基于模糊逻辑的导航定位数据校正算法

为了提高GPS/DR组合定位系统的定位精度,通常采用地图匹配算法来修正定位误差.文中采用了一种基于模糊逻辑的导航定位数据校正算法,对经联合卡尔曼滤波输出的GPS/DR的定位数据进行校正.通过Matlab仿真实验,结果表明,该算法能有效地减小误差,提高组合定位系统的定位精度,改善其对航线跟踪的质量.     

基于道路节点自适应缓冲区的矢量地图校正算法

针对传统矢量地图制作中存在的道路位置误差及当前矢量地图校正算法中存在的不足,提出了一种新的矢量地图校正算法.利用大量浮动车GPS数据的地理空间分布特征,构建了道路节点的自适应缓冲区,并对缓冲区内的有效GPS数据进行了筛选,然后通过对筛选后的GPS数据进行层次聚类分析处理,获得了更准确道路节点位置.通过对道路节点校正完成道路校正,运用该算法对重庆市某区域原始矢量地图中的道路进行了校正试验.结果表明:算法能够对存在位置误差的路段进行有效校正,且对于误差较大路段的校正效果更加明显,校正后矢量地图的平均位置误差显著降低.     

基于安时法的锂离子电池SOC估计实时校正方法CSCD

为减少工业常用荷电状态(SOC)估计方法——安时法的累积误差,提出一种实时校正的锂离子电池SOC估计方法。在0~60℃,放电倍率1 C、2 C、3 C和0.33 C下,进行锂离子电池放电实验,测量了电压、电流、温度,建立了锂离子电池放电数据库。从该库获取上述放电温度、放电倍率范围,SOC值为20%、80%时的开路电压,以此两点引入一条关于电压与SOC的直线。以该直线上某点电压所对应SOC作为修正项,并引入修正因子α,来校正安时法所得剩余电量SOC估计值。与实验值对比,该SOC估计结果的误差小于4%,符合工业需求。     

北极东北航道商船陀螺罗经航向误差修正算法

针对商船上常用的指向仪器设备陀螺罗经在北极东北航道航行时由于高纬度带来的指向力矩变小而导致指向精度下降问题, 基于北极东北航道罗经历史数据, 考虑纬度和航向对航向误差的影响, 利用最小二乘法对GPS卫星罗经与陀螺罗经的航向误差进行多项式拟合, 建立并比对3种拟合模型, 遴选出均方误差最小的陀螺罗经航向修正模型; 当GPS信号异常时, 利用该模型对陀螺罗经航向误差进行一次修正; 修正后陀螺罗经航向精度保持在±2.0°内, 精度在±1°以内的修正率达88.4%;当GPS信号正常时, 在一次修正的基础上利用卡尔曼滤波进行二次修正, 修正后的陀螺罗经航向精度在±1.0°以内的修正率为98.9%, 精度在±0.5°以内的修正率达88.9%。      

基于RNN的智能网联汽车高精度定位方法

针对智能网联汽车行驶过程中GPS信号丢失引起定位失效的问题，提出基于RNN的高精度定位方法。采用数据驱动建模方法建立汽车行驶过程中基于RNN的定位模型，利用GPS、INS 和RTK等技术，设计了高精度定位数据采集系统。对基于BP 和RNN的定位模型性能进行比较，同时分析了基于RNN的定位模型在不同GPS信号失效时长下模型的定位精度。试验表明，基于RNN的高精度定位模型性能更佳，当GPS 信号失效时长30 s 时，其98% 定位精度误差小于40 cm。     

车路协同环境下行人目标信息融合算法研究

车载行人识别系统由于存在检测距离精确度不高及受遮挡影响较大等问题,在弯道及交叉口情况下适应性差。为提高行人防碰撞系统的预警效果,提出在车路协同环境下的行人目标信息融合算法研究。采用路侧和车载摄像头检测行人轨迹信息,通过Kalman滤波进行信息预处理,其次分别通过时间对准、空间对准、轨迹关联和信息融合完成对行人目标的位置估计。最后,搭建实车实验平台,对提出的信息融合算法进行验证。实验结果显示,对于X方向的行人轨迹误差,通过轨迹融合后,行人轨迹最大绝对误差、绝对平均误差相比于融合前均有大幅度减小,分别为50.00%,55.56%;对于Y方向的行人轨迹误差,通过轨迹融合后,行人轨迹最大绝对误差、绝对平均误差相比于融合前均有大幅度减小,分别为40.00%,62.07%。实验结果表明,该融合算法提高了行人轨迹检测精度,增强了系统的预警精确度。     

