多因素下双线盾构隧道施工引起的土体变形研究

考虑多因素(土体损失、正面附加推力、盾壳摩擦力、附加注浆力)的作用下,文章首先提出了改进统一土体移动模型的方法,其次建立了力学计算模型,对双线水平平行盾构隧道施工引起的土体变形计算方法进行研究。根据弹性力学Mindlin解,对多因素中后3个因素引起的土体变形理论解进行计算,基于统一土体移动模型解对土体损失引起的土体变形理论解进行计算,最后叠加得到多因素下总的土体变形理论解。采用该方法对杭州地铁1号线的纵向地表沉降、纵向水平位移及不同深度处的土体竖向位移进行计算,研究其变化规律;同时对水平位移变化的影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明:随深度改变,在最大沉降量附近10~13 m横向范围内的土体沉降会产生改变;土体水平位移方向随计算点和隧道的位置关系变化而发生改变;随着两隧道间距J的增大,双线隧道深度附近的土体水平位移减小,地表附近处的水平位移值变化值不大。     

基于统一解的近距离双线平行盾构地面沉降计算

文章提出盾构法隧道统一土体移动模型二维解的修正公式,并利用该公式计算近距离条件下双线平行盾构施工产生的总的地面沉降。该方法适用于双线隧道近距离工况,采用近距离界定系数C=L/(h+R)≤0.66作为本文公式适用条件,当C0.66时本文公式不再适用;当C≤0.66时,沉降曲线呈"V"形;当0.66C≤0.79时,沉降曲线呈"V-W"形;当C0.79时,沉降曲线呈"W"形。算例分析结果表明:当C≤0.66时,本文方法计算得到的地面沉降值与实测值非常吻合;近距离双线平行盾构施工引起的地面沉降曲线符合正态分布规律,但最大沉降值有时会偏离中轴线。     

盾构隧道施工地层变形三维解及影响因素分析

文章以某区间隧道富水砂层条件下盾构施工过程为研究对象,重点考虑了盾构正面附加推力、刀盘与土体之间的摩擦力、盾壳与土体之间的摩擦力、地层损失及盾尾同步注浆压力五方面因素的影响,建立了盾构推进力学模型。基于Mindlin解,建立了考虑同步注浆压力及刀盘摩擦力影响的地层变形三维解析解,并结合现场监测数据和数值分析结果对其进行了验证。分析结果表明:盾构施工引起的横向地表变形曲线呈"V"形,纵向地表变形历时曲线呈"S"形;刀盘与土体之间的摩擦力引起的地层变形曲线左右两侧呈反对称分布;盾尾同步注浆压力引起地层隆起变形,设置合理的注浆压力并及时注浆能有效控制施工变形。该方法得到的结果更为合理,可用于预测盾构施工阶段的地层变形。     

盾构下穿越已运营隧道的地表变形实测分析

文章基于盾构理论依据,结合上海市轨道交通7号线沪南路-白杨路区间隧道监测实际,对双线盾构下穿越已运营隧道施工引起的地表变形规律进行了探讨,分析盾构隧道下穿越施工引起土体移动的影响因素,为今后同类工程的设计与施工提供参考。     

临近端头井盾构开挖引起土体沉降数值分析北大核心CSCD

文章以南昌地铁2号线雅苑路站施工为例,基于小应变硬化土体(HSS)本构模型,建立从端头井始发的双线盾构隧道掘进模型,分析了基坑开挖与双线盾构掘进共同作用下的土体沉降规律。结果表明:(1)加固盾构始发区土体可有效减弱区域范围内地表沉降,该区域内地表沉降量远小于区间隧道沉降量;(2)在同一埋深条件下,先建隧道地表沉降最大值高于后建隧道地表沉降最大值,地表横向沉降槽呈现非对称W型;(3)基坑开挖与盾构掘进共同作用下引起的地表沉降值,可以由二者单独作用产生的沉降值叠加计算得到。     

