Validation of Railway Vehicle Lateral Dynamics Models

The general form of the railway vehicle lateral dynamic predictions seems to have been proven. If wheels are coned, rails are of uniform cross-section, and suspensions are linear, then good predictions can be obtained. If wheels are not coned, and rail sections vary, but the suspension is relatively linear, as in modern vehicles, it is still possible to obtain good predictions of critical speed for flexible suspensions. The situation with “stiff” vehicles remains unproven. In each case dynamic response calculations will be only as good as the knowledge of the track input including the rolling line term. The validity of making calculations to predict critical speeds of very non-linear vehicles has not yet been convincingly demonstrated. Validation experiments for the more difficult case of time history representation suggest the possibility of correct prediction for easily comprehensible vehicles, but even this requires an enormous amount of supportive experimental work.     

Nonlinear Design Approach to Four-Wheel-Steering Systems Using Neural Networks

Four-wheel-steering (4WS) systems have been studied and developed with remarkable success from the viewpoint of vehicle dynamics. Most of the control methods require a linearized bicycle model of the actual vehicle system which is however strongly influenced by tire nonlinearity. This paper proposes a new method to design the 4WS system taking into account the nonlinear characteristics of tires and suspensions. For this purpose integration of artificial neural network and linear control theory is introduced for the identification and control of a nonlinear vehicle model structured using a software for multi-body dynamic analysis (ADAMS). This model takes into account the nonlinear characteristics of actual vehicles with tires modeled by “magic formula“. The results of computer simulations show that the proposed nonlinear approach is efficient in improving the handling and stability of vehicles.     

Impact of Dynamic Fluid Slosh Loads on the Directional Response of Tank Vehicles

SUMMARY

A comprehensive directional dynamics model of a tractor-tank trailer is developed by integrating a non-linear dynamic fluid slosh model to the three-dimensional vehicle dynamics model. The nonlinear fluid slosh equations are solved in an Eulerian mesh to determine dynamic fluid slosh loads caused by the dynamic motion of the vehicle. The dynamic fluid slosh forces and moments are coupled with the vehicle dynamics model to study the directional response characteristics of tank vehicles. The directional response characteristics of partially filled tank vehicles employing dynamic slosh model are compared to those employing quasi-dynamic vehicle model, for steady as well as transient directional maneuvers. Simulation results reveal that during a steady steer maneuver, the dynamic fluid slosh loads introduce oscillatory directional response about a steady-state value calculated from the quasi-dynamic vehicle model. The directional response characteristics obtained using the quasi-dynamic and dynamic fluid slosh models during transient steer inputs show good correlation. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the quasi-dynamic model can predict the directional response characteristics of tank vehicles quite close to that evaluated using the comprehensive fluid slosh model.     

Twenty First Century Transportation System Solutions - a New Type of Small, Relatively Tall and Narrow Active Tilting Commuter Vehicle

There are many problems that face transportation systems as the twenty-first century approaches, and many solutions will be required. Mass transportation systems are one large area of research that will provide some solutions. This paper presents another possible solution at the other end of the spectrum, small relatively tall and narrow tilting commuter vehicles for individual transportation. A historical overview of the various types of tilting vehicles built or proposed over the last forty years is shown and the results of these studies are discussed. If one considers a relatively tall and narrow vehicle, (under 1.0 meters or 40“ wide), to maintain high speed performance in cornering it becomes necessary to bank the vehicle into a corner to prevent overturning. The design of a modem active tilting suspension and control law for a small narrow, one-half width, commuter vehicles is presented. Analysis of the static and dynamic tipping limits illustrates which vehicles are considered tall and narrow requiring active tilting. The performance of such vehicles as they enter a steady corner is considered and how tilt dynamics may feel to passengers is discussed.     