基于多传感信息融合的智能车辆定位方法

针对高精度定位系统中地图的重要性问题,将定位问题分为无地图定位与基于地图定位,分别对智能车辆的定位问题进行探索。对研究的智能车辆、传感器及其定位问题进行建模分析,再对该平台实施传感器校准以减小系统误差。对于无地图定位问题,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法将里程计与惯性测量单元(IMU)数据相融合,通过试验证明航迹推测法存在累计误差,不适用于长距离位姿估计。对于地图定位问题,采用激光传感器构建室内环境地图,根据蒙特卡罗算法(粒子滤波算法)融合里程计、IMU、激光数据信息进行室内定位试验,结果表明,基于地图的定位方法可对累计误差进行校正,在该情况下位置定位成功率可达70%以上,角度估计成功率在直线轨迹情况下高达90%,证明了定位系统中地图的重要性。     

汽车防撞系统中目标跟踪与防撞决策研究

为了实现汽车主动安全系统中的目标跟踪与防撞,提出了混合式汽车防撞系统信息融合结构模型,采用分级信息融合实现目标跟踪,推导出了基于跟踪残留误差和预测残留误差共同校正的融合算法,并给出了算法的实现结构;提出了基于局部分析的映射变换方法,实现驾驶模型特征向量连续、实时的修正,在此基础之上,利用模糊积分方法融合多种相关信息,确定汽车应采用的安全运行模式,实现主动安全防撞决策。经过大量试验证明:该算法具有很好的稳定性和准确率。     

不同温度下锂电池剩余电量估算的仿真研究

为提高动力锂电池在使用过程中剩余电量的估算精度,以满足电池管理系统对电池监控的要求,提出一种适用于不同温度的动力锂电池SOC估计方法。首先通过分析对比从控制算法模型中选择了2阶等效电路模型,并依据多温度点实验结果进行电池参数拟合,建立基于温度的电池参数模型。接着根据改进的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法,建立SOC估算模型。最后按照DST和FUDS循环进行快速控制原型仿真,验证该算法对不同温度的鲁棒性。结果表明,所制定的SOC估计算法,既能抑制电流噪声的干扰,又能在初始SOC值有较大误差的情况下,使估算值迅速收敛于真实值,在整个估算过程中误差保持在0.04以内。     

基于影响因素分类的路段行程时间融合研究

对基于固定检测信息和浮动车GPS信息的路段行程时间估计方法进行介绍和分析,明确了对基于以上两种检测信息进行路段行程时间估计方法有重要影响的因素,并设计试验对影响因素进行量化分析。在影响因素量化分析基础上,讨论两种估计方法的适用条件。对影响因素进行组合分类,并在分类的基础上对两种估计方法采用加权融合进行处理,分析了最优权重的分配原则。最后,用试验数据对融合方法进行验证,结果令人满意。     

Using GPS with a model-based estimator to estimate critical vehicle states

This paper demonstrates a method to estimate the vehicle states sideslip, yaw rate, and heading using GPS and yaw rate gyroscope measurements in a model-based estimator. The model-based estimator using GPS measurements provides accurate and observable estimates of sideslip, yaw rate, and heading even if the vehicle model is in neutral steer or if the gyro fails. This method also reduces estimation errors introduced by gyroscope errors such as the gyro bias and gyro scale factor. The GPS and Inertial Navigation System measurements are combined using a Kalman filter to generate estimates of the vehicle states. The residuals of the Kalman filter provide insight to determine if the estimator model is correct and therefore providing accurate state estimates. Additionally, a method to predict the estimation error due to errors in the estimator model is presented. The algorithms are tested in simulation with a correct and incorrect model as well as with sensor errors. Finally, the estimation scheme is tested with experimental data using a 2000 Chevrolet Blazer to further validate the algorithms.     

