ethanol content (10% and 15%) due to the LHV (low heating value) of the blends. The higher latent heat of vaporization and lower CN (cetane number) of ethanol, which results from the steady state emissions of CO, HC, and SOF (soluble organic fraction), were much higher in the ECE R49 tests at low loads. Soot (solid mass) emissions were improved. The particulate matter emissions were significantly increased with higher blend volumes, and NOx emissions slightly increased with higher ethanol volumes. By increasing the injection angle properly, the performance parameters of the diesel engine were improved, but NOx emissions were deteriorated slightly.