邻车切入工况下前撞预警系统的驾驶人依赖特性

为提升邻车切入工况下的行车安全,基于驾驶模拟实验平台,研究了驾驶人对前撞预警系统的依赖特性评价方法以改进预警系统的设计。以预警时机(即碰时间TTC)为研究变量,采集了12名驾驶人的实验数据,以制动依赖指数、次任务评分为2项客观指标,以危险度评分、信任度评分为2项主观指标,建立了评价体系模型,实现了对驾驶人系统依赖程度的量化评价。设计了L9(34)正交实验,建立了依赖特性评价回归模型。结果表明:预警时机(TTC)对依赖特性的影响最为显著:过晚的预警时机(TTC=2.4 s)降低系统的有效性;过早的预警时机(TTC=1.2 s)易导致驾驶人对系统过度依赖。因而,适度推迟预警时机(TTC=1.8 s)可以抑制依赖性的产生,提升系统的安全性。     

Driver propensity characterization for different forward collision warning times

The forward collision warning system, which warns danger to the driver after sensing possibility of crash in advance, has been actively studied recently. Such systems developed until now give a warning, regardless of driver’s driving propensity. However, it’s not reasonable to give a warning to every driver at the same time because drivers are different in driving propensity. In this study, to give a warning to each driver differently, three metrics classifying driver’s driving propensity were developed by using the driving data on a testing ground. These three metrics are the predicted time headway, required deceleration divided by the deceleration of the leading vehicle, and the resultant acceleration divided by the deceleration of the leading vehicle. Driving propensity was divided into 3 groups by using these metrics for braking and steering cases. In addition, these metrics were verified by making sure that braking propensity could be classified on public roads as well.     

Development of a Driving Behavior-Based Collision Warning System Using a Neural Network

An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) uses radar, visual information, and laser sensors to calculate variables representing driving conditions, such as time-to-collision (TTC) and time headway (THW), and to determine collision risk using empirically set thresholds. However, the empirically set threshold can generate differences in performance that are detected by the driver. It is appropriate to quickly relay collision risk to drivers whose response speed to dangerous situations is relatively slow and who drive defensively. However, for drivers whose response speed is relatively fast and who drive actively, it may be better not to provide a warning if they are aware of the collision risk in advance, because giving collision warnings too frequently can lower the reliability of the warnings and cause dissatisfaction in the driver, or promote disregard. To solve this problem, this study proposes a collision warning system (CWS) based on an individual driver’s driving behavior. In particular, a driver behavior model was created using an artificial neural network learning algorithm so that the collision risk could be determined according to the driving characteristics of the driver. Finally, the driver behavior model was learned using actual vehicle driving data and the applicability of the proposed CWS was verified through simulation.     

智能车辆安全辅助驾驶技术研究近况

论述了安全辅助驾驶技术的研究现状、研究的必要性以及研究进展。安全辅助驾驶技术包括车道偏离预警与保持、前方车辆探测及安全车距保持、行人检测、驾驶员行为监测、车辆运动控制与通讯等。分析了各种传感器的优缺点及其在实际应用过程中存在的问题,基于单一传感器不能很好地解决安全辅助驾驶技术可靠性和环境适应能力的要求,应结合激光雷达技术解决图像模糊问题,利用红外传感器增强机器视觉识别的可靠性,未来的安全辅助驾驶技术应该采取多种传感器融合的技术,结合毫米波雷达和激光雷达系统具有深度测量精确的特点,将极大的推动汽车安全辅助驾驶系统的应用和推广。     