High Performance ACC System Based on Sensor Fusion with Distance Sensor, Image Processing Unit, and Navigation System

Curve sensors used in first generation “Adaptive Cruise Control” systems (ACC) are based on steering angle sensors, lateral accelerometers or yaw rate sensors. The disadvantage of these curve sensors is that they do not have any preview characteristics. This leads in many driving situations to misinterpretations by the ACC system, e.g. wrong path assignments of vehicles ahead because of non-constant curve radii particularly in the beginning and ending of curves. The consequence is that the ACC car brakes due to vehicles in adjacent lanes or it ignores relevant obstacles. In the following a second generation ACC system will be presented whose curve sensor is realized by a real time image processing system with the support of a GPS-based navigation system. This multi-sensor fusion system is now suitable for collision avoidance and stop and go applications.     

A Simplified Framework for String Stability Analysis of Automated Vehicles*

Automated vehicles traveling in platoons must exhibit stability both individually and as a group, a property referred to as “string stability”. We propose a new framework for evaluating the longitudinal string stability properties of platoons of automated vehicles. In this framework, the platoon is considered to be a mass-spring-damper system with linear characteristics. The resulting closed-loop representation yields transfer functions and impulse responses that can be analyzed to determine the string stability properties of the platoon. This framework facilitates qualitative comparisons of the effects of various controller characteristics, such as time headway and intervehicle communication, on string stability.     

A New Method for Accurately Estimating the Weight of Moving Vehicles Using Piezoelectric Sensors and Adaptive-footprint Tire Model

Summary This paper presents new methods for estimating the axle weight of a moving vehicle, using two piezoelectric sensors and adaptive-footprint tire model. It is more difficult to weigh vehicles in motion accurately than to weigh standing vehicles. The difficulties in weighing moving vehicles result from sensor limitations as well as dynamic loading effects induced by vehicle/pavement interactions. For example, two identical vehicles with the same weight will generate sensor signals that differ in the shape and the peak value, depending the tire pressure, vehicle speed, road roughness, and sensor characteristics. This paper develops a method that is much less sensitive to these variable factors in determining the axle weight of a moving vehicle. In the developed method, first the piezoelectric sensor signal is reconstructed using the inverse dynamics of a high-pass filter representing the piezoelectric sensor. Then, the reconstructed signal, is normalized, using the nominal road/tire contact length obtained using an adaptive-footprint tire model, and then integrated. Experiments are performed with 3 vehicles of known weight ranging from 1,400 kg to 28,040 kg. The developed method is compared to two other algorithms. Results show that the developed method is most consistent and accurate.     

A New Method for Accurately Estimating the Weight of Moving Vehicles Using Piezoelectric Sensors and Adaptive-footprint Tire Model

Summary This paper presents new methods for estimating the axle weight of a moving vehicle, using two piezoelectric sensors and adaptive-footprint tire model. It is more difficult to weigh vehicles in motion accurately than to weigh standing vehicles. The difficulties in weighing moving vehicles result from sensor limitations as well as dynamic loading effects induced by vehicle/pavement interactions. For example, two identical vehicles with the same weight will generate sensor signals that differ in the shape and the peak value, depending the tire pressure, vehicle speed, road roughness, and sensor characteristics. This paper develops a method that is much less sensitive to these variable factors in determining the axle weight of a moving vehicle. In the developed method, first the piezoelectric sensor signal is reconstructed using the inverse dynamics of a high-pass filter representing the piezoelectric sensor. Then, the reconstructed signal, is normalized, using the nominal road/tire contact length obtained using an adaptive-footprint tire model, and then integrated. Experiments are performed with 3 vehicles of known weight ranging from 1,400 kg to 28,040 kg. The developed method is compared to two other algorithms. Results show that the developed method is most consistent and accurate.     

Ride Quality and Dynamics of Rail Vehicle Models for Microcomputers

This paper describes mathematical and computer models for ride quality and dynamics of rail vehicles developed for running on personal computers. The purpose of the computer simulations is for prediction of ride quality in order to study the dynamic stability of the system and the effect of track quality and irregularities on ride quality.

In deriving the equations of motion for dynamic stability, the tangential forces acting on the contact areas between the wheels and rails are of fundamental importance in railway vehicles dynamics and are included in the analysis [1]. These forces are due to the creep phenomenon between the wheel and the rail on which it is rolling. Track irregularities are defined in terms of four components consisting of gauge, cross level, alignment and vertical surface profile [2]. Relation of allowable track irregularities versus speed is given by the FRA Track Safety Standards. Analytical representation of track irregularities should include both PSD (Power Spectral Density) for CWR (Continuous Welded Rail) as well as discrete inputs from track joints.

