Zambia,the TAZARA and the alternative outlets to the sea

Zambia has attempted to reduce her excessive transport dependency on her traditional transport routes via South Africa and the former Portugese colonies. The costly construction of the Tanzania‐Zambia Railway (TAZARA) was part of this diversification strategy. This article examines the nature, extent and direction of Zambian traffic, including its historical evolution. It explores further the place of TAZARA among the various routes to Mozambican, Angolan and South African ports, and the ensuing actual and potential competition. Future traffic patterns will be influenced not only by the direct and service‐oriented costs of the different lines, but also by the region's volatile and uncertain political climate.     

Problems of the carless in the United Kingdom and the United States

An examination of current population statistics shows that in the U.S. more than half of the population is without immediate access to a car, and in the U.K. more than three-fifths of the population is without access to a car. This phenomenon has been accentuated by national investment in both countries in major highway programs. The term carless refers to more than just households that own no cars. It extends, in households with cars to those without licenses (old and young), the handicapped, and even the licensed drivers who have no access to the family car when it is in use elsewhere (e.g. at work). The most severely effected are those in urban areas and especially the urban poor. Transportation expenses are limited for the poor when other family expenditures (food, shelter) take a high priority. Once the work trip has been satisfied, money for other trips, for the poor, is not always available. One solution to cost-free travel is pedestrianism (walking), but this too is difficult in urban areas where the pedestrian has been overlooked in favor of the car. Solutions to problems of the carless include dial-a-ride, better public transit, and better design of urban form.     

支架法在海中箱梁现浇施工中的应用

针对海中箱梁现浇施工中的工程量大、工期紧迫、悬臂法施工不能满足工期要求和施工难度大等问题，文章结合青岛海湾大桥箱梁现浇施工实践，介绍以钢管桩支撑作为承载基础，采用贝雷梁与碗扣式支架相结合的支架，成功地解决现浇箱梁施工难题的方法。     

Is it the labor unions’ fault? Dissecting the causes of the impaired technical efficiencies of the legacy carriers in the United States

Data envelopment analysis is used to evaluate the technical efficiencies of a number of major passenger airlines in the United States at transforming their inputs (labor, fuel and fleet-wide seating capacity) into available seat-miles. A tobit regression model is then used to identify the underlying drivers of airline efficiency, as measured by the data envelopment analysis efficiency score. The impact of unionization on airline efficiency is found to be statistically insignificant, controlling for the influences of other hypothesized determinants of airline efficiency: the average age of an airline’s fleet, the average size of its aircraft, its average stage length, the extent to which the airline relies of hubbing within its route structure, the percent of its passenger enplanements that are international, and whether the airline is a legacy carrier. The statistically significant drivers of airline efficiency, at a ten percent level of significance, are average aircraft size, average stage length and the extent to which the airline relies on hubbing and connecting flights within its route structure. The stage length variable is not significant at a five percent level of significance, however. An increase in average aircraft size or in average stage length enhances an airline’s efficiency whereas an increase in hubbing reduces it.     

基于声电类比法的管系气柱固有频率的计算

基于平面波动理论与电学系统方程的等价,建立管道气柱单元声学等效电路.采用MATLAB/SIMULINKL软件,通过谐振法对气柱系统进行电路仿真,得到其各阶固有频率,并与传递矩阵法计算结果相比较,误差很小,说明采用声电类比法计算气柱固有频率是有效的.     

川气东送天然气管道线路水合物形成预测

为了更好地预测、分析和处理水合物造成的不良后果,以川气东送管道为例讨论了天然气水合物的形成原因,提出了输气管线水合物预测模型,并建立了水合物形成预测的压力和温度计算模型,编制了“水合物预测软件”,预测该管道线路和场站的水合物形成条件和易形成水合物的区域.文中通过以上方法很好地预测了川气东送管道水合物的形成区域及情况,该预测方法可用于天然气管道线路水合物的形成预测.     

复合式TBM在重庆地铁实践中的关键技术研究

文章通过复合式TBM在重庆轨道交通六号线工程中的应用实践,对复合式TBM的特点及其工程适应性进行了分析;对衬砌断面及其支护参数的设计、超深竖井及其支护参数的设计,以及复合式TBM穿越建筑物的施工微扰动控制设计等几大关键技术方案进行了详细阐述;明确了设计方案的合理性与先进性.     

Evaluating the efficiency of the Essential Air Service program in the United States

Essential Air Service (EAS) is a federally funded program in the United States that provides connecting, commercial air service between rural communities and their nearest large or medium commercial hub airport. During fiscal year 2010, $170 million dollars were spent to provide this service to 107 communities in the US. However, with significant variations in subsidies to each airport (ranging from $427,757 to $3,082,403) and marked differences in passengers served, there are serious concerns regarding the overall efficiency of the EAS program. The purpose of this paper is to use data envelopment analysis integrated in a geographic information system for evaluating service efficiencies at the community level. Policy implications and strategies to improve the EAS program are discussed.     

