无水漂卵砾石地层土压平衡盾构施工关键技术

文章以北京地铁九号线丰台东大街站—丰台北路站区间全断面无水漂卵砾石地层盾构掘进工程为背景,基于地质勘查资料和试验探井的分析结果,掌握了该漂卵砾石地层的空间分布规律和力学性质。在合理选用辐条式土压平衡盾构的基础上,通过对盾构机关键部件进行适应性改造,降低了刀盘刀具磨损。施工中通过掘进参数的有效选择,实现了该类型盾构机在全断面卵砾漂石地层中的长距离掘进。     

盾构隧道工程中砂卵石地层勘察技术分析

对富水卵石地层的勘察与评价直接影响砂卵石地层中盾构隧道施工的成败。常规的勘察和评价技术方法很难满足富水砂卵石地层盾构隧道施工的技术要求。为了解决富水砂卵石地层盾构隧道施工中遇到的因超挖引起地面沉降、隧道冒顶坍塌、大粒径和高强度漂卵石颗粒的卡塞和剧烈磨损盾构刀盘等问题,文章以兰州市轨道交通盾构隧道富水卵石层勘察评价为例,分析了该地层卵石粒径组成、漂石含量、卵石颗粒饱和单轴抗压强度和卵石颗粒石英含量等参数对盾构选型、施工及设计的影响,归纳了盾构隧道工程所需砂卵石地层参数的勘察技术和方法,提出了盾构隧道施工中漂石颗粒建议分组。对于穿越砂卵石地层的盾构隧道,在勘察过程中,应在盾构隧道沿线进行砂卵石层原位全颗粒分析试验,并针对不同深度内的卵石和漂石含量、尺寸、出现概率进行统计分析。     

富水砂卵石地层土压平衡盾构长距离快速施工技术

成都地层以地下水位高、卵石含量多及硬度大、漂石含量高且局部密集成群著称,是否适合盾构法施工或采用何种类型盾构施工.一直存在争论.文章以成都地铁一号线盾构4标左线隧道施工为例,从盾构选型、掘进参数选择、快速换刀、建筑物保护和监控量测等方面.对土压平衡盾构在富水砂卵石地层中的快速掘进技术进行了初步探讨,并结合地铁一号线施工中存在的问题,对地铁二号线盾构选型和施工提出了相应建议.     

盾构泡沫系统优化改造及现场试验研究

在地铁隧道施工中,泡沫系统是影响土压平衡盾构掘进安全、质量和效率的重要因素。文章以杭州地铁一号线盾构隧道工程为依托,针对盾构自带泡沫系统自身不易控制、维修不便、系统复杂且不独立等缺陷,提出了优化改造措施,意在使泡沫系统完全国产化和独立化;通过改造前后泡沫系统操作性、精度控制、系统故障率及经济效益四方面的比较,证明了优化改造后泡沫系统的优异性能;同时,基于优化改造后的泡沫系统,针对杭州粉砂性土的地层条件下进行的盾构推进时泡沫系统施工参数的现场试验,分析了不同泡沫量对刀盘扭矩、推进速度的影响,结果表明泡沫参数适用于粉砂性土层中的盾构掘进。     

软土地层双圆盾构改进研究

双圆盾构工法(DOT)在国内外已经有很多工程应用实例,但在软土地层施工过程中出现了一些异常地表沉降问题.文章结合双圆盾构在软土地层的工程实践和监测数据分析,提出了双圆盾构设备改进建议,并对实际效果进行了分析.结果表明:选用辐条式刀盘在合理的施工管理情况下有利于控制沉降;设置帽檐难以得到显著的沉降控制效果;采用先端混合型注浆管、在注浆[口处设置土压力计和选用合适的浆液材料等改进的盾尾注浆设备可以良好地控制双圆盾构施工引起的地层沉降;千斤顶组合、超挖刀和压重等措施可以很好地解决盾构旋转问题.提出的改进措施为改造与研制适合软土地层的双圆盾构奠定了基础,有助于双圆盾构工法在软土地层中的的推广应用.     

适合成都砂卵石地层的土压平衡盾构机探索

针对成都地铁一号线砂卵石地层的粒径大、磨琢性大等特点,提出了除对碴土进行改良提高其流动性和润滑性外,还有为适应此种地层的土压平衡盾构机配置的刀盘、刀具和螺旋输送机等应具有耐磨性;针对大粒径卵砾石要求能破碎、小粒径卵砾石能排出的理念,提出增加刀盘正面面板开口率的建议;同时在盾构机的掘进中要优化掘进参数和加强操作管理.     

盾构穿越无水砂卵石地层对地表的沉降影响研究

为顺利推进盾构施工进度,基于现场的无水卵石地层的分布特征、地层强度以及土层参数等工程地质特征,运用FLAC^3D软件进行数值模拟盾构开挖过程,得出盾构开挖穿越该地层对沉降产生影响,并以此做出沉降曲线来进行深入分析,并提出改进措施。     

盾构施工引起的地层分层位移测试技术研究

文章基于对盾构施工引起的地层分层位移的研究分析,提出了一种适用于城市地铁均匀土层盾构施工的高精度地层分层位移的测试技术,并在北京地铁14号线盾构隧道工程中得到了应用和验证。首先,该技术利用锚固平台、静力水准仪和单点位移计组成的地层分层位移综合测试系统,实现高精度、高频率、低扰动的测量;其次,根据盾构掘进空间位置变化过程,在开挖地层均匀、掘进过程稳定的基础上,以刀盘中心为零点,建立盾构掘进动态坐标系,论证了不同深度测点地层位移转换的可行性;最后,使用多元回归分析方法对因盾构施工过程中各参数不稳定产生的差异进行排除,实现了同一竖向钻孔不同深度地层分层位移的精确监测,可有效指导盾构施工引起的沉降控制及复杂地层和环境条件下穿越工程的设计、施工及风险管控。     

盾构施工“滞排”成因分析和对策研究

文章在总结国内外复合地层盾构施工经验的基础上,首次明确并定义了"滞排"的概念,对"滞排"现象进行了科学的分类,并对其成因和风险进行了分析研究,提出了"破"、"和"、"排"的系统解决方案,并给出了盾构设计阶段、制造阶段和施工阶段的相应对策;最后从新理论、新设备、新方法和新材料等方面对"滞排"的解决对策做了进一步的展望。     

盾构掘进辅助气压平衡的关键技术研究

对于埋深大、裂隙水发育的岩石地层以及富水、气密性好的复合地层,按常规全土压掘进模式。盾构负荷大。刀具磨损快,经常发生喷涌,导致效率低下、同步注浆质量差。文章在总结分析广州地铁一号线、二号线、三号线、十三号线实践经验的基础上,提出并明确了盾构施工"气压平衡"模式的定义和优缺点,研究了"气压平衡"掘进的关键技术,分析了采用该模式的次生风险并给出了预防和应急对策,对类似地层盾构施工具有重要的指导作用和借鉴意义。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.