In this paper, the rail vehicle suspension analysis and dynamics mathematical and computer models are described. The computer models are written in Fortran 77 and designed to run on personal computer. The paper also discusses programming considerations that must be taken into account when programming for microcomputers under DOS (IBM's Disk Operating System) and MS or RM Fortran Compilers. Most of the considerations are however, valid in general with respect to engineering software development and programming for microcomputers.

Computer graphics is a powerful tool for visualization of the resulting solutions such as the display of the characteristic roots for the eigenvalues solution on a root locus plot and representation of acceleration levels versus the “Reduced Comfort Boundary” limits defined by the International Standards Organization” (ISO 2631-1985). In this paper some examples of these resulting outputs are presented and their significance discussed.     

Hybrid state-feedback sliding-mode controller using fuzzy logic for four-wheel-steering vehicles

This paper presents a fuzzy controller for high-speed four-wheel-steering (4WS) vehicles based on the state-feedback and the sliding-mode control methods. In the proposed fuzzy controller, the consequent part of the fuzzy IF-THEN rules consists of either a sliding-mode controller or a state-feedback controller. Also, it will be proved that, if every fuzzy rule is stable in the sense of Lyapunov for a general Lyapunov function, defined for the whole system, then the whole system is stable in the sense of Lyapunov. The effectiveness of the proposed method for handling improvement of the 4WS systems will be demonstrated by simulations using a nonlinear vehicle model. The simulation results show that the proposed control method can enhance the dynamic response of the 4WS vehicles by reducing the transient response time and improving vehicle stability as compared to the sliding-mode and the fuzzy sliding-mode control methods.     

物流配送的動態服務區域規劃系統架構

物流業中執行各種類型服務業務,在固定服務區域範圍來指派車輛,實施規劃合理的搬運工作;但無法確實要求搬運服務者,依事前規劃之排程及一些臨時性緊急性任務變動逐一實施服務,主要因為無法對已離場車輛實施即時掌控,導致離場車輛的任務指派、插入、刪除、變更等的調度工作增加許多複雜因素。論文架構針對：①離場車輛彈性調度的運用層面上,導入動態服務區域的規劃,使用排程演算配送順序,調整日單位車輛數及總車行距離;②利用FRID大量收集即時資料及GPS定位功能,掌握各服務區域內之搬運服務者的作業負擔量,同時對各服務區域內之車輛需求進行重新規劃;③運用即時電子看板（E-KANBAN）指派集結與新運送路徑,計算各車的運送距離並逐步整合服務區域,令各車的調度指派彈性增加。論文架構以3G無線網路實踐雙向通信的功能,透過電子看板傳遞與接收即時車載運送物品資信,擴大車控中心機能,操作排程及服務區域的動態規劃,逐步修正配送作業流程,達成車輛使用率遞減,降低運輸成本。     

大客车空气弹簧动态特性的试验分析

空气弹簧具有变刚度特性，其振动频率要比钢板弹簧低得多。对客车用空气簧动态特性进行了试验分析。结果表明，空气弹簧在多种载荷工况下特性曲线具有相似性，说明一种空气弹簧适合于多种载荷的汽车；空气弹簧的动刚度主要取决于激励频率，在低频范围内幅值比较小，高频范围内幅值比较大。     