基于马尔科夫链的公交站间行程时间预测算法

公交站间行程时间具有明显的时段分布特征,且公交车辆是典型的时空过程对象,其运行具有状态转移性。为了准确预测公交站间行程时间,在应用马尔科夫链预测公交站间行程时间基础上提出其改进算法。通过大量公交GPS数据构造不同时段下具体线路站间行程时间的马尔科夫状态转移矩阵,并对站间行程时间进行状态推导,采用移动误差补偿法对马尔科夫预测值进行动态修正,改进原有的马尔科夫预测算法。以广州市BRT线路B1的实际运行数据对算法进行了验证,结果表明,移动误差补偿改进算法优于基本马尔科夫算法及 BP模型,同时该改进算法还具有实现过程较简单。      

Accurate INS position solution during GPS outages or degraded GPS

Temporary degraded GPS (DGPS) position loss, in circumstances such as an overhead bridge, can be alleviated by an inertial navigation system (INS) that uses onboard sensors, such as yaw and speed sensors, to determine vehicle position. This paper introduces a post-processing DGPS/INS integration approach based on using the INS solution during DGPS outages or periods of low accuracy DGPS position solutions. In this approach, the INS solution initialization is performed using the DGPS solution before DGPS position solution loss, and measurements from the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The final post-processed INS solution is a weighted average of the INS forward and backward solutions. This work constitutes two parts: the INS initialization methods for different degrees of freedom vehicle positioning models, and the developed weighting model necessary to combine the forward and the backward solutions. The former part is essential in obtaining acceptable INS initial states for both the stand-alone INS or any post-processing or real time INS/GPS integrated system. The latter part is based on the use of the complementary error behaviours of the backward and the forward solutions, and can be used as a survey method with acceptable position solutions accuracies. Applying the forward/backward INS combined solution method on real data shows that the resultant INS solution accuracy is 35 cm or less over a 1000 m road segment. This method is used to survey freeways interchange road segments where 50% of the surveyed distance has no DGPS solution or has a degraded DGPS solution. The average achieved accuracy over the whole freeways interchange is around 40 cm over a 23 km distance.     

A hybrid dead reckoning error correction scheme based on extended Kalman filter and map matching for vehicle self-localization

In this research, a hybrid dead reckoning error correction scheme is developed based on extended Kalman filter (EKF) and map matching (MM) to improve the positioning accuracy for vehicle self-localization. The developed method aims at obtaining accurate positions when the GPS signals are occasionally unavailable or weakened. First, the heading data collected from an odometer and an optical fiber gyroscope are integrated by an EKF to reduce the random errors in dead reckoning. Then a modified topological MM algorithm is developed to reduce the systematic errors in dead reckoning. In this work, both cross-track errors and along-track errors are considered to improve positioning accuracy of MM. The errors are finally corrected using the results achieved from both the dead reckoning and the MM when the driving distance of a vehicle exceeds a predefined length or the vehicle turns in an intersection. Experiments have been conducted to evaluate the developed method and the results show that the maximum error and average error of dead reckoning can be respectively reduced to 15.4?m and 5.2?m during the experiment with total distance of 43?km. This positioning accuracy is even better than the accuracy of the low-cost GPSs which are usually at the order of 15–20?m (95%). The developed method is effective to achieve the positions of the vehicle when the GPS signals are occasionally unavailable or weakened.     

Accurate INS position solution during GPS outages or degraded GPS

Temporary degraded GPS (DGPS) position loss, in circumstances such as an overhead bridge, can be alleviated by an inertial navigation system (INS) that uses onboard sensors, such as yaw and speed sensors, to determine vehicle position. This paper introduces a post-processing DGPS/INS integration approach based on using the INS solution during DGPS outages or periods of low accuracy DGPS position solutions. In this approach, the INS solution initialization is performed using the DGPS solution before DGPS position solution loss, and measurements from the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The final post-processed INS solution is a weighted average of the INS forward and backward solutions. This work constitutes two parts: the INS initialization methods for different degrees of freedom vehicle positioning models, and the developed weighting model necessary to combine the forward and the backward solutions. The former part is essential in obtaining acceptable INS initial states for both the stand-alone INS or any post-processing or real time INS/GPS integrated system. The latter part is based on the use of the complementary error behaviours of the backward and the forward solutions, and can be used as a survey method with acceptable position solutions accuracies. Applying the forward/backward INS combined solution method on real data shows that the resultant INS solution accuracy is 35 cm or less over a 1000 m road segment. This method is used to survey freeways interchange road segments where 50% of the surveyed distance has no DGPS solution or has a degraded DGPS solution. The average achieved accuracy over the whole freeways interchange is around 40 cm over a 23 km distance.     

