人工冻结法进行地铁隧道修复施工的数值分析

文章依托京沪铁路某段铁路桥隧道修复工程实例,根据热力数值分析基本理论,利用最小势能原理建立有限元方程,分析了隧道人工冻结施工过程中的温度场分布规律,并确定了开挖时的人工冻结壁厚度。最后,对冻结壁和其周围土体进行施工过程的力学模拟。结果表明,采用人工冻结法作为一种辅助的施工方法,完全能满足施工过程中结构的强度要求。     

非等时距灰色预测模型在连拱隧道监测中的应用

针对对门坡连拱隧道采用中导洞上下台阶法施工过程中隧道洞内变形的现场监测信息,采用非等距灰色预测模型对连拱隧道施工过程中隧道围岩的变形趋势进行了预测,并将预测结果与由指数模型和双曲线模型得到的结果进行了对比分析.分析结果和工程实践表明,其预测结果精度高,更接近于实测值,能很好地反映连拱隧道围岩的变形规律.     

地铁隧道施工过古城墙的地表变形及控制措施

西安地铁二号线区间隧道施工对城墙等国家级文物的影响是隧道安全施工中需要解决的关键问题之一。文章针对该地铁工程介绍了上行线隧道盾构下穿护城河及城墙时的地表变形控制措施和施工变形监测方案,并对监测结果进行分析。分析结果表明,隧道盾构施工中,造成地表沉降是多种因素共同作用的结果;盾构施工过程中,注浆必须同步、足量且补浆及时;随着盾构的推进,需要不断调整土压力以适应地层的变化。隧道已经安全通过城墙,表明所采用的地表沉降控制措施和监测方案是合理可行的。     

石板尾隧道施工过程的动态仿真数值模拟研究

文章针对石板尾隧道浅埋偏压段台阶分部法施工的特点，采用有限元方法对隧道某一断面动态开挖过程进行数值模拟分析，以配合和指导隧道新奥法施工。通过将数值模拟结果与实测结果进行比较，验证了该数值模拟方法是切实可行的，可供隧道新奥法施工借鉴。     

隧道管片修复试验研究及施工技术

针对运营隧道破损管片在隧道特殊环境的修复难题,开发出一种适应隧道内施工时间短、顶部施工难度大等特点的结构修复胶。通过对材料凝结时间、压缩强度、与混凝土粘结强度、耐久性等一系列的试验研究,提出盾构法隧道破损管片修复工法,并进行了工程应用。试验结果显示,隧道修复材料初凝时间短,抗下坠性能好,早期强度高,与管片粘结性能满足隧道特殊施工要求,特别适合运营期隧道顶部管片修复施工的特殊要求,应用前景良好。     

岩体温度法隧道施工掌子面前方涌水预测预报探讨

文章在简要介绍各种隧道涌水预报方法优缺点和岩体温度法隧道涌水预报研究现状的基础上,分析了岩体温度法隧道施工掌子面前方含水体预测预报中影响岩体温度测试的因素及需要解决的问题,初步探讨了隧道洞内岩体温度变化与隧道施工掌子面前方含水体的关系,提出了应用岩体温度法进行隧道施工掌子面前方含水体预测预报的可能性。     

浅埋偏压隧道施工技术

为全面提升隧道施工质量,需要进一步优化与完善浅埋偏压隧道施工技术,以有效降低隧道施工风险。基于此,以徐家坝隧道工程设计和施工为例,对浅埋偏压隧道形成原因进行分析,并对浅埋偏压隧道施工中的常见问题进行分析,在此基础上提出浅埋偏压隧道施工优化策略,以期更好地解决浅埋偏压隧道施工难题。     

高原大跨段隧道CRD法施工技术研究

首先,对CRD法（Controlled Remote Displacement Method）的原理进行详细介绍,并分析其适用性和优势;其次,针对高原大跨段隧道的特点,提出CRD法在高原大跨段隧道施工中的具体应用方法;最后,通过实例分析,验证CRD法在高原大跨段隧道施工中的实际效果。研究结果表明,CRD法可以有效地解决高原大跨段隧道施工中的难题,提高施工效率,并保证施工质量和安全。因此,CRD法具有广泛的应用前景,并可为隧道工程的实际施工提供参考依据。     

大断面浅埋偏压隧道CRD法施工工序研究

文章以良村隧道CRD法施工为工程背景,布设了变形监测点及内力测试元件,分析了CRD法施工隧道围岩变形情况及结构内力特征,并对CRD法施工隧道在不同开挖顺序下的开挖过程进行了数值模拟,分析比较了不同开挖顺序时的围岩位移、应力变化情况。结果表明:CRD法对各分部施工工序影响较大,且各分部对拱顶下沉的影响程度从大至小依次为1部、2部、3部和4部;隧道内侧围岩压力大于外侧,钢支撑内力均为压应力,且拱腰位置轴力大于其它部位。比较隧道开挖变形的差异以及结构的受力特点,结合数值分析结果,得出了山体外侧先开挖方案无论在围岩变形还是隧道结构受力方面相比于山体外侧后开挖都较小,安全系数相对较高。因此,合理的施工工序应该是先进行山体外侧开挖并施作初期支护,然后再在山体内侧开挖施工。     

无损检测技术在高速公路隧道监控量测中的应用分析

在高速公路隧道施工过程中,为了更好地满足隧道建设要求,需要采用先进的技术方法加强对隧道施工的监控和量测,以便及时发现各个施工环节存在的问题,及时改进施工方案,保证工程质量。基于此,对隧道监控量测进行概述,在此基础上指出隧道监控量测的必要性和作用,对无损检测技术在高速公路隧道监控量测中的应用进行分析,并总结高速公路隧道监控量测中应用较为广泛的无损检测技术,以期为高速公路隧道监控量测工作提供一定参考。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.