信号交叉口车路环境对电动自行车释放膨胀特性的影响分析

电动自行车数量的急剧增长导致其在绿灯释放阶段膨胀特性明显，进而加重了交叉口的机非冲突、降低了车流的通行效率。利用视频轨迹提取技术，通过光流法的表现形式描述直行电动自行车在绿灯期间的膨胀特征，并根据其密度变化、膨胀差异和电动自行车对机动车的影响程度，确定出释放初期为主要研究时段；同时，提出了一种反映电动自行车膨胀变化的新型指标膨胀度，分别通过线性相关分析、秩相关性分析和偏相关分析，确定了车路环境中影响膨胀度的动态因素和静态因素；最后基于6个信号交叉口的实测数据，建立各因素与膨胀度的数学关系模型，并结合实际交通条件，给出不同车路环境下电动自行车的管控措施与渠化方法。研究结果表明：车路环境中的电动自行车流量、机动车流量、电动自行车过街距离、非机动车进/出口道宽度、机非分隔带设置情况这5种因素对膨胀度的影响能力各异，右转机动车流量与膨胀度相关性最高。此外，动态因素与膨胀度之间具有确定的函数关系，存在电动自行车与机动车流量均衡效益最大的优势区域；静态因素的差异会导致电动自行车膨胀形式的变化；膨胀度可与动态、静态因素构建复合函数模型。研究成果可为混合交通流的渠化设计和信号配时提供理论依据和技术支持。     

自适应巡航及协同式巡航对交通流的影响分析

自适应巡航（ACC）和协同式自适应巡航（CACC）等自动驾驶技术正逐渐进入市场，未来一段时间内道路交通流将由人工驾驶车辆与不同等级、不同形式的自动驾驶车辆混合构成。为分析ACC和CACC对交通流的影响，利用实测交通数据NGSim建立人工驾驶车辆跟驰模型，并在综合已有ACC和CACC模型的基础上，提出基于安全间距的自动驾驶跟驰行为模型，进而得出不同ACC，CACC车辆渗透率下交通流的基本图模型。研究结果表明：自动驾驶可以提升交通容量；与ACC车辆比例r_a相比，CACC车辆比例r_c对交通容量的影响更为显著；当r_c>0.5时，饱和流量快速增加，当r_c=1时，饱和流量约为纯人工驾驶时的2倍。进一步，通过仿真考察车辆在车队中的跟驰响应和交通流在瓶颈处的运行情况。研究结果表明：自动驾驶改善了交通流的动态特性，对存在跟驰关系的连续车流来说，自动驾驶使得后车可以更加及时地响应前车的行为，车流会在更短的时间内进入稳态；在交通瓶颈处，自动驾驶降低了拥堵程度，提高了阻塞发生的临界流量。总体来看，自动驾驶对交通流静态和动态性能均有所提升，特别是在协同式自动驾驶场景下，车辆行为更加协调一致，交通流表现出良好的抗扰性，进一步验证了车路协同对自动驾驶的意义。     

Longitudinal Oscillations of Vehicle/Trailer Combinations Induced by Overrun Braking

A mathematical model for the representation of longitudinal oscillations which can occur in car/trailer systems in braking, when the trailer brakes are applied through compression of the towing hitch, is described. The model is used to show how the trailer braking system parameters affect the steady deceleration performance of the vehicle combination, and the stability, in the linear system sense, of the steady motions. The sensitivity of the stability to other system design parameters is also examined.

Digital simulation of the motions occurring in response to a step input of car braking torque is reported, with the results confirming the predictions of the linear stability analysis, and also showing the influence of backlash in the trailer brake actuating mechanism.

The system is shown to be capable of self-excitation in a “shunting” mode, in which the car and trailer motions are in antiphase, with the stability/damping property critically dependent on drawbar damping, and only weakly dependent on other system parameters. The characteristic frequency of the “shunting” mode oscillations is shown to be controllable via the stiffness of the trailer brake linkage, but this frequency is closely related to the steady drawbar deflection which occurs in uniform deceleration.

The model behaviour described provides a basis for the design of relevant systems whose longitudinal dynamic characteristics will be satisfactory.     