驾驶中拨打手机对驾驶人脑力负荷及驾驶行为的影响分析

基于驾驶模拟实验平台,选择高速公路、城市道路2种交通环境,对3名低龄驾驶人正常驾驶与拨打手机驾驶情况下的脑力负荷及驾驶行为表征指标进行了全程监测。每组实验时间约为15min。其中,脑力负荷评估采用心率变异性相关指标,驾驶行为表征采用后视镜使用、转向灯使用、档位变换及速度变化等指标。实验结果表明,相比于正常状态驾驶中拨打手机时心率变异性指标,出现了驾驶人LFNU指标增大、HFNU指标减小、LF/HF比值明显增大、TP增大的现象,规律明显。在排除驾驶疲劳对心电指标产生影响的可能后,可初步判定出现以上现象的原因是拨打手机引起了驾驶人脑力负荷的大幅增加。在驾驶人认知资源有限的情况下,脑力负荷的增大造成了驾驶人在信息获取、转向灯使用、档位变换和车速保持等方面的能力有不同程度的下降。综上所述,驾驶中拨打手机使得驾驶人脑力负荷大幅增加,进而对驾驶行为产生了诸多负面影响,给交通安全带来了隐患。因此,建议相关部门在法律、法规中对驾驶中拨打手机的行为加以限制,以减少交通事故风险。     

Human driving data-based design of a vehicle adaptive cruise control algorithm

This paper presents a vehicle adaptive cruise control algorithm design with human factors considerations. Adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems should be acceptable to drivers. In order to be acceptable to drivers, the ACC systems need to be designed based on the analysis of human driver driving behaviour. Manual driving characteristics are investigated using real-world driving test data. The goal of the control algorithm is to achieve naturalistic behaviour of the controlled vehicle that would feel natural to the human driver in normal driving situations and to achieve safe vehicle behaviour in severe braking situations in which large decelerations are necessary. A non-dimensional warning index and inverse time-to-collision are used to evaluate driving situations. A confusion matrix method based on natural driving data sets was used to tune control parameters in the proposed ACC system. Using a simulation and a validated vehicle simulator, vehicle following characteristics of the controlled vehicle are compared with real-world manual driving radar sensor data. It is shown that the proposed control strategy can provide with natural following performance similar to human manual driving in both high speed driving and low speed stop-and-go situations and can prevent the vehicle-to-vehicle distance from dropping to an unsafe level in a variety of driving conditions.     

一种驾驶员是否真正佩戴安全带自动取证系统

针对目前驾驶员是否系安全带的检测及报警装置仅仅只在本车内起报警作用,以及驾驶员虚佩戴安全带等问题,提出一种驾驶员是否真正佩戴安全带自动取证系统。该自动取证系统通过mRF2401单芯片无线发射模块采集车辆自身安全带报警装置中驾驶员安全带佩戴信息和车辆车牌号信息,并将此信息发射出去,无线接收装置nRF2401固定安装在铺设有交通专用网络的路段,并通过串口设备联网服务器将接收到的信息上传至交通专用网络,通过上位机,从而记录下未系安全带的驾驶员所在车辆车牌号信息。     

面向人因的车路协同系统综合测试及影响评估

面向冬奥主干通道兴延高速，以驾驶人适应性为导向，构建一种面向人因的车路协同系统硬件在环效能测试平台，针对多种道路条件、交通状态、特殊事件等面向高速公路设计13种交通情境，从主、客观2个维度实现车路协同系统包括主观感受、高效性、安全性、生态性、舒适性、有效性6个方面的驾驶人适应性评价，分析车路协同驾驶状态下的综合评估指标及影响机理。主观评估结果显示，车路协同技术对驾驶人有积极作用，52%的被试认为车载预警信息可以使行车过程更安全。客观运行结果表明：由于车路协同状态下驾驶人对于前方道路危险状况的可预知性，导致驾驶人提前降速，运行速度降低，效率有所下降；车路协同条件下的加速度和换道次数明显减小，其安全性显著提升；由于车路协同系统避免了驾驶人对于突发危险状况的紧急制动，因此车辆的油耗、排放均明显降低，其生态性改善效果显著；归因于驾驶人对于车路协同系统熟悉程度不足，导致舒适度各系统存在不一致的结论，也表明驾驶人对于车路协同系统的接受度和信任度均有待进一步提高；驾驶人在车路协同条件下可获取不同路段的限速值和超速提示，其有效性表现出明显的优势，速度跟随比有显著提升。所构建的测试平台和指标体系为进一步深层次挖掘车路协同的作用机理奠定了基础。     