矩形顶管施工引起地表变形的实测分析

顶管施工会对周围土体产生扰动，引起土体移动。而相对于圆形顶管，矩形顶管对周围土体的扰动更大，从而引起的地表变形也更大。文章结合工程实例，对矩形顶管施工引起的地表变形规律进行了探讨，分析矩形顶管施工引起土体移动的影响因素，为同类工程的设计与施工提供参考。     

软土盾构隧道施工阶段上浮计算模型探讨

文章首先对管片上浮作用机理进行了分析,确定了盾构隧道施工阶段上浮计算模型荷载分布规律和计算方法;其次指出了弹性支撑法和修正惯用法直接运用于盾构隧道上浮阶段设计所存在的问题,即弹性支撑法计算得到管片底部向下位移,与实际上浮阶段管片隆起不符,而修正惯用法又不能考虑拱顶上覆土体反向压缩特性;最后,基于弹性支撑法并利用修正惯用法思想提出了能规避上述两个问题的反转抗力力学模型。结果表明:提出的计算模型与施工阶段管片上浮变形特征吻合度高,施工阶段管片上浮状态下弯矩、轴力和剪力最值较弹性支撑法和修正惯用法获得的结果分别增加68%、21%和51%以及34%、69%和22%,说明按本文推荐计算模型进行上浮管片设计可避免实际工程配筋不足造成的管片破损、开裂或渗漏。其结论可为盾构隧道设计提供一定理论支撑和参考。     

盾构隧道局部渗漏水对周围土体孔隙水压力的影响

文章基于复变函数的保角变换方法将含有隧道的半无限平面映射为同心圆环计算域,将隧道周围土体视为均质连续各向同性的饱和介质,通过边界配点法控制盾构隧道局部渗漏水的边界条件,并将解析法与数值法相结合求解了稳定渗流时饱和土体二维渗流的基本微分方程,得到了盾构隧道局部渗漏水引起周围土体孔隙水压力变化的半数值半解析解。结合工程算例,应用该计算方法探讨了隧道渗漏水范围、渗漏水位置、地表与隧道渗漏水边界处总水头差等因素对隧道周围土体孔隙水压力的影响。研究结果表明:盾构隧道发生侧向渗漏水时,周围土体孔隙水压力在水平向1倍隧道中心埋深的范围内变化较大,且渗漏水范围越大。其衰减速度越显著;隧道渗漏水引起的地表与隧道渗漏水边界处总水头差越大,其对土体孔隙水压力的影响越显著,且孔隙水压力的减小量与总水头差呈等比例变化;隧道侧向渗流量随地表与隧道渗漏水边界处总水头差的增大而增大。且两者呈线性关系。     

盾构推进引起地面变形的分析

盾构隧道地面变形是由盾构推进对周围土体扰动引起的。根据盾构所处的相对位置,将地面变形分为以五个部分：盾构达前的地面变形、盾构到达时的地面变形、我通过时的地面变形、盾构通过后瞬时地形变形和地面后期固结变形,本文分析了地面变形的影响因素和盾构推进对周围土体的影响范围,提出了地面变形的计算方法,并与实测结果进行了比较。     

邻近既有深基坑的盾构法隧道施工地层变位分析

文章针对盾构隧道邻近深基坑推进的工况,进行室内缩尺模型试验,并建立了对应工况下的盾构隧道-土体-基坑围护结构三部分共同作用的三维有限元计算模型。通过对比同一工况下的室内模型试验和数值计算结果,验证了三维数值分析的可行性和可靠性;得到了邻近既有深基坑的盾构法隧道施工引起周边地表沉降的分布特点及其变化规律;分析了盾构隧道开挖引起的横断面不同深度处地层位移的特点;分析了隧道上方的地表沉降分布受邻近既有基坑的影响及沉降值随盾构隧道推进进度的变化规律,得到了盾构隧道对基坑围护结构的位移影响情况;并提出了盾构隧道施工过程中对周边地表沉降、地层变位及基坑围护结构位移与变形进行实时监测的建议。     

Modelling the adoption intention and installation choice of an automotive after-market mild-solar-hybridization kit