Conceptual design of high-speed semi-low-floor bogie for train-tram

Train-tram railway vehicles implement the connection between urban tramlines and the surrounding railway network. Train-tram railway vehicles, which use existing infrastructure, can help to avoid large investments in new railways or tramlines and make interchanges between city center and surrounding cities unnecessary. However, present train-tram rail vehicle cannot carry out the integration of operating by means of high speed in intercity railways with operating on small radius of curvature in inner city tramlines. This paper aims to develop a new model for solid wheelsets train-tram railway vehicles, which will not only pass the curve of 25mR radius of curvature traveling on inner city tramlines with the speed of 18 km/h, but also can travel on straight railway with 200 km/h high speed between intercity. In this paper, a new train-tram model, including five car-body and five motor bogies with ten traction motors, is addressed. Expect as a real rail vehicle testing, this study prefer virtual simulation, which is an effective way to show the rail vehicle performance, such as ride stability, ride comfort and ride safety, by means of evaluating the dynamic characteristics of rail vehicle. Moreover, Design of Experiment (DOE) method is used to optimize solid wheelsets bogie system on improving passenger comfort, safety and stability of train-tram. Parameters of components of bogie system are tuned to minimize the derailment coefficient and the ride comfort index. The results shows that the best comfort index for passenger and minimum derailment coefficient are found. The results also show that this optimized new train-tram model is reliable and practical enough to be applied on real rail vehicle design.     

大跨径钢管混凝土拱桥的动力性能改造

移动车辆荷载是公路桥梁所承担的主要荷载形式，桥梁性能与服役寿命除依赖于其静力性能外，更依赖于结构在车辆荷载作用下的动力工作性能。钢管混凝土拱桥具有自重轻、强度大、抗变形能力强等优点，但若结构中各构件的组成、刚度、连接方式、布置形式不合理，虽然各项静力指标满足要求，也可能给结构带来严重的动力工作性能问题．结合黑龙江省哈同公路依兰牡丹江大桥的工程实例，针对该桥动力工作性能不足的问题，提出了对其动力性能进行改造的方法。经过改造后桥梁结构的动力工作性能有了很大程度的提高，保证了桥梁的安全性和使用性。     

纯电动汽车双电机单行星排动力系统构型设计与分析

纯电动汽车是当前缓解能源危机与环境污染问题的理想方案之一。然而，现阶段纯电动汽车的推广和发展却受到续驶里程较短等瓶颈问题的制约，难以得到有效普及。为了克服上述问题并进一步提升纯电动汽车的最大续驶里程和综合行驶性能，提出一种纯电动汽车双电机单行星排动力系统构型方案及其系统分析方法。采用一种表征动力源部件与机械耦合机构节点之间内约束关系的通用矩阵式拓扑设计方法，系统探索基于基础构型方案的所有可行性备选构型，获得各备选构型的输出特性，并自动生成备选构型的拓扑结构表达式和动力学模型。采用基于动态规划算法的全局最优控制策略对所有备选构型的最佳经济性和最佳动力性能进行仿真，通过比较备选构型的性能以筛选获得综合性能出色的双电机单行星排动力系统构型。研究结果表明：通过该方法对备选构型的最优能耗经济性与极限最优动力性能进行仿真测试，共获得25种满足能耗与动力性能筛选条件的构型；以单电机驱动构型方案作为参考构型，最终得到5种最优能耗经济性与最优动力性能均优于参考构型的优化构型方案解集，其中具有最佳经济性和动力性构型的0~120 km·h^-1极限加速时间为10.973 1 s，最优能耗经济性为13.610 6 kW·h·100 km^-1；该方法能够有效筛选获得经济性和动力性能优异的纯电动汽车双电机单行星排动力系统构型，进一步提升纯电动汽车的最大续驶里程和综合行驶性能。     

用于公路车-桥系统振动分析的精细化轮胎模型

为了解决当前公路车桥耦合振动模型中轮胎模型过于简化、车轮-路面接触力与桥梁响应计算结果不够精确的问题,提出了一种精细化轮胎模型.首先基于车辆橡胶轮胎的几何、力学特征,建立了径向弹簧力学模型并进行了理论推导;然后考虑轮胎与路面接触面的刚度分布特征和高速状况下轮胎的惯性力,提出了轮胎接触面分布刚度的计算方法,保证了轮胎接触...     

基于主动安全的轮间电控限滑差速器控制方法研究

论述了电控限滑差速器(ELSD)改善汽车动力学特性的原理,提出了基于提高汽车主动安全性的控制方法。该方法利用前馈与误差反馈控制相结合来控制车辆运动状态。反馈系数根据最优控制的方法确定。通过对所述控制系统的仿真研究,证明该系统在各种路面条件下均可明显改善汽车的操纵稳定性与主动安全性。