基于驾驶工作负荷的高海拔地区隧道照明亮度分析

为研究高海拔地区与平原区驾驶员驾驶工作负荷差异特性以得到适用于高海拔地区的隧道照明亮度需求，以及客观量化高海拔地区公路隧道照明设计与管理标准提供理论、方法与技术依据，基于驾驶员驾驶工作负荷理论，从驾驶视认安全、稳定和舒适性的角度，分别在道路运行条件相似的江西宜安Ⅱ级公路和青藏公路高原青藏段（公路－Ⅱ级）设计实车试验进行定量研究。1）运用CART分类方法分析实地驾驶试验数据，发现海拔高度与驾驶员正常行驶的驾驶工作负荷之间呈正相关关系： 平原区驾驶员驾驶需求最低、驾驶工作负荷度最小，海拔高度3 200～3 300 m驾驶工作负荷度居中，海拔高度4 300～4 400 m驾驶工作负荷度最大。2）通过分析得到高海拔地区驾驶员驾驶工作负荷可根据海拔高度进行修正，得到修正系数和驾驶工作负荷度阈限。3）提出高海拔地区隧道照明视认需求相对于平原区的修正系数，海拔高度3 200～3 300 m时为1.2，海拔高度4 300～4 400 m时为1.8。4）得到不同海拔高度公路隧道各个特征段照明亮度设计标准。     

Highly reliable driving workload analysis using driver electroencephalogram (EEG) activities during driving

Traffic accidents are caused by various factors, which can be classified into human factors, vehicle factors and environmental factors. Recently, human factors have been drawing particular attention as efforts are being made to enhance the safety performance of vehicles and improve road conditions. Driving distraction caused by an increased driving workload is a representative human factor. Various studies in the past have attempted to quantify the driving workload by using EEG activities. However, they have failed to consider vibration properties generated from vehicle engines. A number of noise signals were included in brainwave signal processing, which resulted in a failure to obtain reliable outcomes. Thus, this study suggests driver EEG activities free of vehicle engine secondary vibration in order to develop a method that analyzes the driving workload with high statistical reliability. By using the analytical method developed in this study, standard values of driving workload for straight and left-turn driving that has statistical significance could be calculated. The analytical method for driving workload created by this study can be applied to HVI and road design.     

On-road assessment of in-vehicle driving workload for older drivers: Design guidelines for intelligent vehicles

There has been recent interest in intelligent vehicle technologies, such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) or in-vehicle information systems (IVISs), that offer a significant enhancement of safety and convenience to drivers and passengers. However, the use of ADAS- and IVIS-based information devices may increase driver distraction and workload, which in turn can increase the chance of traffic accidents. The number of traffic accidents involving older drivers that are due to distraction, misjudgment, and delayed detection of danger, all of which are related to the drivers’ declining physical and cognitive capabilities, has increased. Because the death rate in traffic accidents is higher when older drivers are involved, finding ways to reduce the distraction and workload of older drivers is important. This paper generalizes driver information device operations and assesses the workload while driving by means of experiments involving 40 drivers in real cars under actual road conditions. Five driving tasks (manual only, manual primarily, visual only, visual primarily, and visual-manual) and three age groups (younger (20–29 years of age), middle-aged (40–49 years of age), and older (60–69 years of age)) were considered in investigating the effect of age-related workload difference. Data were collected from 40 drivers who drove in a real car under actual road conditions. The experimental results showed that age influences driver workload while performing in-vehicle tasks.     