Despite the recent commercial success of hybrid, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles their market share is still insufficient to produce either a significant impact on energy consumption on a global basis or a profitable automotive segment. In this context, the possibility of upgrading conventional vehicles to hybrid electric vehicles is gaining increasing interest.To this aim this paper investigated and modelled the intention to install an after-market hybridization solar-kit (HySolarKit) in order to ascertain the main behavioural determinants of the choice process and set up an operational model with which to estimate the market potential of such technology. In particular, two behavioural stages of the choice process were analysed and modelled: (i) the intention to adopt the HySolarKit; (ii) the choice to install the HySolarKit. Both issues were addressed through ad hoc stated preference surveys carried out in two different Italian cities, and through the specification and the calibration of discrete choice models based on the behavioural paradigm of random utility theory. Different modelling solutions (homoscedastic and heteroscedastic) were compared in terms of goodness-of-fit and sensitivity to level-of-service attributes. The results showed the technological potential of the HySolarKit, and that both behavioural stages may be effectively modelled through random utility theory. Estimation results allowed an interpretation of the main determinants of the investigated phenomena, making it possible to quantify the potential effects and the concerns towards such a green solution, and making it possible to draw up operative marketing strategies. In particular, the intention to adopt the kit mainly depends on socio-economic factors as well as activity-related and attitudinal attributes, whereas the probability of installing the kit is greatly affected, to the same extent, by installation cost, the charging cost and the weekly mileage driven.     

Autonomous vehicles: who will use them,and will they share?

ABSTRACT

The advent of road transport automation is suggested to be one of four key technological transitions that could amount to a major transformation in mobility practices. Specifically, fully Automated Vehicles (AVs) might replace the current private car owner user model with fleets of on-demand synchronously-shared automated taxis. However, significant barriers to this vision becoming the norm remain. This paper examines two critical user-acceptance aspects of the transition: willingness to adopt AVs, and willingness to share an AV with others, particularly strangers. Our novel survey (n?=?899) included a choice experiment featuring four future full automation transport services (private, synchronously/asynchronously shared, and public). Cluster analysis examined respondents' preferences and their demographic and psycho-social characteristics. We uncover significant uncertainty about willingness to adopt automation and sharing, and important differences between clusters within our sample. For example, under 50% of participants report willingness to use an AV over their normal mode, or would prefer an automated option to a current human-driven option. Our findings raise critical questions for policymakers and transport authorities. Not least, how can AV technologies help realise the environmental and social benefits of widespread vehicle sharing in a context of a travelling public that still prefers its privacy on-the-move?     

浅谈"南友模式"的构建

“南友模式”是广西高速公路管理的一种体制,文章介绍了广西西南高速公路管理处管理体制的构建经验,及其作为改革示范点为广西高速公路的管理模式改革做出积极尝试的意义。     

Accessibility: an evaluation using consumer welfare

This study explores the worth consumers place on mode-destination accessibility for the AM journey to work trip. To accomplish this, a multinomial mode-destination choice model is estimated and the denominator of the specified logit model is used as an estimate of mode-destination accessibility. To improve the interpretability of this measure, compensating variation is then applied to convert the mode-destination accessibility to units of dollars per AM journey to work trip. The model is estimated using travel survey data from the Puget Sound Region in Washington state. It is reasonable to assume, for example, that the worth placed on mode-destination accessibility varies by mode, by destination, and by market segment (e.g., low income, high income). Less intuitive, however, are the magnitude and direction of these variations. This paper presents a methodological approach, followed by an empirical evaluation, for examining the worth of journey to work mode- destination accessibility. The results have important policy implications and also provide a mechanism for incorporating a monetary value for accessibility in future cost-benefit analyses.     

Car drivers' willingness to pay for not losing their driving licence

The aim of this article is to discuss theoretically and to study empirically how Norwegian drivers' willingness to pay (WP) for not losing their driving licence vary with their personal characteristics. The theoretical discussion and empirical results are based on standard microeconomic theory and contingent valuation, respectively. The WP values increase concavely with the length of the suspension period of the driving licence and differ greatly between drivers. They increase significantly with a driver's income, dependence on the car at work and driving experience. Moreover, male drivers, young drivers and drivers living in rural areas have higher WP values than their counterparts. Consequently, driving licence suspension will deter drivers to different extents. The relative impacts of the above explanatory variables on the WPs are, broadly speaking, independent of the length of the suspension period.     