新老路基结合部处治技术

文章分析了路基拓宽工程的主要方式和工程技术问题,提出了新老路基不协调变形的计算方法和路面结构对路基不协调变形的力学响应模式,通过建立基于不协调变形控制的路基拓宽设计理论和方法,系统地提出不同条件下的新老路基结合部处治技术及其施工控制方法,为公路路基拓宽工程的设计与施工提供了科学依据。     

高压泄压阀指挥器的改进

泄压设施是石油化工装置安全保护系统的重要组成部分。对于长距离密闭输油管道,输油泵站必须设有压力保护泄放设施,防止瞬变压力对输油设备造成的危害。担负着胜利油田原油外输任务的东临复线沿线泵站的高压泄压阀出现的故障多集中在泄压阀指挥器上,经过分析调研试验后,对高压泄压阀指挥器进行了改造,利用压力开关、电磁换向阀、继电器等电器元件构成电气装置指挥器替代原设备的机械结构指挥器,保证了泄压阀的控制精度和可靠性。     

紧邻有轨电车高架桥基坑施工安全保障措施

结合苏州太湖大道改造工程阳山西路隧道基坑工程,文章分析了紧邻有轨电车高架桥基坑施工时存在的风险及相应安全保证措施,研究了各主要施工工序的控制要点,并对施工期间可能出现的风险提出了针对性的应急措施,不仅可以确保基坑的安全和稳定,而且将基坑施工对高架桥的影响降到最低,安全保障措施可供类似工程参考。     

广西优先发展公共交通思路探析

文章从广西城市客运行业发展的现状出发,提出优先发展公共交通示范城市试点工程的工作思路,并在深入分析广西城市客运行业存在问题的基础上,提出了行业发展的初步设想.     

桥梁下部结构加固主要工艺

结合京福高速K30+924通道桥维修加固工程,叙述了高压喷射灌浆法、粘贴碳纤维贴片法及钢板补强法的施工工艺。     

On the calibration of the combined distribution-assignment model

We consider a model which combines gravity model trip distribution and equilibrium assignment. This model contains a free parameter which must be fixed using supplementary information, that is, the model must be calibrated. It is natural to ask which supplementary information is sufficient to determine the free parameter. We show here that under very weak hypotheses each of the quantities, the entropy H or the total assignment cost F, is alone sufficient to determine the free parameter. In contrast, it is shown by means of a counterexample that even under very strong hypotheses, the total cost C is not sufficient.     

汶川震后杨家山隧道断层塌方成因及其地质雷达预研究

受汶川地震的影响,经过断层带的公路隧道在施工时更容易出现大的塌方事故.为避免造成人员伤亡和经济损失,本文以广甘高速公路杨家山隧道右洞桩号K22+624段塌方为工程背景,采用现场地质描述分析、地质雷达探测,以及编写程序的正演模拟相结合,对汶川地震过后断层带对隧道塌方的影响进行研究.结果表明,在震后断层带的影响范围内,围岩整体特性发生突变,雷达波形图中会形成强烈的反射波信号,经过后期处理,能够得到较为清晰的波形异常图,从而推测出掌子面前方可能出现塌方的情况.文章最后对地质雷达探测加以正演模拟,可有效地指导整个隧道施工过程,并取得较好的经济收益.     

浅覆土砂层土压平衡盾构始发掘进对环境的影响分析

盾构始发和到达安全掘进控制技术是困扰盾构隧道施工的主要难题之一。盾构进出洞施工中,面临掌子面失稳、土体坍塌、涌水涌砂、地表沉陷、盾构"抬头及磕头"等诸多施工风险。本文从基坑及隧道的破坏模式,塑性区分布范围出发,通过有限差分法针对易受扰动的浅埋砂层地层盾构始发段进行了研究,为加固区范围大小的选择提供了依据。研究表明,在不采取加固措施时,基坑开挖后隧道始发段的竖向位移、拱底的隆起和最大纵向挤出变形量均过大,显示基坑将发生坍塌等破坏。当盾构始发段主要加固措施为旋喷桩,加固后的土体的物理参数得到了显著的提升。本文在此基础上得出了旋喷桩的合理加固区域。     

广州地铁东山口站站台隧道扩挖修建技术

广州地铁六号线东山口站为国内首例在周边环境复杂条件下实施"先隧后站、盾构隧道扩挖"修建地铁车站的工程。文章介绍了该站左线站台隧道在盾构隧道的基础上扩挖形成地铁车站的主要修建技术及施工特点和难点。实践证明,采用盾构与明(暗)挖法相结合修建地铁车站的施工技术,是城市繁华地区修建地铁车站有效解决区间盾构隧道与车站施工相互干扰难题的重要途径。     

开挖工况对偏压连拱隧道结构及上覆山体稳定性的影响

文章采用弹塑性有限元数值模拟,对不同开挖工况下地形偏压连拱隧道围岩及主体结构的应力场、位移场、破坏区分布进行了分析,研究了开挖工况对隧道上覆山体稳定性的影响。分析表明,当先开挖浅埋侧隧道时,围岩、结构及上覆山体稳定性都要优于先开挖深埋侧隧道的方式,其计算结果可为同类隧道的设计、施工提供有益的参考。     

Contribution to the design of the Athletes Bus Network during the Athens 2004 Olympic Games

This paper describes important aspects of the design of the Athletes transportation system for the Athens 2004 Olympic Games. The unique characteristics of this network include the close dependence of the vehicle schedules on the competition and training program, the requirement for 100% service reliability, as well as the requirement for full system monitoring and control. In this paper we present methods for the development of service specifications, estimation of the bus fleet size, the design of the network’s organization and management system, and corresponding critical implementation issues. All these issues are relevant to the design and management of bus transport systems for large events.     

诠释企业用人之道

人才资源位于企业各种可支配的资源之首.人才是水,企业是舟,水可载舟,亦可覆舟.企业之间的差距从根本上说是用人的差距.