Study of in-vehicle route guidance systems for improvement of right-side drivers in the Japanese traffic system

A country can adopt one of two standards for traffic flow — cars may travel on the left or right side of the road. When drivers who are accustomed to driving on the right side of the road drive on the left side, and vice versa, the mental workload is likely increased due to the driver’s unfamiliarity with a new language, the position of the driver’s seat, different driving directions, and other factors that differ from those of their home country. One method of doing this is to make sure that the in-vehicle route guidance information (RGI) is not overly complicated — thereby assisting drivers in improving their safety. Consequently, the aim of this study was to facilitate mobility and improve safety for natural right-side drivers driving temporarily in left-side traffic. In this study, driver behavior and workload — given various types of RGI — were evaluated in a driving simulator with a variety of prescribable test conditions. This research was composed of two experiments. In the first, various types of in-vehicle route guidance systems were tested and evaluated in terms of their characteristics and associated driver behaviors (while driving). In the second experiment, systemic factors and effectiveness were evaluated by two combined systems, arrow and map-type information, based on the results of the first experiment. In light of both experiments, the various types of route guidance systems were discussed in terms of their results. A navigation system was proposed to alleviate some of the secondary tasks such as route selection.     

Intelligent speed adaptation: Preliminary results of on-road study in Penang,Malaysia

The first field experiment with intelligent speed adaptation (ISA) in Malaysia was held in December 2010 in the State of Penang. Eleven private cars were instrumented with an advisory system. The system used in the present study included a vocal warning message and a visual text message that is activated when the driver attempts to exceed the speed limit. When the driver decreases the speed, the warning stops; otherwise it is continuously repeated. The test drivers drove the vehicles for three months with the installed system, and the speed was continuously logged in all vehicles. The warning was however only activated in the second month of the three month period. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of an advisory ISA on driving speed, traffic safety, and drivers' attitude, behavior, and acceptance of the system. To examine these effects, both the survey and the logged speed data were analyzed and explored. The results show a significant reduction in the mean, maximum and 85th percentile speed due to the use of the system. However, there was no long-lasting effect on the speed when the system was deactivated. In the post-trial survey, drivers declared that the system helped them well in following the speed limits and that it assisted them in driving more comfortably. Furthermore, the warning method was more accepted compared to a supportive system, such as active accelerator pedal (AAP). After the trial, most drivers were willing to keep an ISA system.     

基于驾驶人视觉感知的高速公路速度控制措施效果分析

为了从驾驶人视觉感知角度了解4种控制措施(限速标志、警告标志、减速标线、彩色路面)对驾驶人行车速度控制的效果,基于驾驶人动态视觉特性,建立了视觉信息负荷模型,将驾驶人前方视觉区域划分成1个中央视野和4个周边视野,量化了速度控制措施对驾驶人视觉感知影响。基于实车试验数据分析表明:行车速度与驾驶人感知到的速度控制设施的视觉信息量显著相关,信息量越大,减速幅度越大;在速度控制措施的持续影响下,减速频率不会超过,而后趋于稳定。     

分布式大型车辆防撞预警系统设计与实现

大型车辆的交通事故已经成为社会关注的热点问题,减少碰撞风险是交通安全研究的重要内容。根据大型车辆前向碰撞预警、后方碰撞预警和侧向防撞预警的要求,设计了一种全方位防撞预警系统。系统以分布式信息采集、处理和报警平台为基础,通过基于安全距离的算法实现分级预警。实车预警实验表明该系统能够根据安全等级准确地给出报警信息。     

基于驾驶风格的前撞预警系统报警策略

考虑驾驶风格的影响,设计了一种优化的纵向相对距离预测模型,并基于此模型改进了前撞预警系统报警策略。驾驶风格分类结合了分位点法和信息熵法,以不同方式进行特征提取,使用k-means方法聚类样本数据。基于长短期记忆模型,设计了编码器-解码器模型用于预测,以上述分类的全部数据训练模型的共用部分参数,以提高模型的泛化能力;而以3种驾驶风格对应数据集对模型的个性化部分参数进行更高学习率的训练。利用上述预测模型,对基于欧洲新车评估计划-自动紧急制动系统测试协议的前撞预警策略进行改进,使误报警次数从123降低至50。     

基于CAN总线的汽车倒车控制系统研究

汽车倒车控制系统是一种智能电子监控系统。在驾驶员停车或倒车时,检测车辆侧面和后面的障碍物距离并输出方向盘转向提示,当障碍物与车之间的距离超过设定的域值及安全驾驶距离时倒车系统会发出声音报警,提醒驾驶员控制汽车与障碍物保持一定的安全距离。这样一来即使驾驶员视野处于盲区也能使车辆有效躲避障碍物,避免发生碰撞,从而实现安全倒车。     

