柴油机预混合燃烧技术

介绍了近年来在柴油机上进行了一系列实现均质预混合燃烧技术的研究 ,包括预混稀薄狄塞尔燃烧系统 ,UNIBUS燃烧系统 ,均质充气压缩着火 (HCCI)燃烧系统 ,准均质预混合气充气压缩点燃 (QHCCI)燃烧系统 ,提出这些研究对于根本解决扩散燃烧的缺陷所具有的重要意义。     

DISI甲醇发动机分层稀薄燃烧试验研究

研究了直喷火花塞点燃式（DISI）甲醇发动机1600 r／min和1200 r／min转速下整个负荷工况内分层稀薄燃烧对性能、燃烧及排放的影响。结果表明：DISI甲醇发动机在整个负荷工况内的一系列特征与柴油机和汽油机有很大不同,缸内混合气分层质量及燃油缸内空间分布对不同转速下的燃烧特性有显著影响;1200 r／min时热效率大、运转稳定,燃烧前期缸压和放热率优于1600 r／min时;大负荷时DISI甲醇发动机分层稀薄燃烧的经济性和排放性都比较好,但小负荷时的经济性和排放性较差,有待改善。     

缸内直喷汽油机技术发展趋势分析

介绍了缸内直喷(GDI)发动机技术发展过程及现状。对比分析了GDI发动机与气门口喷射(PFI)发动机的性能特点,GDI发动机相对于成熟的PFI发动机仍具有较多优势。分析了GDI发动机技术发展面临的主要问题,可以看出,排放、燃烧稳定性等方面的问题限制了分层稀燃GDI发动机普遍应用。探讨了GDI发动机燃烧系统特点及发展趋势,阐述了过量空气系数a=1的GDI均质混合燃烧方式、分层充气或均质(a=1)充气的涡轮增压技术、优化燃烧系统扩大分层稀燃区域、实现GDI发动机的HCCI燃烧等4个GDI发动机技术发展方向。     

缸内直喷汽油机多种燃烧模式的试验研究

基于量产增压缸内直喷汽油机,采用可变升程机构实现多种燃烧模式,在低升程下实现了均质燃烧、分层稀燃和均质压燃。试验结果表明:在转速2 000r/min,负荷0.2MPa,0.4MPa下,均质压燃的燃烧持续期最短,放热最快;在转速2 000r/min,负荷0.2MPa下,均质压燃的燃油消耗率最低,达到337g/(kW.h),同时均质压燃的NOx排放远低于均质燃烧和分层稀燃。     

降低汽车发动机排放的技术

从机内净化技术，机外净化技术和应用清洁燃料等方面讨论了降低汽车发动机排放技术，对车用发动机分层充气预混合稀薄燃料（MPFI）、汽油机直喷燃烧（GDI）和均质混合压缩点火式燃烧（HCCI）等燃烧技术，选择催化还原剂（SCR）、NOx存储器还原催化系统（NSR）、等离子体辅助催化剂等新的稀燃NOx催化剂和微粒处理系统，通过这些技术的综合运用达到不断严格的排放标准和环保要求。     

汽油机稀薄燃烧研究的新进展——从GDI到HCCI

论述了GDI采用分层稀薄燃烧的工作特点,详细分析了其开发使用中的难点问题。同时,对被称为第4种燃烧方式的均质混合气压燃模式进行了介绍,总结和分析了它有可能大幅度提高汽油机热效率和降低NOx排放的特点和原因,并提出它在全工况平面内的着火燃烧控制方面的难度。通过分析认为,GDI与HCCI方式的有机结合可能是未来高效低污染汽油机的发展方向。     

天然气发动机最高转速准均质压燃特性的研究

就国产6110增压中冷发动机燃烧天然气的一些性能进行了研究。在压缩终了被少量柴油引燃的均匀天然气混合气的燃烧接近均质压燃燃烧过程。采用了发动机缸内分析以及相应工况的排放测试对比分析方式，对发动机的燃烧特性进行了试验研究。     

80MPa汽油高压喷射用于不同燃烧过程的试验研究

德国慕尼黑工业大学与日立欧洲公司合作，就超高喷油压力对不同汽油机燃烧过程运行性能和废气排放的影响进行了试验研究，为此配备了具有最佳喷油嘴的常规柴油机喷油器。这种喷油器无论在均质还是分层燃烧的工况下运行时都可获得混合效果良好的混合气。     

柴油/甲醇组合燃烧在增压柴油机上的应用

在4102增压柴油机上采用柴油/甲醇组合燃烧方式(在柴油机的一部分工况采用现有的扩散燃烧方式,另一部分工况采用柴油引燃醇燃料均质混合气的组合燃烧方式)进行试验;试验结果表明,采用组合燃烧后柴油机的NOx排放和燃料的消耗率较原机有显著减少。     

均质充气压缩点燃(HCCI)技术及其在汽油机上的应用

均质充气压缩点燃着火HCCI(Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition)作为新一代的内燃机燃烧方式,具有传统火花点火汽油机均质混合气特质,同时具有与传统压燃柴油机相当的高效率,具有实现高效、低排放燃烧的巨大潜力。在汽油机普遍采用电控技术,发动机性能得到较大改善的今天,稀薄燃烧技术为汽油机性能的提高提供了广阔的前景。文中在介绍HCCI燃烧技术的基础上,分析了汽油机实施HCCI的可行性及其实用化所面临的问题。     