Can value capture work in a car dependent city? Willingness to pay for transit access in Perth,Western Australia

This paper investigates the impact of transit on urban land markets in the highly car dependent corridors of Perth with a focus on where new fast rail transit services have recently been built. It determines people’s willingness to pay for transit access within different pedestrian catchments for each of the corridors based on hedonic price modelling using land value data on over 460,000 households. The case study uses cross sectional and panel data hedonic price modelling methodology for the calculation of willingness to pay for transit. It finds that land market increases of up to 40% can be achieved, and is particularly relevant to car dependent cities looking to capture the financial and economic value created to build transit extensions or entirely new systems, thus making a strong case for value capture funding of transit projects into car dependent suburbs and the potential for density increases near stations.     

抗硫套管的成分与性能分析

随着含硫油气田中深井和超深井的开发,对高钢级抗硫化物应力腐蚀开裂（SSC＆SCC）套管有更多的需求.为了明确合金元素对套管性能的影响,分析了抗硫套管的合金设计原则,比较了3种不同合金设计方案110SS套管的力学性能及抗硫性能.研究表明：高Cr＋高Mo型套管具有最佳的性能.在高Cr、高Mo基础上,进一步降低P、S含量,适当添加Nb、Ti及V（尤其是V）是更高级别抗硫套管合金的设计方向.     

降凝剂在低输量管线中的应用

低输量输油管道运行风险大,且无法通过调整输送工艺从根本上降低运行风险.降凝剂被认为是解决该问题的有效手段之一.文中阐述了降凝剂对原油的作用机理和其在输油管道上的实际应用效果,分析了在任丘-北京输油管线开展的降凝剂应用试验,通过对比试验结果,可以得出：降凝剂改善了油品凝点、黏度等物理性质,降低了低输量管线的运行风险,提高了管线运营的经济效益.     

Journey to work and job search characteristics of the urban poor

Gender differences in work trip and job search patterns have received several analytical attention in recent years. A consistent finding in the literature is that women work closer to home than men because of their lower income, greater household responsibilities, and heavier reliance on public transit. While these findings pervade the literature, there has been little analysis into the extent to which they hold in the exclusive case of the urban poor. Can poor women afford to choose between jobs on the basis of journey to work considerations, any more than poor men? Using a survey data from Edmonton, this study examines the gender differences in commuting and job search patterns of the urban poor. The findings suggest that, even among the low income population, women have shorter work trips and greater preference for part-time jobs than men because of their child care and household responsibilities. More women than men did not have enough time for their job search activities; and fewer women than men were prepared to accept job offers in all parts of the study area due to their household responsibilities. The results suggest that while males' employment problems are tied primarily to the working of the labour market, through inadequate skills and lack of good-paying jobs, females' employment problems are more explicable in terms of their role as mothers and homemakers.     

Consumer valuation of changes in driving range: A meta-analysis

We perform a meta-analysis of studies investigating consumer preferences for electric and other alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) to provide insights into the way driving range is traded off for capital costs. We find that consumers are willing to pay, on average, between 66 and 75 US$ for a 1-mile increase in driving range. Ceteris paribus, 100-mile-range cars have to be priced about 60% less than their conventional counterparts to become competitive. In line with intuition, but in contrast to most specifications employed in primary studies, we find that consumers’ marginal willingness to pay (WTP) decreases at a diminishing rate with increases in driving range. The variation in the WTP and compensating variation estimates among examined studies can be attributed to differences in the levels of driving range considered, in other elements of the study design and in the country of study. Our findings support stated preference literature’s conclusion that short driving range has been a major limitation to the large-scale adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and other AFVs, and that technological developments permitting longer driving ranges will, to some extent, facilitate their market penetration. We further propose that consumer valuation of driving range should not be examined in isolation from other attributes related to refuelling activities, such as refuelling duration and the coverage of refuelling infrastructure.