超速行为多通道告警及差异化矫正研究

为了对超速行为进行有效控制，研究多通道告警系统以及差异化矫正系统对不同风险等级超速行为的干预矫正效果。试验基于模拟驾驶三维仿真平台，搭建包含隧道在内的限速高速公路场景，将招募的48名被试平均分为对照组、告警组、矫正组以及告警-矫正组，采用自主设计的多通道告警系统以及差异化矫正系统进行模拟驾驶试验。结果表明：在驾驶表现方面，与对照组相比，告警组的平均车速离差减小，但可接受风险超速比例显著增加，矫正组的平均车速显著降低，比对照组低8.31 km·h^-1，告警-矫正组超速时间比例最低，在可接受风险、低风险以及高风险超速行为下，其平均超速比例分别低至6.55%、0.18%和0.01%；在主观评价方面，告警-矫正组在有效度、接受度、使用度、推广度、满意度、理解度、轻松程度和注意力分散程度等8个维度的综合评分最高；在视觉特性方面，相比矫正组，告警-矫正组的积分界面注视频率以及积分界面注意力分配率均显著下降，对限速标志牌的注视频次最高，且单次视线离开路面时长在462~982 ms区间，表明告警-矫正组合系统在不干扰驾驶人安全驾驶的情况下，提高了驾驶人主动控制超速行为的意识。     

In and out vision-based driver-interactive assistance system

The overall driving environment consists of the Traffic environment, vehicle and driver states (TVD). advanced driver assistance Systems (ADAS) must consider not only information on each of the TVD states but also their context. Recent research has focused on making more efficient and effective assistance systems by fusing all the information from the TVD states. Based on this research trend, this paper focuses on decision-level fusion to estimate the level of danger of a warning by using visual information of the traffic environment and the driver state. The driver state consists of the gazing region and the facial feature points that are obtained using the active appearance model (AAM). The traffic environment state consists of time to collision (TTC), time to lane Crossing (TLC), and lane color information, which are obtained from the environment in front of the vehicle, i.e., position of lanes and other vehicles. Warnings against lane-off, collision, and driver inattention are generated by fusing this vision-based information from inside and outside the vehicle. The experimental results prove that our vision-based interactive driver assistance system reduces most useless warnings.     

车路协同信息融合的智能汽车行驶状态模糊评判

为了监测与评判道路上行驶的智能汽车的实时状态,基于研发的智能汽车的车载感知系统,包括通过视觉传感器、激光雷达、GPS定位、车载传感器系统及车载总线获取车内及周围环境信息。采用V2X通讯设备等获取路侧端雷视一体机、路侧传感器、气象传感器传输的交通信息,通过V2X通讯设备、4G通讯模块传送到云服务器并建立模糊评判模型。基于可信度的模糊推理算法对环境信息和交通信息进行融合,并以此为依据对行驶车辆的状态进行评判。首先,建立针对车辆行驶状态的模糊评判集合和各参数隶属度函数,计算出各参数的隶属度,并对行驶车辆的各个参数建立典型的行驶状态评判参数数据集合。其次,采用模糊假言推理方法,以典型的数据集合为基础建立带可信度和阈值的模糊规则库。应用麦姆德尼方法,建立与规则库的每个规则所对应的模糊关系矩阵库。以车辆行驶时接收到的车载端和路侧端信息作为输入,应用规则库规则进行带有可信度的模糊推理。然后,以相似度作为匹配度,对推理规则设定阈限,按照证据与规则的前件不相等的情况,计算结论的可信度得出结论。对结论进行冲突消解时,冲突消解的策略为取可信度高的结论。最后,应用匹配度对结论的可靠性进行验证,并在多个道路场景实时行驶的车辆上对算法进行试验验证。研究结果表明:算法对行驶车辆状态的评判与实车的状态相一致,可实现对车辆不安全状态的报警与行驶状态的干预,对保障行车安全有显著积极的实际应用意义。