甲醇发动机缸内EGR分层的研究

针对一台具有螺旋进气道的点火式甲醇发动机,采用进气道加装EGR管的方式实现了EGR和新鲜充量的分开引入。应用CFD仿真软件Fire模拟了不同EGR通入时间、不同燃烧室凹坑形状等对EGR分层的影响。结果显示,加装EGR管能够实现EGR的分层,EGR的通入时长和燃烧室凹坑形状都对EGR的分层产生影响。当燃烧室凹坑形状为浅圆柱型、新鲜充量的通入压力为100kPa、EGR通入压力为160kPa时,在300°BTDC(压缩上止点前)停止通入,能够形成火花塞周围EGR浓度低、越远离燃烧室顶部EGR浓度越高的EGR分层结构。同时,在保证EGR率和燃油消耗量相同条件下,通过改变点火提前角,分析分层EGR和均质EGR对甲醇发动机缸内燃烧的影响。分层EGR能有效地提高缸压峰值、缩短燃烧滞燃期、提前燃烧始点,有利于发动机缸内燃烧的改善。     

The influence of fuel properties on combustion and emissions in a DI stratified charge engine

The influence of fuel properties on combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in a direct injection stratified charge SI engine with a “two-stage fuel injection system” was examined. The results showed that this type of DISC combustion system can be used with a wider range of fuels than ordinary homogeneous combustion systems. Lower exhaust emissions and higher thermal efficiency were achieved even with fuels with lower octane numbers and higher distillation temperatures.     

混合气分层对HCCI汽油机极限负荷和燃烧特性的影响

对比研究HCCI汽油机在不同空燃比下采用混合气分层策略时的极限负荷、NOx排放量和燃油经济性,考察了在此策略下过量空气系数λ和EGR率对HCCI发动机燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,混合气分层压缩燃烧模式能有效降低HCCI燃烧的压力升高率,具有拓展负荷范围的潜力,但同时也使NOx排放增加;适当的过量空气系数能在一定程度上改善HCCI发动机的燃烧特性,采用9%的EGR率时发动机油耗率最低,具有明显节油效果。     

乙醇SI/HCCI燃烧模式平稳转换控制策略研究

如何将均质压燃(HCCI)应用到实际发动机上是当前HCCI研究的热点之一,采用HCCI/SI复合燃烧模式是潜力巨大的出路之一。当发动机采用这种复合燃烧模式时,HCCI只能在一定范围内运行的特点决定了发动机在HCCI和SI两种燃烧模式边界工况发生负荷变化时,需要进行两种燃烧模式的相互转换。实现两种燃烧模式的平稳转换需要对转换过程中影响转换平顺性的因素进行分析,综合控制。通过分析试验所得数据,本研究基于主节气门运动规律、点火提前角和供油规律3个主要影响因素提出了主动、协同的控制策略,实现了两种燃烧模式的平稳转换。     

气缸壁涂加催化剂对均质压燃发动机燃烧特性的影响

通过修改CHEMKIN软件包中的SENKIN模块,对气缸壁涂有催化剂的HCCI燃烧过程进行了数值计算。对比分析了缸内催化燃烧对HCCI发动机的着火时刻及NOx排放的影响;讨论了当气缸壁涂有催化剂时进气温度、进气压力、压缩比、过量空气系数及催化剂种类等多种工况参数对HCCI燃烧特性的影响。     

Low temperature premixed combustion within a small bore high speed direct injection (HSDI) optically accessible diesel engine using a retarded single injection

An optically accessible single-cylinder high speed direct-injection (HSDI) Diesel engine equipped with a Bosch common rail injection system was used to study low temperature Modulated Kinetics (MK) combustion with a retarded single main injection. High-speed liquid fuel Mie-scattering was employed to investigate the liquid distribution and evolution. By carefully setting up the optics, three-dimensional images of fuel spray were obtained from both the bottom of the piston and the side window. The NOx emissions were measured in the exhaust pipe. The influence of injection pressure and injection timing on liquid fuel evolution and combustion characteristics was studied under similar fuel quantities. Interesting spray development was seen from the side window images. Liquid impingement was found for all of the cases due to the small diameter of the piston bowl. The liquid fuel tip hits the bowl wall obliquely and spreads as a wall jet in the radial direction of the spray. Due to the bowl geometry, the fuel film moves back into the central part of the bowl, which enhances the air-fuel mixing process and prepares a more homogeneous air-fuel mixture. Stronger impingement was seen for high injection pressures. Injection timing had little effect on fuel impingement. No liquid fuel was seen before ignition, indicating premixed combustion for all the cases. High-speed combustion video was taken using the same frame rate. Ignition was seen to occur on or near the bowl wall in the vicinity of the spray tip, with the ignition delay being noticeably longer for lower injection pressure and later injection timing. The majority of the flame was confined to the bowl region throughout the combustion event. A more homogeneous and weaker flame was observed for higher injection pressures and later injection timing. The combustion structure also proves the mixing enhancement effect of the liquid fuel impingement. The results show that ultra-low sooting combustion is feasible in an HSDI diesel engine with a higher injection pressure, a higher EGR rate, or later injection timing, with little penalty on power output. It was also found that injection timing has more influence on HCCI-like combustion using a single main injection than the other two factors studied. Compared with the base cases, simultaneous reductions of soot and NOx were obtained by increasing EGR rate and retarding injection timing. By increasing injection pressure, NOx emissions were increased due to leaner and faster combustion with better air-fuel mixing. However, smoke emissions were significantly reduced with increased injection pressure.     

Comparison of fuel injection systems and a new combustion method for a direct injection two-stroke-cycle automobile engine

A study of a direct fuel injection 2-stroke engine as a new generation power unit was performed and concluded as follows.

• 1.(1) A comparison of fuel injection system candidates was made and the one-fluid high-pressure type was chosen.
• 2.(2) Adopting the high-pressure fuel system to a single-cylinder engine, stratified charge combustion was realized using the late injection.
• 3.(3) It was found that homogeneous charge combustion using the early injection would enable high power output.
• 4.(4) The “2-zone combustion” was also achieved by injecting the fuel twice within one cycle.