神经元实时辨识车辆导航系统中的GPS多径误差

在城市车辆导航过程中,多径误差是近距离差分GPS等高精度定位的主要误差源。文章首次提出神经元实时辨识GPS多径误差方法,它能实时辨识当前时刻GPS接收机输出的GPS信号是否含有多径误差,从而解决GPS多径误差对城市车辆导航定位精度的影响。把该方法用到实际工程中,其结果显示能够有效的消除GPS多径误差对城市车辆导航系统定位精度的影响。     

Neural-network multiple models filter (NMM)-based position estimation system for autonomous vehicles

A highly accurate and reliable vehicle position estimation system is an important component of an autonomous driving system. In generally, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver is employed for the vehicle position estimation of autonomous vehicles. However, a stand-alone GPS does not always provide accurate and reliable information of the vehicle position due to frequent GPS blockages and multipath errors. In order to overcome these problems, a sensor fusion scheme that combines the data from the GPS receiver and several on-board sensors has been studied. In previous researches, a single model filter-based sensor fusion algorithm was used to integrate information from the GPS and on-board sensors. However, an estimate obtained from a single model is difficult to cover the various driving environments, including urban areas, off-road areas, and highways. Thus, a multiple models filter (MMF) has been introduced to address this limitation by adapting multiple models to a wide range of driving conditions. An adaptation of the multiple model is achieved through the use of the model probability. The MMF combines several vehicle models using the model probabilities, which indicate the suitability of the current driving condition. In this paper, we propose a vehicle position estimation algorithm for an autonomous vehicle that is based on a neural network (NN)-based MMF. The model probabilities are determined through the NN. The proposed position estimation system was evaluated through simulations and experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed position estimation algorithm is suitable for application in an autonomous driving system over a wide range of driving conditions.     

Dynamic sensor zeroing algorithm of 6D IMU mounted on ground vehicles

The main focus of this paper is to compensate the steady state offset error of the 6D IMU which provides the measurements that include the vehicle linear accelerations and angular rates of all three axes. Additionally, the sensor compensation algorithm exploits the wheel speed data and the steering angle information, since they are already available in most of the modern mass production vehicles. These inputs are combined with the inverse vehicle kinematics to estimate the steady state offset error of each sensor inputs as it is done in a disturbance observer, and the raw sensor measurements are compensated by the estimated offset errors. The stability of the error dynamics regarding the integrated signal processing system is verified, and finally, the performance of the system is tested via experiments based on a real production SUV.     

Development of a navigation algorithm with dead reckoning for unmanned ground vehicles

A navigation algorithm is indispensable for Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs). During driving, UGVs follow a global path. In this study, we propose a navigation algorithm using Real Time Kinematic (RTK)-Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) units and encoders to complement global path planning. Sometimes GPS systems lose their signals and receive inaccurate position data due to many factors, such as edifice and barrier obstructions. This paper shows that GPS deviations can be solved using a Dead Reckoning (DR) navigation method with encoders and that position errors can be decreased through the use of RTK-DGPS units. In addition to this method, we will introduce a new waypoint update algorithm and a steering algorithm using RTK-DGPS units.     

NARX Neural Network Modelling of Hydraulic Suspension Dampers for Steady-state and Variable Temperature Operation

Summary Two NARX-type neural networks are developed for modelling nonlinear dynamic characteristics of passive twin-tube hydraulic dampers used in vehicle suspension systems. Quasi-isothermal and variable temperature NARX models are rigorously tested and compared with a state-of-the-art physical model proposed by Duym and Reybrouck (1998) and Duym (2000). Measured damper data, generated under isothermal and temperature varying conditions, is used for NARX training, physical model calibration, and predictive comparisons. Test kinematics include high amplitude sinusoidal displacements up to 14 Hz, and realistic random road profiles. The NARX models are trained via 'teacher forcing' and the feedforward backpropagation algorithm using both 'Early Stopping' and Bayesian Regularisation. Stable network design is also examined using the minimum posterior prediction error as the criterion for selecting a good network from a small number of tests. Calibration of the physical model proves highly complicated owing to considerable nonlinearity-in-the-parameters, requiring use of Sequential Quadratic Programming with an implicitly nonlinear constraint. The paper shows that NARX neural network modelling is vastly superior in terms of calibration efficiency, and prediction times, whilst offering roughly similar, if not better, model accuracy.